Amit Kumar - TERI

1. PANEL 2
CCS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Tone Skogen – Government of Norway
Alice Gibson – Global CCS Institute
Dr Carlos Serralde – Mario Molina Centre
Amit Kumar – TERI

2. CCS in India
Amit Kumar
TERI, India

3. CCS in India
Amit Kumar
TERI, India

4. Outline
• India’s energy scenario
• Challenges
• CCS economics
• Barriers
• Capacity development needs

5. India's energy scenario

6. Total primary energy supply mix in India
27%
40%
6%
2%
1%
24%
Coal Oil Natural gas Nuclear Hydro Biomass and waste

7. Energy supply
 Coal
– Major energy source,
– 81% of total thermal generation
 Electricity
– Installed generating capacity ~ 207006.04 MW (CEA,
August 2012)
– Suffering from huge shortages (2011-12)
• 8.5% energy shortage (likely to increase to 9.3% in
2012-13)
• 10.6% peak shortage
 Target: 15000 MW annually for next 7 years
 Captive power generation
– Currently 30,000 MW using fossil fuels

8. Sector wise energy consumption
7%
9%
8%
48%
13%
15%
Industry Transport
Residential and Commercial Other energy users
Non-energy users Agriculture

9. Sectoral break-up of India’s CO2 emissions
7%
27%
66%
Energy Industry LULUCF

10. Electricity fuel mix (As on August 31,2012)
250000
207,006
200000
150000 137,936
100000
50000 39,291 34,444
24,998
4,780
0
Thermal Nuclear Hydro RES Total Captive

11. Break-up of emissions from energy sector
7%
7%
14%
72%
Electricity Transport Residental Others

12. Break-up of emissions from industrial sector
30% 32%
7%
29%
2%
Cement Ammonia Iron and steel
Food processing Others

13. India’s Projected CO2 emissions in 2031-32

14. Challenges
Concerns of:
 Energy access
– Increasing energy supply for
sustained economic growth
– Energizing rural areas
– Socio-economic development
 Energy security
– Energy import vulnerabilities
 Ensuring long-term sustainability of
energy use
 Climate change

15. Challenges
Poor electrification status
 Over 289 million people
without access to electricity (~
74 million households)
 Over 31,000 villages are yet to
be electrified
 Electricity supply situation is
generally poor even in
electrified villages
Over 80% of rural India dependent
on traditional fuels for cooking

16. Challenges
Urban and peri-urban
 Rapid pace of urbanisation
 Use of commercial energy
increasing rapidly in residential
and commercial sectors
 Electricity supply plagued with
black-outs and brown-outs

17. Challenges
 India’s energy demand is growing
 Government’s endeavour for
“Electricity for all by 2012”
 Per capita electricity consumption:
~ 800 kWh/year
– World average: 2596 (2005)
– Target is to increase the
availability to 1000 kWh/year
by 2012.

18. Challenges
 Total commercial energy
consumption is estimated to
increases from 284 mtoe in 2001
to 1727 mtoe in 2031
 The import dependency in 2031
could reach
– Oil: 88%
– Coal: 72%

19. Challenges
 Community services e.g. health,
drinking water, education, and ICTs
suffer due to lack of energy
services

20. CCS in India

21. Levelized cost of electricity
Imported coal Indian Oil
LCOE without capture (Rs/kWh) 3.97 3.50
LCOE with capture (Rs/kWh) 5.52 4.90
LCOE with CCS (Rs/ kWh) 5.58 4.95
LCOE with CCS and monitoring (Rs/kWh) 5.61 4.99
Increase in LCOE due to CCS and monitoring 41% 42%

22. Barriers
 CCS has not yet been proven to be a viable option for
large scale GHG mitigation in the power sector.
 India to consider it once large-scale deployment is
taken place internationally.
 One major barrier to CCS deployment in India is the
lack of accurate geological storage site data.
 The cost of electricity increases in CCS power plants
while reducing net power output.

23. Barriers
 CCS deployment is held to run counter to India’s
ambitious goals for electrification, especially given the
present electricity deficit and energy situation in the
country.
 As far as enhanced oil recovery (EOR) route of CCS is
concerned, India does not have many depleted oil fields.
 Requirement of specialised manpower and suitable
infrastructure.
 Monitoring of the stored CO2 to assure against leakage.
 Legal issues related to land acquisition, ground water
contamination, CO2 leakage, etc.

24. Objective
“To create an
enabling
environment for
CCS deployment
in India.”

25. Needs
 Knowledge building and capacity
development of policy makers and regulators
 Capacity development on technical issues
 Technology sharing and transfer
 Capacity development of Financial Institutions
 Public Engagement
 Knowledge sharing

26. Knowledge building of policy makers and
regulators
 Some knowledge regarding
CCS does exist at the
decision-making levels.
 However, there is a need to
go deeper in to the nuances
of different elements of CCS
and the associated benefits
and risks.
 Global regulations and
policies, along with progress
in CCS related activities in
other parts of the world, may
be highlighted.

27. Needs
 Knowledge building and capacity development of
policy makers and regulators
 Capacity development on technical issues
 Technology sharing and transfer
 Capacity development of Financial Institutions
 Public Engagement
 Knowledge sharing

28. Capacity development on technical issues
 Assessment of potential storage sites is one of the
biggest hurdles to CCS deployment in India.
 This may be addressed by:
– Training of geologists in the advanced assessment
techniques.
– Involvement of Indian agencies in the potential
assessment work being carried out elsewhere.
 Training in advanced drilling techniques.

29. Needs
 Knowledge building and capacity development of
policy makers and regulators
 Capacity development on technical issues
 Technology sharing and transfer
 Capacity development of Financial Institutions
 Public Engagement
 Knowledge sharing

30. Technology sharing and transfer
 Knowledge sharing is required to
understand complete value chain
of CCS.
 The areas of include:
– Better process integration of
different elements of CCS
equipment
– Development of new
adsorbents
– Conversion of CO2 to useful
products

31. Needs
 Knowledge building and capacity development of
policy makers and regulators
 Capacity development on technical issues
 Technology sharing and transfer
 Capacity development of Financial
Institutions
 Public Engagement
 Knowledge sharing

32. Needs
 Knowledge building and capacity development of
policy makers and regulators
 Capacity development on technical issues
 Technology sharing and transfer
 Capacity development of Financial
Institutions
 Public Engagement
 Knowledge sharing

33. Capacity development of Financial
Institutions
 Norms and practices
differ in CCS plants from
those applied for normal
power plants and
industries.
 Therefore, informing
Indian financial
institutions about global
best practices may be a
step forward.

34. Needs
 Knowledge building and capacity development of
policy makers and regulators
 Capacity development on technical issues
 Technology sharing and transfer
 Capacity development of Financial Institutions
 Public Engagement
 Knowledge sharing

35. Public Engagement
 Public acceptance is
vital, especially on the
storage side.
 Inclusion of civil society
groups in discussions
related to CCS at an
early stage may
facilitate better
acceptability of CCS
technologies.

36. Needs
 Knowledge building and capacity development of
policy makers and regulators
 Capacity development on technical issues
 Technology sharing and transfer
 Capacity development of Financial Institutions
 Public Engagement
 Knowledge sharing

37. Knowledge sharing among different CCS
groups
 CCS being a cross
cutting activity involving
several components, it
is vital that knowledge
sharing between the
different CCS groups is
done on a regular basis.
 Web based `virtual’
platform could be one of
the options for this.

38. Thank You !
www.teriin.org/akumar@teri.res.in