2. Ref
Prakasam Reddy.Fundamentals of medical physiology .4th edn.p634,645
JG McGeown.Master Medicine Physiology.3rd edn . p275-80
K S N Reddy. 30th edn . p350-53
3. Vital organs - survival
Reproductive organs – satisfying basic instincts developed
propagation of race functional
6. The Testes
Male sex glands, suspended in the scrotum
Exocrine
Endocrine
Copyright 2008 Allyn & Bacon
7. ORGAN
Testis
Seminiferous tubules
Interstitial cells
Epididymis
Vas deferens
Seminal vesicle
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral gland
Scrotum
Penis
FUNCTION
Produce sperm cells
Produce and secrete male sex hormones
Stores sperm cells undergoing maturation, conveys
sperm cells to vas deferens
Conveys sperm cells to ejaculatory duct
Secretes an alkaline fluid containing nutrients and
prostaglandins that helps neutralize the acidic
components of semen
Secretes an alkaline fluid that helps neutralize semen’s
acidity and enhances sperm cell motijity
Secretes fluid that lubricates end of penis
Encloses, protects, and regulates temperature of testes
Conveys semen into vagina during sexual intercourse;
glans penis is richly supplied with sensory nerve
endings associated with feelings of pleasure during
sexual stimulation
Summary of the functions of Male Reproductive Organs
8. BEFORE BIRTH :
MASCULINIZES - REPRODUCTIVE TRACT AND EXTERNAL
GENITALIA
DESCENT OF TESTES
CEASES AT BIRTH
RETURNS AT PUBERTY
9. Testosterone
Male steroid sex hormone
Interstitial cells(Leydig’s cells)
Cells that secrete testosterone
1)Responsible for prenatal differentiation of male sex
organs
2)Stimulates the development of secondary sex
characteristics
Copyright 2008 Allyn & Bacon
12. Thought emotion Stimulation of tactile
sight, smell & sensory stimuli receptor
Parasynthetic activation , stimulation of nervi erigentis
release of nitric oxide
formation of cGMP
Penile arterial dilatation
Blood flow to erectile tissue
erection of penis
13. Afferents from genitalia & other structures
carried by pudendal nerve & sacral plexus
integrated at L2-L3 & S2-S4
Efferents through sacral parasympathetic via nervi erigentis
to smooth muscles
Erectile tissue
glands
14. .Ejacution
The afferents mostly from receptors in glans –spinal cord – internal
pudendal
(L1 ,S1-S3, motor pathway S1-S2 & pudendal nerve)
Emission
Sympathetic impulses from T12 to L2 travel via hypogastric and pelvis
nerve plexuses to initiate emission
Contraction of vas deferens , expels sperm into the internal urethra.
Followed by contraction and fluid addition by the prostate, seminal
vesicles and Cowper’s glands
This is now semen and the formation of this in the internal urethra is
emission
15. Ejaculation- Orgasm
Peak of sexual excitement
Release of sexual tension that builds up during arousal
1)Emission phase
First phase of ejaculation, which involves contractions of the
prostate gland, seminal vesicles, and the upper part of the vas
deferens (the ampulla)
Fluid is propelled into the urethral tract
2)Expulsion stage
The second stage of ejaculation, during which muscles at the
base of the penis and elsewhere contract, forcing out semen and
providing pleasure
Copyright 2008 Allyn & Bacon
17. Erectile abnormalities
Peyronie’s disease
An abnormal condition characterized by an excessive
curvature of the penis that can make erections painful
Caused by buildup of fibrous tissue in the penile shaft
Priapism
Erections that persist for hours or days
Causes include leukemia, sickle cell anemia, or diseases of
the spinal cord
Can be dangerous due to loss of oxygen to penile tissues
Cantharides (cantharadine )
Copyright 2008 Allyn & Bacon
18. Erectile dysfunction inability to maintain the degree of
penile rigidity until ejaculation
.
hypoglycemic agents (26%), antihypertensive drugs (14%),
vasodilators (36%), and cardiac drugs (28%)
Vascular insufficiency most common cause of organic male
sexual dysfunction
23. ORGAN
Ovary
Uterine tube
Uterus
Vagina
Labia majora
Labia minora
Clitoris
Vestibule
Vestibular glands
FUNCTION
Produces oocytes and female sex hormones
Conveys secondary oocyte toward uterus; site of
fertilization; conveys developing embryo to uterus
Protects and sustains embryo during pregnancy
Conveys uterine secretions to outside of body;
receives erect penis during sexual intercourse;
provides open channel for offspring during birth
process
Enclose and protect other external reproductive organs
Form margins of vestibule; protect openings of vagina
and urethra
Produces feelings of pleasure during sexual
stimulation due to abundant sensory nerve endings
in glans
Space between labia minora that contains vaginal and
urethral openings
Secrete fluid that moistens and lubricates vestibule
Summary of the functions of Female Reproductive Organs
24. 3) Regulation of GnRH
Hypothalam
s
GnRH
Pituitary
FSH, LH
Ovary
E,P
www.freelivedoctor.com
25. Estrogens
Produced by follicle cells
Cause secondary sex characteristics
Enlargement of accessory organs
Development of breasts
Appearance of pubic hair
Increase in fat beneath the skin
Widening and lightening of the pelvis
Onset of menses
26. Function of ovary
1. Reproduction(exocrine)
development and maturation of follicle; ovulation
2. Endocrine
estrogens, progesterone, testosterone
28. Progesterone
Produced by the corpus luteum
Production continues until LH diminishes in the blood
Helps maintain pregnancy
29. Female sexual arousal
Afferents –pudendal nerve to the spinal cord and further to
cerebral cortex
Integrated at S2,3,4 & L1,2
Efferents ,the parasympathetic segments travel by nervi
erigentis
30. Intercourse
Fluid into vaginal walls
Upper vagina is sensitive to stretch
Tactile stimulation from labia minora & clitoris add
During orgasm - pudendal nerves
Vaginal contn – aid sperm transportation
31. sperm deposited in vagina at ejaculation
travel to oviduct takes a little over 1/2 hour
cervical canal is open due to estrogen being high and remains
open two to three days
sperm enter uterus and are churned around
when reach oviduct, smooth muscle contractions propell
them onward
mature egg releases a chemotactic agent- fertilin
out of several hundred million only a few thousand make it
tail of sperm maneuvers it for final penetration
Fertilized ovum – 4-7 days to reach uterus
32. corpus leuteum degenerates
estrogen and progesterone levels fall
menstrual phase involves sloughing of prepared
endometrium
new cycle starts-new follicles develop and begin secreting
estrogen
33. Medicolegal imp
1)Civil--- a)nullity of marriage
b) divorce
c) adultery
d)disputed paternity & legitimacy
e)suits of adoption
f)as a result of accident-claim
2) Criminal---- a) adultery
b)rape
c) impotency as a defence –to plead