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How To Buy Data Warehouse
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40. Further information Curt A. Monash, Ph.D. President, Monash Research Editor, DBMS2 contact @monash.com http://www.monash.com http://www.DBMS2.com
Notas do Editor
Slides 3-26 outline what you need to know about the sector to conduct any kind of selection process. They‘re not meant to be read separately, but rather just to illustrate the presentation. Slides 27-39 have tips for the process itself. They’re meant as reference take-aways. We’ll discuss them selectively as time permits.
Disk speed dominates everything. The problem is this – disks simply don’t spin very fast. If they did, they’d fly off of the spindle or something. The very first disk drives, introduced in 1956 by IBM, rotated 1200 times per minute. Today’s top-end drives only spin 15000 times per minute. That’s a 12.5 fold increase in 40 years. Most other metrics of computer performance increase 12.5 fold every 7 years or so. That’s just Moore’s Law. A two-year doubling, which turns out to be more factual than other statements of the law, works out to an 8-fold increase in 6 years, or a 12-fold increase in 7. There’s just a huge, huge difference.
It’s actually hard to get a single firm number for the difference between disk and RAM access times. Disk access times are well-known. They’re advertised a lot, for one thing. But RAM access times are harder. A big part of the problem is that they depend heavily on architecture; access isn’t access isn’t access. There are multiple levels of cache, for example. Another problem is that RAM isn’t RAM isn’t RAM. Anyhow, listed access times tend to be in the 5 to 7-and-a-half nanosecond range, so that’s what I’m going with. One thing we can compute is a very hard lower bound on disk random seek times. If a seek is random, than the average time is at least the time it takes the disk to spin physically around. And we know exactly what that is; it’s 2 milliseconds. There’s just no way random disk seeks will get any faster than that, except to the extent disk rotation resumes its creeping slow progress. “ Tiering” basically means “Use of Level 2 – i.e., on-processor – cache”
I’ve been watching the DBMS industry – especially the relational vendors – work on performance for over 25 years now. And I’m I awe at what they’ve accomplished. It’s some of the finest engineering in the software industry. With OLTP performance largely a solved problem, most of that work for the past decade has been in the area of OLAP. And improving OLAP performance basically means decreasing OLAP I/O. Perhaps the most basic thing they try to do is minimize the amount of data returned. Since the end result is what the end result is, this means optimizing the amount returned at intermediate stages of a query execution process. That’s what cost-based optimizers are all about … Baked into the architecture of disk-centric DBMS is something even more basic; they try to minimize index accesses. Naively, if you’re selecting from a 2^30 th – i.e., 1 billion -- records, there might be 30 steps as you walk through the binary tree. By dividing indices into large pages, this is reduced – at the cost of a whole lot of sorting within the block at each step. Layered on are ever more special indexing structures. For example, if it seems clear that a certain join will be done frequently, an index can be built that essentially bakes in that join’s results. Of course, this also reduces the amount of data returned in the intermediate step, admittedly at the cost of index size. Anyhow, it’s a very important technique. And that’s not the only kind of precalculation. Preaggregation is at the heart of disk-centric MOLAP architectures. Materialized views bring MOLAP benefits to conventional relational processing. These are all more or less logical techniques, although the optimizer stuff is on the boundary between logical and physical. There also are approaches that are more purely physical. Most basically, much like the index situation,data is returned in pages. It turns out to be cheaper to always be wasteful and send a whole block of sequential data back than it is to send back only what is actually needed. Beyond that, efforts are made to understand what data will be requested together, and cluster it so that sequential reads can take the place of truly random I/O. And that leads to the most powerful solution of all – do everything in RAM!! If you always initialized by reading in the whole database, in principle you’re done with ALL your disk I/O for the day! Oh, there may be reasons to write things, such as the results to queries, but basically you’ve made your disk speed problems totally to away. There’s a price of course, mainly and most obviously in the RAM you need to buy, and probably the CPU driving that RAM. But by investing in one area, you’re making a big related problem go away – if, of course, you can afford all that silicon.
This is the model for appliances. It’s also the model for software-only configurations that compete with appliances. Think IBM BCUs = Balanced Configuration Units, or various Oracle reference configurations. The pendulum shifts back and forth as to whether there are tight “recommended configurations” for non-appliance offerings. Row-based vendors are generally pickier about their hardware configurations than columnar ones.
Kickfire is the only custom-chip-based vendor of note. Netezza’s FPGAs and PowerPC processors aren’t, technically, custom. But they’re definitely unusual. Oracle and DATAllegro (pre-Microsoft) like Infiniband. Other vendors like 10-gigabit Ethernet. Others just use lots and lots of 1-gigabit switches. Teradata, long proprietary, is now going in a couple of different networking directions.
This slide is included at this point mainly for the golly-gee-whiz factor.
Columnar isn’t columnar isn’t columnar; each product is different. The same goes for row-based. Still, this categorization is the point from which to start.
Oracle and SQL Server are single product meant to serve both OLTP and analytics. Any of the main versions of DB2 is something like that too. Sybase, however, separated it’s OLTP and analytic product lines in the mid-1990s.
Even when you can make this stuff work at all, it’s hard. That’s a big reason why “disruptive” new analytic DBMS vendors have sprung up.
The advantage of hash distribution is that if your join happens to involve the hash key, a lot of the work is already done for you. The disadvantage can be a bit of skew. The advantage usually wins out. Almost every vendor (Kognitio is an exception) encourages hash distribution. Oracle Exadata is an exception too, for different reasons.
Fixed configurations – including but not limited to appliances – are more important in row-based MPP than in columnar MPP systems. Oracle Exadata, Teradata, and Netezza are the most visible examples, but another one is IBM’s BCUs.
Sybase IQ is the granddaddy, but it’s not MPP. SAND is another old one, but it’s focused more on archiving now. Vertica is a quite successful recent start-up, with >10X the known customers of ParAccel (published or NDA). InfoBright and Kickfire are MySQL storage engines. Kickfire is also an appliance. Exasol is very memory-centric. So is ParAccel’s TPC-H submission. So is SAP Bi Accelerator, but unlike the others it’s not really a DBMS. MonetDB is open source.
The big benefit of columnar is at the I/O bottleneck – you don’t have to bring back the whole row. But it also tends to make compression easier. Naïve columnar implementations are terrible at update/load. Any serious commercial product has done engineering work to get around that. For example, Vertica – which is probably the most open about its approach -- pretty much federates queries between disk and what almost amounts to a separate in-memory DBMS.
I.e., OLTP system and data warehouse integrated Separate EDW (Enterprise Data Warehouse) Customer-facing data mart that hence requires OLTP-like uptime 100+ terabytes or so Great speed on terabyte-scale data sets at low per-terabyte TCO (counting user data).
Here starts the how-to.
Databases grow naturally, as more transactions are added over time. Cheaper data warehousing also encourages the retention of more detail, and the addition of new data sources. All three factors boost database size. Users can be either humans or other systems. (Both, in fact, are included in the definition of “user” on the Oracle price list.) Cheap data warehousing also leads to a desire for lower latency, often without clear consideration of the benefits of same.
Nobody ever overestimates their need for storage. But people do sometimes overestimate their need for data immediacy.
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