SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 11
Download to read offline
Interoperability Update: Dynamic Ethernet Services Via
               Intelligent Optical Networks
            James D. Jones, Alcatel; Lyndon Ong, Ciena; Monica Lazer, AT&T

Abstract         This article describes the 2005 Worldwide Interoperability Demonstration held
by the Optical Internetworking Forum (OIF) and showcased during SUPERCOMM 2005. The
event highlighted Ethernet services transported over intelligent optical networks, using equipment
from 13 of the industry’s leading vendors located in 7 carrier lab facilities around the world. The
demonstration utilized a distributed optical control plane based on OIF Implementation
Agreements to control a multi-layer network providing Ethernet over SONET/SDH adaptation
and transport. The article describes the global test network, services, architecture and overall test
approach. It also describes innovations made to the optical control plane to handle multi-layer
signaling and lists further refinements needed to make these services operational.

1    Introduction
The Optical Internetworking Forum (OIF) conducted its second World Interoperability
Demonstration, in conjunction with SUPERCOMM held in Chicago on June 7 - 9, 2005. Member
companies demonstrated dynamic Ethernet services enabled over a global optical network,
building on the results of a similar global demonstration in 2004.

At SUPERCOMM 2004, OIF demonstrated dynamic end-to-end SONET/SDH connection
management between client devices and transport network elements from many vendors in a
multi-domain, transport network spanning multiple carrier laboratories. The 2004 event also
demonstrated Ethernet adaptation over SONET/SDH using GFP (Generic Framing Procedure),
VCAT (Virtual Concatenation) and LCAS (Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme) as a separate
objective. At SUPERCOMM 2005, the OIF took a major step by integrating these two features
and creating a multi-layer control plane control to trigger end-end Ethernet connections over a
SONET/SDH network. The result was a global network enabling clients to directly request
Ethernet services over carriers’ SONET/SDH networks. While the demonstration focused on
Ethernet Private Line service enabled by the distributed control plane, it also evaluated Ethernet
Virtual Services (Virtual Private Line, Virtual Private LAN and Internet Trunking) over the
optical transport network.

This demonstration was motivated by continued growth in demand for Ethernet services in public
networks, and the carriers’ imperative to maximize utilization of their existing SONET/SDH
transport infrastructure. To do this, interoperability is required at many levels (i.e., transport,
control and management planes) to allow flexibility as the network evolves to support present and
future Ethernet services. At the same time, carriers have heterogeneous core optical transport
networks comprised of a range of bearer technologies, infrastructure granularity options, and
survivability mechanisms. Products and systems tested for interoperability included routers,
multi-service provisioning platforms (MSPPs), SONET/SDH cross-connects, optical switches,
optical add-drop multiplexers (OADMs) and reconfigurable OADMs (ROADMs). OIF
Implementation Agreements and interoperability trials address the challenge by requiring control
plane solutions be developed in the context of such heterogeneous environments, and be able to
co-exist with the existing network.

The demonstration was executed on a global stage with seven Carriers across three continents
inter-networking through an intelligent control plane with equipment from thirteen vendor
participants. A network of over 70 nodes was built up in progressive stages, beginning with local
lab testing, followed by intra-continental regional testing and culminating in a live, global real-
time network test. During the global demonstration, over 20 optical connections were
simultaneously active among the test sites. This included a live video feed between two carrier
labs, which was then transported to the SUPERCOMM show site. This video connection was
dynamically setup and torn down remotely from the show floor via the optical control plane.

2    Creating a World Wide Demonstration

The OIF World Interoperability Demonstration at SUPERCOMM 2005 was built as a global
network, in that all equipment was located at carriers’ research laboratories across the world:
Asia, Europe, and North America. Equipment from multiple vendors was interconnected within
the laboratories. Virtual connections were established among carriers, with the exception of
several instances, as discussed in more detail below.

Participants included:

•   Seven Carrier Lab Locations:

            •     Europe: Deutsche Telekom, France Telecom, Telecom Italia
            •     Asia: China Telecom, NTT
            •     North America: AT&T, Verizon

    •   Thirteen Vendors:

                Alcatel                        Lucent Technologies
                Avici Systems                  Mahi Networks
                CIENA Corporation              Marconi Corporation
                Cisco Systems                  Nortel Networks
                Fujitsu                        Sycamore Networks
                Huawei                         Tellabs
                Lambda Optical Systems

The overall equipment topology for this event is shown in Figure 1. This diagram shows all the
equipment involved in the OIF World Interoperability Demonstration, its function in each of the
carrier labs and the transport plane. As mentioned above, in addition to the virtual links
interconnecting carrier labs facilities, there were several real links that were used to carry video
application to showcase the demonstration: one OC3 link connected the AT&T and Verizon
facilities, and one DS3 link connected the AT&T facilities to the SUPERCOMM demonstration
booth. Video streams were used to illustrate the status of calls during the demonstration.
LEGEND                                                         Verizon
                  Asia to Europe                                       Labs                                                   Sycamore/EoS
                                                                                   Tellabs                 Alcatel
                  America to Europe
                  or America to Asia
                                                                      Ciena/EoS
                  Intra-continental
                                                                                               Nortel                  Tellabs
                                        Client
                  TNE
                                                                       Alcatel
                                                                                                                                         Tellabs
                                                                                               Mahi
                                         NTT Labs

        Avici                                                         Tellabs                Alcatel                       Fujitsu


                                          NTT                                    Fujitsu/EoS                                              Alcatel

         NTT
                                                                        Sycamore                        Ciena

                                          NTT
                                                                                Lucent/EoS                           Cisco/EoS
        Avici
                                                                                                  OC-3                                                            Deutsche
                                                                                                                                                                  Telekom
                                         Fujitsu                      AT&T Labs                                                                  Ciena


         NTT                                                                                 Ciena                                                                Lucent/EoS

                                       Sycamore

                                                                       Avici                                       Avici
                                                                                                                                                    Marconi              Cisco

                                                                                Cisco/EoS          Ciena/EoS




             Navtel                   Huawei                                                                                                    Alcatel           Alcatel/EoS

    China
   Telecom


                                      Ciena
                                                                                                           Huawei                                                Avici




                                                                                                   Cisco                             Marconi




                                                 Sycamore             Marconi

                                                                                                                                                              Avici
                                                                                                                                     Lambda
                                                                                                           Cisco                     Optical

                                                                                                                                               Telecom
                                                   Avici                Avici                                                                   Italia

                                                             France
                                                            Telecom




Figure 1              Overall Topology of OIF World Interoperability Demonstration

In addition, a Signaling Control Network (SCN) was set-up in an architecture simulating
operational networks. In each carrier lab, an internal SCN connected all the equipment. The
individual carrier SCNs were interconnected simulating carrier-to-carrier interconnections.
However, since this is still a demonstration network, not an operational network, IPsec tunnels
were used over the public Internet (as opposed to dedicated signaling networks). This SCN was
used for signaling and routing information exchanges. For display purposes, a custom software
application intercepted signaling messages sent over the SCN to build a live view of the active
calls. This application analyzed data fields within the signaling messages to build the picture of
the active calls, as shown in the example in Figure 2. These global topology views were available
both in the lab sites and at the SUPERCOMM show floor.




                          Figure 2 Dynamic Display of Active Calls

A generic diagram illustrating the service and interface types included in the demonstration is
shown in Figure 3. As seen in the diagram, all client devices were connected to the optical
network via Ethernet interfaces. This illustrates the evolution of the OIF UNI [1] from supporting
SONET/SDH services to support of Ethernet services.

The 2005 demonstration was focused on dynamic Ethernet services enabled by intelligent optical
networks. Ethernet services were delivered across multiple carrier labs with various bandwidth
characteristics by Switched Connections (SCs, initiated by client UNI signaling), Soft Permanent
Connections (SPCs, initiated by a management system) and hybrids of both. To support dynamic
Ethernet calls, several key technologies were required as described below: GFP [2], VCAT [3],
LCAS [4], UNI 2.0 [5], E-NNI 1.0 [6] (with extensions), inter-layer call and connection
coordination. For these calls, the Ethernet signals were mapped to SONET/SDH payloads using
GFP/VCAT/LCAS standards. The test cases included mapping of both full and partial rate
Gigabit Ethernet signals and both co-routed and diversely routed SONET/SDH containers
carrying an Ethernet signal.
Ethernet                   Carrier A                      Carrier B                     Carrier C                  Ethernet
        Client                     Domain                         Domain                        Domain                     Client
                    OIF UNI                      OIF E-NNI                     OIF E-NNI                         OIF UNI
                              NE           NE                NE               NE           NE               NE


                   Ethernet                               SONET/SDH                                              Ethernet
                          UNI-N                                                                         UNI-N
            UNI-C                                                                                                           UNI-C
                                               Ethernet Layer Call/Connection Flow


 Control Plane                             SONET/SDH Layer Call/Connection Flow
     View



                   GigE                 Virtual Concatenation Group (21 STS-1 or 7 VC-4)                              GigE
                          GFP-F                                                                         GFP-F
                                                 .                    .                     .
                          VCAT                   .                    .                     .               VCAT
 Transport Plane                                 .                    .                     .
                          LCAS                                                                              LCAS
      View



           Figure 3 Multi-Layer Control Plane and Transport plane Architecture

In addition, the control plane operated at multiple layers and inter-layer coordination was
supported in the optical network elements at the edges of the networks. For a Switched
Connection, the client device control plane interfaced to the network control plane via a UNI 2.0
interface supporting Ethernet transport. Using UNI 2.0, there is no need for the customer
equipment to have any awareness of how the network implements support for Ethernet services
(whether Ethernet mapped to SONET/SDH, or native Ethernet, or Ethernet mapped directly to
optical wavelengths). In this demonstration SONET/SDH transport was used for Layer 1
transport. The edge NE performed the appropriate mapping of the Ethernet service to SONET
payload (consistent with the service parameters requested in the signaling messages) and
originated signaling at both Layer 1 and Layer 2 in support of the request. The reverse process
took place at the egress point of the network.

To illustrate the utility of the optical control plane a video application was set-up between the
AT&T and Verizon labs as follows (see Figure 4):
    • A video server was connected to a router (client to the intelligent optical network) at each
         site. The server was used to transmit video streaming between sites when the Ethernet
         call was when available.
    • Whenever the inter-site Ethernet call was established, each lab could view both the video
         that originated from their lab and the video from the remote lab.
    • Whenever the Ethernet call was deleted each site could only view video originated in its
         own lab.
    • During the SUPERCOMM show, an additional DS3 link connected the AT&T labs
         facilities and the SUPERCOMM booth. The AT&T video streaming was available
         continuously at the SUPERCOMM booth. The Verizon video stream was available
         during the time that the Ethernet call between the routers at the two sites was established.
         The OIF booth demonstrations started with the Ethernet call established and both videos
         were visible in the booth. The Ethernet call between the two sites was then deleted and
         the visitors could see the change in the call map topology on one monitor (similar to
Figure 2), the video control stream from AT&T on a second monitor, and the interrupted
        Verizon video stream on a third monitor. Next, the Ethernet call was re-established and
        the call map topology reflected the change. At the same time, the visitors could see the
        Verizon video streaming again in real time.




      OIF Booth                                   AT&T Labs                     Verizon Labs
    (Chicago, IL)                              (Middletown, NJ)                (Waltham, MA)
                                                      ATT Video                     VZ Video
                                                       Server                        Server



                      DS3 Private Line



                                           Avici                                               Tellabs
                                            TSR                                                 8860
                                                     UNI 2.0                     UNI 2.0
                Control plane
                                                     GigE                         GigE
                Static Segments of
                Video Path
                 Dynamic Segments of
                 Video Path Enabled        Ciena                                               Alcatel
                 by Control Plane           CD                                                  1677



                                                               E-NNI OC3 AT&T-VZ

                           Figure 4 Video Application Configuration



3     Background
OIF subscribes to the ITU-T ASON architecture, as discussed in [7], and has based its
Implementation Agreements for the optical UNI and the optical E-NNI on the ITU-T ASON
Recommendations, especially ITU-T G.7713.2 [8] for RSVP-based signaling. The optical UNI
[1] enables clients of optical networks to dynamically request connections without knowing
network internal topology, while the E-NNI [6] automates the establishment of these connections
between optical networks. Together, UNI and E-NNI permit dynamic A-to-Z provisioning of
services across an optical network in real time without manual intervention, resulting in faster and
more efficient operation than traditional optical networks. Link state routing protocol based on
OSPF-TE based on [9] is used for automated network topology distribution and link status
updates inside the network.

3.1    Multi-Layer Networking for Ethernet-over-SDH
This year’s testing focused on multi-layer networking, where connections in a client layer are
supported by the dynamic establishment of connections in a server layer. In practice, carrier
networks consist of multiple technology layers, ranging from Layer 3 IP connectionless packet
transport down to Layer 0 physical connectivity, such as fiber cross-connection. Often new
services arise at one layer and must be transported efficiently using a core lower layer network.
One current example of this is the support of Ethernet services, which are growing rapidly as a
carrier service offering, and must be transported efficiently over the carriers’ core optical
transport networks. A number of technologies have been developed in the transport plane to
improve the efficiency and flexibility of SONET/SDH for packet/frame transport, including GFP,
VCAT and LCAS.

Testing in 2005 focused on the use of the optical control plane to control connections in the
optical core network to support Ethernet layer services. As shown in Figure 5, connections
between client devices at the Ethernet layer were supported by dynamically established
connections at the optical (SONET/SDH) layer. The number and type of connections at the
SONET/SDH layer corresponded to the amount of bandwidth requested at the Ethernet layer, and
an adaptation function using GFP, VCAT and LCAS was used at the originating and terminating
points to encapsulate the Ethernet frames into SONET/SDH paths.

To create a connection, the Ethernet UNI Client (UNI-C) sends an Ethernet connection request to
the Ethernet UNI Network-side switch (UNI-N). The UNI-N is then responsible for determining
the corresponding SONET/SDH requirements, creating the required SONET/SDH connections,
and then signaling to the remote UNI-N that the underlying connections are available and are to
be used for an Ethernet client connection. The additional stage of signaling between the source
and destination UNI-Ns carries the actual Ethernet layer connection requirements, allowing the
mapping at the destination UNI-N from SONET/SDH back to the Ethernet service. Both UNI-Ns
then apply Ethernet-SONET/SDH adaptation using GFP. This whole process involves multiple
stages of signaling to coordinate events at different layers, making the control plane processing
significantly more complex than previous years’ demonstrations.
OIF
                                                                   UNI 2.0
                                                                                                    OIF
                                                                                                   UNI 2.0
            OIF
           UNI 2.0


                                                              OIF
                                                             E-NNI



                                                                                                    I-NNI Domain
                                      OIF
               I-NNI Domain                                         OIF                  OIF
                                     E-NNI
                                                                   E-NNI                E-NNI




                                                    I-NNI Domain




                Physical Link       SONET/SDH Layer                          Ethernet Layer

                 Gigabit Ethernet   STS-3c/VC-4 Connection                   350 Mbps Connection
                 OC48/STM16         STS-3c/VC-4 Connection                   250 Mbps Connection
                                    STS-1 Connection                         100 Mbps Connection




                     Figure 5 Multi-layer Intelligent Optical Transport Network

The key extension to the protocols was the ability to dynamically trigger the creation of the
supporting server layer connection upon detecting that new optical capacity was needed. When
the ingress optical switch received a UNI 2.0 call request (i.e., for an Ethernet connection), it
initiates the process for creation of new optical connections, computes the required path across
the optical core and creates the connection, which is then used to carry GFP-encapsulated
Ethernet frames.

While there is a one-to-one relationship between Ethernet connection and SONET/SDH
connection (or VCAT group) for Ethernet Private Line services, as were tested, future Ethernet
Virtual Private Line and Private LAN services can allow the same SONET/SDH connection or
group to be used for multiple Ethernet services. Standards are not complete for how multiplexing
would be supported, but candidate mechanisms are the use of the client’s VLAN tag (if present),
application of a carrier VLAN tag at the UNI-N, or other tags. This is an active area of
discussion in IEEE, ITU-T and IETF. With Ethernet virtual services, it will be possible to reuse
an existing SONET/SDH pipe for future Ethernet connections as long as bandwidth is available.
The network will be able to respond dynamically to new demands, either creating a new optical
connection or reusing existing optical connections as needed.

3.2   Signaling Extensions for Multi-Layer Networking
Some of the more interesting problems that needed to be solved for multi-layer networking
included the following:
•    How to correlate signaling at client and server layers: Since connections were
           established first at the server layer (SDH) and then at the client layer (Ethernet), there
           needed to be a way to correlate signaling at multiple layers, so that, for example, the edge
           switches correctly identified which SDH timeslots were to be used, and were able to
           exchange signaling directly between them. For the testing, a mechanism called LSP
           (label switched paths) Hierarchy [10] was used, which involves the addition of fields in
           the RSVP signaling to identify the signaling addresses of the edge switches and the
           creation of virtual interfaces corresponding to the server layer connections
      .
      •    How to translate the Ethernet bandwidth request into the required SDH components:
           Since Ethernet bandwidth is expressed in terms of bits per second required and burst rates
           supported, while SDH bandwidth is expressed in terms of the size of the signal (STS-1,
           VC-4, VC-4-4v), there needed to be a mapping from the Ethernet bandwidth request over
           the UNI to the SDH bandwidth requirement at the E-NNI. In practice, such a translation
           would be a matter of policy determined by the service provider, since it is affected by the
           guarantees offered by the service provider as well as their core infrastructure. For the
           Demo, a mapping table was used to unambiguously map one layer to the other.

      •    Routing across multiple layers: In theory, the addressing used for clients and network
           elements at one layer may be independent of that used at another, so that the routing of
           the connection may involve translation from addresses in the client layer to addresses
           used in the server layer. For example, the destination (or in OIF the TNA (Transport
           Network Assigned) address) for the Ethernet client must be translated to some associated
           endpoint in the SDH network for SDH path computation. For the Demo, a one-to-one
           correspondence was assumed, where in real networks a more complex translation may be
           required.

3.3       Control Plane Support of Virtual Concatenation
          VCAT is an inverse multiplexing capability defined in ITU-T [3] that allows multiple
          SONET/SDH channels to be bound into a single higher rate VCAT group (VCG). For the
          demonstration, separate connections were set up for each component of the group, in order
          to create higher survivability for the group as a whole. LCAS allows failure of individual
          connections to be treated as reduced bandwidth in the group without actually causing
          failure of the entire group.

          A VCAT group consisting of multiple connections in the server layer was created using
          multiple call setups, therefore allowing each connection to follow a different path based on
          its individual path computation. An example of call setup for VCAT is shown in Figure 6.
          A coordination mechanism was supported to synchronize the establishment of the
          supporting VCAT connections and the client layer call. Both parallel and sequential
          strategies of setting up VCAT connections were considered.
Ethernet Client Layer Connection


                                        E-NNI

                                VCAT Component Connections
         UNI 2.0                                                       UNI 2.0

                        E-NNI                                 E-NNI




                         Figure 6 Setup of diverse VCAT connections

3.4   Additional Transport plane Testing
Additional transport plane-only Ethernet testing was done, based on Ethernet service
specifications developed in ITU-T and the Metro Ethernet Forum (MEF). These tests
demonstrated interoperability in the transport plane for Ethernet Virtual Services, where multiple
Ethernet services were transported using the same SONET/SDH VCGs. The virtual services
demonstrated included: Ethernet Virtual Private Line, Ethernet Virtual Private LAN and Internet
Access/Virtual Trunk. These provide a complementary aspect to the control plane testing, which
focused on Ethernet Private Line.

For Ethernet Virtual Private Line service, for example, individual client flows were tagged at the
UNI-N, aggregated into a single transport link and separated at the destination based on the
values of the VLAN tags. VLAN tags as defined in IEEE 802.1Q were used to identify an
individual service. Testing of Ethernet Virtual services was based on work being done in ITU-T
and MEF, especially ITU-T Recommendations G.8011.1 and .2 [11], and MEF 6 [12].

3.5   Future Work
Findings from the interoperability testing have been compiled and provided as input to the
various standards bodies active in optical control plane specification, to identify any areas of
potential confusion or omission in the standards. Future testing work may be aimed at more
complex services and topologies such as dynamic control of Ethernet virtual services, as these are
incorporated into optical control plane standards work.

4     Conclusions
The 2005 OIF demonstration was the first time Ethernet adaptation and distributed optical control
planes were brought together in an integrated fashion, and it was done on a global scale. The
call/connection control of the UNI-N devices was the most important technical innovation
demonstrated, in two respects. First, the UNI-N provides inter-layer control plane coordination as
the client signal enters the network. The UNI-N is responsible for accepting the client connection
request, initiating calls in the server layer, and completing the client layer call once the server
layer is set up. Second, the UNI-N triggers and controls the Ethernet adaptation function and
mapping of client layer signals into server layer containers. This architecture minimizes the
overall network impact since the client Ethernet devices and core SONET/SDH devices are only
concerned with a single layer.
The OIF World Interoperability Demonstration is an essential step in the evolution process of the
optical control plane, helping to make it suitable for deployment in carrier networks. The testing
demonstrated multi-vendor support of a distributed optical control plane, its ability to control
multi-layer end-to-end services and the overall commitment to the technology by both vendors
and carriers. The demonstration utilized real network elements from vendors whose market
presence accounts for 64% of the 2004 worldwide revenue in the optical networking switching
and routing markets (source: RHK). The equipment was hosted in technology evaluation labs of
top-tier carriers in North America, Europe and Asia.

While this event provided solutions for a number of technical issues, it also revealed others that
need to be addressed. The knowledge gained from this interoperability demonstration is being
applied to the OIF UNI 2.0 and E-NNI 2.0 signaling specifications. The experience also benefits
carriers in planning migrations to distributed optical control planes and anticipating the
operational considerations for multi-vendor networks.

The authors would like to acknowledge all the people in the carrier labs for the tremendous
efforts in putting the demonstration together and shepherding it through its stages, the staff from
the participating vendors for the relentless work in accomplishing the interoperability, and the
support of the OIF leadership in getting it all together.


5    References

1. OIF-UNI 1.0 Release 2, “OIF-UNI-01.0-R2-Common - User Network Interface (UNI) 1.0
    Signaling Specification, Release 2: Common Part” and “OIF-UNI-01.0-R2-RSVP - RSVP
    Extensions for User Network Interface (UNI) 1.0 Signaling, Release 2”.
2. ITU-T G.7041, “Generic Framing Procedure (GFP)”.
3. ITU-T G.707, “Network Node Interface for the Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)”.
4. ITU-T G.7042, “Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme (LCAS)”.
5. OIF UNI 2.0 Signaling, “”, oif2003.293.
6. OIF E-NNI 1.0 Signaling, “OIF-E-NNI-Sig-01.0 - Intra-Carrier E-NNI Signaling
    Specification”.
7. ITU-T G.8080/Y.1304, “Architecture for the Automatically Switched Optical Network
    (ASON)”.
8. ITU-T G.7713.2, “Distributed Call and Connection Management: Signalling mechanism
    using GMPLS RSVP-TE”.
9. ITU-T G.7715.1, “ASON Routing Architecture and Requirements for Link State Protocols”.
10.     draft-ietf-mpls-lsp-hierarchy-08.txt, “LSP Hierarchy with Generalized MPLS TE”
11.     ITU-T G.8011/Y1307, “Ethernet over Transport – Ethernet services framework”
    ITU-T G.8011.1/Y1307.1, “Ethernet private line service”
    ITU-T G.8011.2/Y1307.2, “Ethernet Virtual Private Line Service”
12.     MEF 6, “Ethernet Services Definitions - Phase I”.

More Related Content

What's hot

EPON Technology and its Application in China Telecomʹs Access Network Migration
EPON Technology and its Application in China Telecomʹs Access Network MigrationEPON Technology and its Application in China Telecomʹs Access Network Migration
EPON Technology and its Application in China Telecomʹs Access Network MigrationIEEE Standards Association (IEEE SA)
 
Alcatel lucent paolo_volpato_mpls_mw_uppersidex
Alcatel lucent paolo_volpato_mpls_mw_uppersidexAlcatel lucent paolo_volpato_mpls_mw_uppersidex
Alcatel lucent paolo_volpato_mpls_mw_uppersidexPaolo_Volpato
 
Laying the Foundation for the Second Transformation Wave (2009)
Laying the Foundation for the Second Transformation Wave (2009)Laying the Foundation for the Second Transformation Wave (2009)
Laying the Foundation for the Second Transformation Wave (2009)Marc Jadoul
 
MPLS-Based Metro Ethernet
MPLS-Based Metro EthernetMPLS-Based Metro Ethernet
MPLS-Based Metro EthernetAPNIC
 
Carrier Ethernet Americas 2012
Carrier Ethernet Americas 2012Carrier Ethernet Americas 2012
Carrier Ethernet Americas 2012Rafael Junquera
 
Carrier Ethernet Americas
Carrier Ethernet AmericasCarrier Ethernet Americas
Carrier Ethernet AmericasRafael Junquera
 
Ethernet: A look at the Ubiquitous Wired Networking Technology and Why it Mak...
Ethernet: A look at the Ubiquitous Wired Networking Technology and Why it Mak...Ethernet: A look at the Ubiquitous Wired Networking Technology and Why it Mak...
Ethernet: A look at the Ubiquitous Wired Networking Technology and Why it Mak...IEEE Standards Association (IEEE SA)
 
Data Acquisition system
Data Acquisition systemData Acquisition system
Data Acquisition systemsecointerface
 
LTE-Operational Challenges & Deployment conundrum
LTE-Operational Challenges & Deployment conundrumLTE-Operational Challenges & Deployment conundrum
LTE-Operational Challenges & Deployment conundrumManas Ganguly
 
The NGN Carrier Ethernet System: Technologies, Architecture and Deployment Mo...
The NGN Carrier Ethernet System: Technologies, Architecture and Deployment Mo...The NGN Carrier Ethernet System: Technologies, Architecture and Deployment Mo...
The NGN Carrier Ethernet System: Technologies, Architecture and Deployment Mo...Cisco Canada
 
4 g world 2011 renesas mobile overview
4 g world 2011 renesas mobile overview4 g world 2011 renesas mobile overview
4 g world 2011 renesas mobile overviewDavid McTernan
 

What's hot (19)

EPON Technology and its Application in China Telecomʹs Access Network Migration
EPON Technology and its Application in China Telecomʹs Access Network MigrationEPON Technology and its Application in China Telecomʹs Access Network Migration
EPON Technology and its Application in China Telecomʹs Access Network Migration
 
Power Saving Methods in EPON
Power Saving Methods in EPONPower Saving Methods in EPON
Power Saving Methods in EPON
 
Alcatel lucent paolo_volpato_mpls_mw_uppersidex
Alcatel lucent paolo_volpato_mpls_mw_uppersidexAlcatel lucent paolo_volpato_mpls_mw_uppersidex
Alcatel lucent paolo_volpato_mpls_mw_uppersidex
 
IEEE 1904.1 (SIEPON) Architecture and Model
IEEE 1904.1 (SIEPON) Architecture and ModelIEEE 1904.1 (SIEPON) Architecture and Model
IEEE 1904.1 (SIEPON) Architecture and Model
 
GPON-Doctor TR-156 Monitoring Features
GPON-Doctor TR-156 Monitoring FeaturesGPON-Doctor TR-156 Monitoring Features
GPON-Doctor TR-156 Monitoring Features
 
Imtech Cooperative ITS Platforms
Imtech Cooperative ITS PlatformsImtech Cooperative ITS Platforms
Imtech Cooperative ITS Platforms
 
Laying the Foundation for the Second Transformation Wave (2009)
Laying the Foundation for the Second Transformation Wave (2009)Laying the Foundation for the Second Transformation Wave (2009)
Laying the Foundation for the Second Transformation Wave (2009)
 
MPLS-Based Metro Ethernet
MPLS-Based Metro EthernetMPLS-Based Metro Ethernet
MPLS-Based Metro Ethernet
 
GPON-Extender (eng)
GPON-Extender (eng)GPON-Extender (eng)
GPON-Extender (eng)
 
Nuevos Retos en Sociedad-Red
Nuevos Retos en Sociedad-RedNuevos Retos en Sociedad-Red
Nuevos Retos en Sociedad-Red
 
Carrier Ethernet Americas 2012
Carrier Ethernet Americas 2012Carrier Ethernet Americas 2012
Carrier Ethernet Americas 2012
 
Carrier Ethernet Americas
Carrier Ethernet AmericasCarrier Ethernet Americas
Carrier Ethernet Americas
 
Ethernet: A look at the Ubiquitous Wired Networking Technology and Why it Mak...
Ethernet: A look at the Ubiquitous Wired Networking Technology and Why it Mak...Ethernet: A look at the Ubiquitous Wired Networking Technology and Why it Mak...
Ethernet: A look at the Ubiquitous Wired Networking Technology and Why it Mak...
 
Data Acquisition system
Data Acquisition systemData Acquisition system
Data Acquisition system
 
LTE-Operational Challenges & Deployment conundrum
LTE-Operational Challenges & Deployment conundrumLTE-Operational Challenges & Deployment conundrum
LTE-Operational Challenges & Deployment conundrum
 
Sae Archetecture
Sae ArchetectureSae Archetecture
Sae Archetecture
 
ARM's IoT Vision in Health
ARM's IoT Vision in HealthARM's IoT Vision in Health
ARM's IoT Vision in Health
 
The NGN Carrier Ethernet System: Technologies, Architecture and Deployment Mo...
The NGN Carrier Ethernet System: Technologies, Architecture and Deployment Mo...The NGN Carrier Ethernet System: Technologies, Architecture and Deployment Mo...
The NGN Carrier Ethernet System: Technologies, Architecture and Deployment Mo...
 
4 g world 2011 renesas mobile overview
4 g world 2011 renesas mobile overview4 g world 2011 renesas mobile overview
4 g world 2011 renesas mobile overview
 

Viewers also liked

Ostracon Company Profile
Ostracon Company ProfileOstracon Company Profile
Ostracon Company ProfileSureshN83
 
Trinity, huh? - A try to understand something that's beyond reason (per defin...
Trinity, huh? - A try to understand something that's beyond reason (per defin...Trinity, huh? - A try to understand something that's beyond reason (per defin...
Trinity, huh? - A try to understand something that's beyond reason (per defin...Deuxpont
 
Digital Privacy & Safety in Remote Aboriginal Communities
Digital Privacy & Safety in Remote Aboriginal CommunitiesDigital Privacy & Safety in Remote Aboriginal Communities
Digital Privacy & Safety in Remote Aboriginal CommunitiesPatFreeman
 
Futurex Slides at ACI Exchange 2013, Boston
Futurex Slides at ACI Exchange 2013, BostonFuturex Slides at ACI Exchange 2013, Boston
Futurex Slides at ACI Exchange 2013, BostonGreg Stone
 
Understanding the Role of Hardware Data Encryption in EMV and P2PE
Understanding the Role of Hardware Data Encryption in EMV and P2PEUnderstanding the Role of Hardware Data Encryption in EMV and P2PE
Understanding the Role of Hardware Data Encryption in EMV and P2PEGreg Stone
 
Beauty of nature test presentation
Beauty of nature test presentationBeauty of nature test presentation
Beauty of nature test presentationCEvans Tester
 
Bond Moyson Oost-Vlaanderen
Bond Moyson Oost-VlaanderenBond Moyson Oost-Vlaanderen
Bond Moyson Oost-VlaanderenTomBosman
 
12 lingkup praktik kebidanan
12 lingkup praktik kebidanan12 lingkup praktik kebidanan
12 lingkup praktik kebidananSyamsul Arifin
 
Dizelmotorlarindeyanma
DizelmotorlarindeyanmaDizelmotorlarindeyanma
Dizelmotorlarindeyanmaclaytonozii
 
Rph 1 dengar tutur BM TAHUN 4 KSSR
Rph 1 dengar tutur BM TAHUN 4 KSSRRph 1 dengar tutur BM TAHUN 4 KSSR
Rph 1 dengar tutur BM TAHUN 4 KSSRPuyam Sabar
 
Rpt pendidikan jasmani tahun 2 kssr
Rpt pendidikan jasmani tahun 2 kssrRpt pendidikan jasmani tahun 2 kssr
Rpt pendidikan jasmani tahun 2 kssrPuyam Sabar
 
Eviden pj TAHUN 2 KSSR
Eviden pj TAHUN 2 KSSREviden pj TAHUN 2 KSSR
Eviden pj TAHUN 2 KSSRPuyam Sabar
 
Rph 1 dengar tutur BM TAHUN 4 KSSR
Rph  1 dengar tutur BM TAHUN 4 KSSRRph  1 dengar tutur BM TAHUN 4 KSSR
Rph 1 dengar tutur BM TAHUN 4 KSSRPuyam Sabar
 
Evidens pk TAHUN 2 KSSR
Evidens pk TAHUN 2 KSSREvidens pk TAHUN 2 KSSR
Evidens pk TAHUN 2 KSSRPuyam Sabar
 

Viewers also liked (18)

Ostracon Company Profile
Ostracon Company ProfileOstracon Company Profile
Ostracon Company Profile
 
Trinity, huh? - A try to understand something that's beyond reason (per defin...
Trinity, huh? - A try to understand something that's beyond reason (per defin...Trinity, huh? - A try to understand something that's beyond reason (per defin...
Trinity, huh? - A try to understand something that's beyond reason (per defin...
 
Digital Privacy & Safety in Remote Aboriginal Communities
Digital Privacy & Safety in Remote Aboriginal CommunitiesDigital Privacy & Safety in Remote Aboriginal Communities
Digital Privacy & Safety in Remote Aboriginal Communities
 
Futurex Slides at ACI Exchange 2013, Boston
Futurex Slides at ACI Exchange 2013, BostonFuturex Slides at ACI Exchange 2013, Boston
Futurex Slides at ACI Exchange 2013, Boston
 
Cake php cookbook
Cake php cookbookCake php cookbook
Cake php cookbook
 
Understanding the Role of Hardware Data Encryption in EMV and P2PE
Understanding the Role of Hardware Data Encryption in EMV and P2PEUnderstanding the Role of Hardware Data Encryption in EMV and P2PE
Understanding the Role of Hardware Data Encryption in EMV and P2PE
 
Tod fod jod @ vidya school
Tod fod jod @ vidya schoolTod fod jod @ vidya school
Tod fod jod @ vidya school
 
Debian Packaging
Debian PackagingDebian Packaging
Debian Packaging
 
Beauty of nature test presentation
Beauty of nature test presentationBeauty of nature test presentation
Beauty of nature test presentation
 
Bond Moyson Oost-Vlaanderen
Bond Moyson Oost-VlaanderenBond Moyson Oost-Vlaanderen
Bond Moyson Oost-Vlaanderen
 
12 lingkup praktik kebidanan
12 lingkup praktik kebidanan12 lingkup praktik kebidanan
12 lingkup praktik kebidanan
 
Dizelmotorlarindeyanma
DizelmotorlarindeyanmaDizelmotorlarindeyanma
Dizelmotorlarindeyanma
 
Doa dhuha
Doa dhuhaDoa dhuha
Doa dhuha
 
Rph 1 dengar tutur BM TAHUN 4 KSSR
Rph 1 dengar tutur BM TAHUN 4 KSSRRph 1 dengar tutur BM TAHUN 4 KSSR
Rph 1 dengar tutur BM TAHUN 4 KSSR
 
Rpt pendidikan jasmani tahun 2 kssr
Rpt pendidikan jasmani tahun 2 kssrRpt pendidikan jasmani tahun 2 kssr
Rpt pendidikan jasmani tahun 2 kssr
 
Eviden pj TAHUN 2 KSSR
Eviden pj TAHUN 2 KSSREviden pj TAHUN 2 KSSR
Eviden pj TAHUN 2 KSSR
 
Rph 1 dengar tutur BM TAHUN 4 KSSR
Rph  1 dengar tutur BM TAHUN 4 KSSRRph  1 dengar tutur BM TAHUN 4 KSSR
Rph 1 dengar tutur BM TAHUN 4 KSSR
 
Evidens pk TAHUN 2 KSSR
Evidens pk TAHUN 2 KSSREvidens pk TAHUN 2 KSSR
Evidens pk TAHUN 2 KSSR
 

Similar to Ieee paper from_oif_logo

4WARD Project
4WARD Project4WARD Project
4WARD Projectsmdx
 
WiTech LTE Report - Review Pack
WiTech LTE Report - Review PackWiTech LTE Report - Review Pack
WiTech LTE Report - Review PackWiTech
 
02 opti x rtn 900 v100r002 system hardware-20100223-a
02 opti x rtn 900 v100r002 system hardware-20100223-a02 opti x rtn 900 v100r002 system hardware-20100223-a
02 opti x rtn 900 v100r002 system hardware-20100223-aWaheed Ali
 
Practical Troubleshooting and Problem Solving of Ethernet Networks
Practical Troubleshooting and Problem Solving of Ethernet NetworksPractical Troubleshooting and Problem Solving of Ethernet Networks
Practical Troubleshooting and Problem Solving of Ethernet NetworksLiving Online
 
Ipad Presentatie Nec
Ipad Presentatie NecIpad Presentatie Nec
Ipad Presentatie Necshottie
 
Spectrum fee based on bandwidth license approach
Spectrum fee based on bandwidth license approachSpectrum fee based on bandwidth license approach
Spectrum fee based on bandwidth license approachArief Gunawan
 
An Applications and Service talk to the Queensland Regional Networking Organi...
An Applications and Service talk to the Queensland Regional Networking Organi...An Applications and Service talk to the Queensland Regional Networking Organi...
An Applications and Service talk to the Queensland Regional Networking Organi...James Sankar
 
Case study das solution-for-eur-asia-tunnel-(publicrelease)-final
Case study das solution-for-eur-asia-tunnel-(publicrelease)-finalCase study das solution-for-eur-asia-tunnel-(publicrelease)-final
Case study das solution-for-eur-asia-tunnel-(publicrelease)-finalComba Telecom
 
Megkom Overview 2009
Megkom Overview 2009Megkom Overview 2009
Megkom Overview 2009Megkom
 
Alcatel 9110 description (1)
Alcatel 9110 description (1)Alcatel 9110 description (1)
Alcatel 9110 description (1)ElvisBui
 
JVL Industrial Ethernet Expansion Modules for MAC Motors
JVL Industrial Ethernet Expansion Modules for MAC MotorsJVL Industrial Ethernet Expansion Modules for MAC Motors
JVL Industrial Ethernet Expansion Modules for MAC MotorsElectromate
 
Opti x rtn 910950980 hardware description wind
Opti x rtn 910950980 hardware description windOpti x rtn 910950980 hardware description wind
Opti x rtn 910950980 hardware description windnctgayaranga
 
Catalogue multimedia 2013 0
Catalogue multimedia 2013 0Catalogue multimedia 2013 0
Catalogue multimedia 2013 0Miguel Silva
 
Demystifying optical ethernet networks
Demystifying optical ethernet networksDemystifying optical ethernet networks
Demystifying optical ethernet networksVishal Sharma, Ph.D.
 
Energie in ontwikkeling SOPRA-project
Energie in ontwikkeling SOPRA-projectEnergie in ontwikkeling SOPRA-project
Energie in ontwikkeling SOPRA-projectHANduurzaam
 
Ahmed Full Cv Oct 2011
Ahmed Full Cv   Oct 2011Ahmed Full Cv   Oct 2011
Ahmed Full Cv Oct 2011AKO47
 

Similar to Ieee paper from_oif_logo (20)

4WARD Project
4WARD Project4WARD Project
4WARD Project
 
8dtek
8dtek8dtek
8dtek
 
WiTech LTE Report - Review Pack
WiTech LTE Report - Review PackWiTech LTE Report - Review Pack
WiTech LTE Report - Review Pack
 
02 opti x rtn 900 v100r002 system hardware-20100223-a
02 opti x rtn 900 v100r002 system hardware-20100223-a02 opti x rtn 900 v100r002 system hardware-20100223-a
02 opti x rtn 900 v100r002 system hardware-20100223-a
 
Practical Troubleshooting and Problem Solving of Ethernet Networks
Practical Troubleshooting and Problem Solving of Ethernet NetworksPractical Troubleshooting and Problem Solving of Ethernet Networks
Practical Troubleshooting and Problem Solving of Ethernet Networks
 
Ipad Presentatie Nec
Ipad Presentatie NecIpad Presentatie Nec
Ipad Presentatie Nec
 
Spectrum fee based on bandwidth license approach
Spectrum fee based on bandwidth license approachSpectrum fee based on bandwidth license approach
Spectrum fee based on bandwidth license approach
 
An Applications and Service talk to the Queensland Regional Networking Organi...
An Applications and Service talk to the Queensland Regional Networking Organi...An Applications and Service talk to the Queensland Regional Networking Organi...
An Applications and Service talk to the Queensland Regional Networking Organi...
 
Test Equipments
Test EquipmentsTest Equipments
Test Equipments
 
Case study das solution-for-eur-asia-tunnel-(publicrelease)-final
Case study das solution-for-eur-asia-tunnel-(publicrelease)-finalCase study das solution-for-eur-asia-tunnel-(publicrelease)-final
Case study das solution-for-eur-asia-tunnel-(publicrelease)-final
 
Megkom Overview 2009
Megkom Overview 2009Megkom Overview 2009
Megkom Overview 2009
 
Alcatel 9110 description (1)
Alcatel 9110 description (1)Alcatel 9110 description (1)
Alcatel 9110 description (1)
 
JVL Industrial Ethernet Expansion Modules for MAC Motors
JVL Industrial Ethernet Expansion Modules for MAC MotorsJVL Industrial Ethernet Expansion Modules for MAC Motors
JVL Industrial Ethernet Expansion Modules for MAC Motors
 
Opti x rtn 910950980 hardware description wind
Opti x rtn 910950980 hardware description windOpti x rtn 910950980 hardware description wind
Opti x rtn 910950980 hardware description wind
 
Catalogue multimedia 2013 0
Catalogue multimedia 2013 0Catalogue multimedia 2013 0
Catalogue multimedia 2013 0
 
Demystifying optical ethernet networks
Demystifying optical ethernet networksDemystifying optical ethernet networks
Demystifying optical ethernet networks
 
Flemish Living Lab Platform Presentation
Flemish Living Lab Platform PresentationFlemish Living Lab Platform Presentation
Flemish Living Lab Platform Presentation
 
Energie in ontwikkeling SOPRA-project
Energie in ontwikkeling SOPRA-projectEnergie in ontwikkeling SOPRA-project
Energie in ontwikkeling SOPRA-project
 
Alcatel
AlcatelAlcatel
Alcatel
 
Ahmed Full Cv Oct 2011
Ahmed Full Cv   Oct 2011Ahmed Full Cv   Oct 2011
Ahmed Full Cv Oct 2011
 

Recently uploaded

UiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation Developers
UiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation DevelopersUiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation Developers
UiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation DevelopersUiPathCommunity
 
Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)
Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)
Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)Commit University
 
UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1
UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1
UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1DianaGray10
 
Using IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve Decarbonization
Using IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve DecarbonizationUsing IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve Decarbonization
Using IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve DecarbonizationIES VE
 
AI Fame Rush Review – Virtual Influencer Creation In Just Minutes
AI Fame Rush Review – Virtual Influencer Creation In Just MinutesAI Fame Rush Review – Virtual Influencer Creation In Just Minutes
AI Fame Rush Review – Virtual Influencer Creation In Just MinutesMd Hossain Ali
 
COMPUTER 10 Lesson 8 - Building a Website
COMPUTER 10 Lesson 8 - Building a WebsiteCOMPUTER 10 Lesson 8 - Building a Website
COMPUTER 10 Lesson 8 - Building a Websitedgelyza
 
Artificial Intelligence & SEO Trends for 2024
Artificial Intelligence & SEO Trends for 2024Artificial Intelligence & SEO Trends for 2024
Artificial Intelligence & SEO Trends for 2024D Cloud Solutions
 
Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™
Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™
Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™Adtran
 
IaC & GitOps in a Nutshell - a FridayInANuthshell Episode.pdf
IaC & GitOps in a Nutshell - a FridayInANuthshell Episode.pdfIaC & GitOps in a Nutshell - a FridayInANuthshell Episode.pdf
IaC & GitOps in a Nutshell - a FridayInANuthshell Episode.pdfDaniel Santiago Silva Capera
 
Linked Data in Production: Moving Beyond Ontologies
Linked Data in Production: Moving Beyond OntologiesLinked Data in Production: Moving Beyond Ontologies
Linked Data in Production: Moving Beyond OntologiesDavid Newbury
 
Igniting Next Level Productivity with AI-Infused Data Integration Workflows
Igniting Next Level Productivity with AI-Infused Data Integration WorkflowsIgniting Next Level Productivity with AI-Infused Data Integration Workflows
Igniting Next Level Productivity with AI-Infused Data Integration WorkflowsSafe Software
 
Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024
Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024
Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024SkyPlanner
 
UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...
UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...
UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...UbiTrack UK
 
Empowering Africa's Next Generation: The AI Leadership Blueprint
Empowering Africa's Next Generation: The AI Leadership BlueprintEmpowering Africa's Next Generation: The AI Leadership Blueprint
Empowering Africa's Next Generation: The AI Leadership BlueprintMahmoud Rabie
 
Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...
Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...
Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...Will Schroeder
 
Bird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystem
Bird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystemBird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystem
Bird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystemAsko Soukka
 
activity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdf
activity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdf
activity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfJamie (Taka) Wang
 
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaboration
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online CollaborationCOMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaboration
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaborationbruanjhuli
 
Cybersecurity Workshop #1.pptx
Cybersecurity Workshop #1.pptxCybersecurity Workshop #1.pptx
Cybersecurity Workshop #1.pptxGDSC PJATK
 

Recently uploaded (20)

UiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation Developers
UiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation DevelopersUiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation Developers
UiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation Developers
 
Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)
Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)
Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)
 
UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1
UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1
UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1
 
Using IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve Decarbonization
Using IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve DecarbonizationUsing IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve Decarbonization
Using IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve Decarbonization
 
AI Fame Rush Review – Virtual Influencer Creation In Just Minutes
AI Fame Rush Review – Virtual Influencer Creation In Just MinutesAI Fame Rush Review – Virtual Influencer Creation In Just Minutes
AI Fame Rush Review – Virtual Influencer Creation In Just Minutes
 
COMPUTER 10 Lesson 8 - Building a Website
COMPUTER 10 Lesson 8 - Building a WebsiteCOMPUTER 10 Lesson 8 - Building a Website
COMPUTER 10 Lesson 8 - Building a Website
 
Artificial Intelligence & SEO Trends for 2024
Artificial Intelligence & SEO Trends for 2024Artificial Intelligence & SEO Trends for 2024
Artificial Intelligence & SEO Trends for 2024
 
Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™
Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™
Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™
 
IaC & GitOps in a Nutshell - a FridayInANuthshell Episode.pdf
IaC & GitOps in a Nutshell - a FridayInANuthshell Episode.pdfIaC & GitOps in a Nutshell - a FridayInANuthshell Episode.pdf
IaC & GitOps in a Nutshell - a FridayInANuthshell Episode.pdf
 
Linked Data in Production: Moving Beyond Ontologies
Linked Data in Production: Moving Beyond OntologiesLinked Data in Production: Moving Beyond Ontologies
Linked Data in Production: Moving Beyond Ontologies
 
Igniting Next Level Productivity with AI-Infused Data Integration Workflows
Igniting Next Level Productivity with AI-Infused Data Integration WorkflowsIgniting Next Level Productivity with AI-Infused Data Integration Workflows
Igniting Next Level Productivity with AI-Infused Data Integration Workflows
 
Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024
Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024
Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024
 
UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...
UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...
UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...
 
Empowering Africa's Next Generation: The AI Leadership Blueprint
Empowering Africa's Next Generation: The AI Leadership BlueprintEmpowering Africa's Next Generation: The AI Leadership Blueprint
Empowering Africa's Next Generation: The AI Leadership Blueprint
 
Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...
Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...
Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...
 
Bird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystem
Bird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystemBird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystem
Bird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystem
 
20230104 - machine vision
20230104 - machine vision20230104 - machine vision
20230104 - machine vision
 
activity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdf
activity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdf
activity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdf
 
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaboration
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online CollaborationCOMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaboration
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaboration
 
Cybersecurity Workshop #1.pptx
Cybersecurity Workshop #1.pptxCybersecurity Workshop #1.pptx
Cybersecurity Workshop #1.pptx
 

Ieee paper from_oif_logo

  • 1. Interoperability Update: Dynamic Ethernet Services Via Intelligent Optical Networks James D. Jones, Alcatel; Lyndon Ong, Ciena; Monica Lazer, AT&T Abstract This article describes the 2005 Worldwide Interoperability Demonstration held by the Optical Internetworking Forum (OIF) and showcased during SUPERCOMM 2005. The event highlighted Ethernet services transported over intelligent optical networks, using equipment from 13 of the industry’s leading vendors located in 7 carrier lab facilities around the world. The demonstration utilized a distributed optical control plane based on OIF Implementation Agreements to control a multi-layer network providing Ethernet over SONET/SDH adaptation and transport. The article describes the global test network, services, architecture and overall test approach. It also describes innovations made to the optical control plane to handle multi-layer signaling and lists further refinements needed to make these services operational. 1 Introduction The Optical Internetworking Forum (OIF) conducted its second World Interoperability Demonstration, in conjunction with SUPERCOMM held in Chicago on June 7 - 9, 2005. Member companies demonstrated dynamic Ethernet services enabled over a global optical network, building on the results of a similar global demonstration in 2004. At SUPERCOMM 2004, OIF demonstrated dynamic end-to-end SONET/SDH connection management between client devices and transport network elements from many vendors in a multi-domain, transport network spanning multiple carrier laboratories. The 2004 event also demonstrated Ethernet adaptation over SONET/SDH using GFP (Generic Framing Procedure), VCAT (Virtual Concatenation) and LCAS (Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme) as a separate objective. At SUPERCOMM 2005, the OIF took a major step by integrating these two features and creating a multi-layer control plane control to trigger end-end Ethernet connections over a SONET/SDH network. The result was a global network enabling clients to directly request Ethernet services over carriers’ SONET/SDH networks. While the demonstration focused on Ethernet Private Line service enabled by the distributed control plane, it also evaluated Ethernet Virtual Services (Virtual Private Line, Virtual Private LAN and Internet Trunking) over the optical transport network. This demonstration was motivated by continued growth in demand for Ethernet services in public networks, and the carriers’ imperative to maximize utilization of their existing SONET/SDH transport infrastructure. To do this, interoperability is required at many levels (i.e., transport, control and management planes) to allow flexibility as the network evolves to support present and future Ethernet services. At the same time, carriers have heterogeneous core optical transport networks comprised of a range of bearer technologies, infrastructure granularity options, and survivability mechanisms. Products and systems tested for interoperability included routers,
  • 2. multi-service provisioning platforms (MSPPs), SONET/SDH cross-connects, optical switches, optical add-drop multiplexers (OADMs) and reconfigurable OADMs (ROADMs). OIF Implementation Agreements and interoperability trials address the challenge by requiring control plane solutions be developed in the context of such heterogeneous environments, and be able to co-exist with the existing network. The demonstration was executed on a global stage with seven Carriers across three continents inter-networking through an intelligent control plane with equipment from thirteen vendor participants. A network of over 70 nodes was built up in progressive stages, beginning with local lab testing, followed by intra-continental regional testing and culminating in a live, global real- time network test. During the global demonstration, over 20 optical connections were simultaneously active among the test sites. This included a live video feed between two carrier labs, which was then transported to the SUPERCOMM show site. This video connection was dynamically setup and torn down remotely from the show floor via the optical control plane. 2 Creating a World Wide Demonstration The OIF World Interoperability Demonstration at SUPERCOMM 2005 was built as a global network, in that all equipment was located at carriers’ research laboratories across the world: Asia, Europe, and North America. Equipment from multiple vendors was interconnected within the laboratories. Virtual connections were established among carriers, with the exception of several instances, as discussed in more detail below. Participants included: • Seven Carrier Lab Locations: • Europe: Deutsche Telekom, France Telecom, Telecom Italia • Asia: China Telecom, NTT • North America: AT&T, Verizon • Thirteen Vendors: Alcatel Lucent Technologies Avici Systems Mahi Networks CIENA Corporation Marconi Corporation Cisco Systems Nortel Networks Fujitsu Sycamore Networks Huawei Tellabs Lambda Optical Systems The overall equipment topology for this event is shown in Figure 1. This diagram shows all the equipment involved in the OIF World Interoperability Demonstration, its function in each of the carrier labs and the transport plane. As mentioned above, in addition to the virtual links interconnecting carrier labs facilities, there were several real links that were used to carry video application to showcase the demonstration: one OC3 link connected the AT&T and Verizon facilities, and one DS3 link connected the AT&T facilities to the SUPERCOMM demonstration booth. Video streams were used to illustrate the status of calls during the demonstration.
  • 3. LEGEND Verizon Asia to Europe Labs Sycamore/EoS Tellabs Alcatel America to Europe or America to Asia Ciena/EoS Intra-continental Nortel Tellabs Client TNE Alcatel Tellabs Mahi NTT Labs Avici Tellabs Alcatel Fujitsu NTT Fujitsu/EoS Alcatel NTT Sycamore Ciena NTT Lucent/EoS Cisco/EoS Avici OC-3 Deutsche Telekom Fujitsu AT&T Labs Ciena NTT Ciena Lucent/EoS Sycamore Avici Avici Marconi Cisco Cisco/EoS Ciena/EoS Navtel Huawei Alcatel Alcatel/EoS China Telecom Ciena Huawei Avici Cisco Marconi Sycamore Marconi Avici Lambda Cisco Optical Telecom Avici Avici Italia France Telecom Figure 1 Overall Topology of OIF World Interoperability Demonstration In addition, a Signaling Control Network (SCN) was set-up in an architecture simulating operational networks. In each carrier lab, an internal SCN connected all the equipment. The individual carrier SCNs were interconnected simulating carrier-to-carrier interconnections. However, since this is still a demonstration network, not an operational network, IPsec tunnels
  • 4. were used over the public Internet (as opposed to dedicated signaling networks). This SCN was used for signaling and routing information exchanges. For display purposes, a custom software application intercepted signaling messages sent over the SCN to build a live view of the active calls. This application analyzed data fields within the signaling messages to build the picture of the active calls, as shown in the example in Figure 2. These global topology views were available both in the lab sites and at the SUPERCOMM show floor. Figure 2 Dynamic Display of Active Calls A generic diagram illustrating the service and interface types included in the demonstration is shown in Figure 3. As seen in the diagram, all client devices were connected to the optical network via Ethernet interfaces. This illustrates the evolution of the OIF UNI [1] from supporting SONET/SDH services to support of Ethernet services. The 2005 demonstration was focused on dynamic Ethernet services enabled by intelligent optical networks. Ethernet services were delivered across multiple carrier labs with various bandwidth characteristics by Switched Connections (SCs, initiated by client UNI signaling), Soft Permanent Connections (SPCs, initiated by a management system) and hybrids of both. To support dynamic Ethernet calls, several key technologies were required as described below: GFP [2], VCAT [3], LCAS [4], UNI 2.0 [5], E-NNI 1.0 [6] (with extensions), inter-layer call and connection coordination. For these calls, the Ethernet signals were mapped to SONET/SDH payloads using GFP/VCAT/LCAS standards. The test cases included mapping of both full and partial rate Gigabit Ethernet signals and both co-routed and diversely routed SONET/SDH containers carrying an Ethernet signal.
  • 5. Ethernet Carrier A Carrier B Carrier C Ethernet Client Domain Domain Domain Client OIF UNI OIF E-NNI OIF E-NNI OIF UNI NE NE NE NE NE NE Ethernet SONET/SDH Ethernet UNI-N UNI-N UNI-C UNI-C Ethernet Layer Call/Connection Flow Control Plane SONET/SDH Layer Call/Connection Flow View GigE Virtual Concatenation Group (21 STS-1 or 7 VC-4) GigE GFP-F GFP-F . . . VCAT . . . VCAT Transport Plane . . . LCAS LCAS View Figure 3 Multi-Layer Control Plane and Transport plane Architecture In addition, the control plane operated at multiple layers and inter-layer coordination was supported in the optical network elements at the edges of the networks. For a Switched Connection, the client device control plane interfaced to the network control plane via a UNI 2.0 interface supporting Ethernet transport. Using UNI 2.0, there is no need for the customer equipment to have any awareness of how the network implements support for Ethernet services (whether Ethernet mapped to SONET/SDH, or native Ethernet, or Ethernet mapped directly to optical wavelengths). In this demonstration SONET/SDH transport was used for Layer 1 transport. The edge NE performed the appropriate mapping of the Ethernet service to SONET payload (consistent with the service parameters requested in the signaling messages) and originated signaling at both Layer 1 and Layer 2 in support of the request. The reverse process took place at the egress point of the network. To illustrate the utility of the optical control plane a video application was set-up between the AT&T and Verizon labs as follows (see Figure 4): • A video server was connected to a router (client to the intelligent optical network) at each site. The server was used to transmit video streaming between sites when the Ethernet call was when available. • Whenever the inter-site Ethernet call was established, each lab could view both the video that originated from their lab and the video from the remote lab. • Whenever the Ethernet call was deleted each site could only view video originated in its own lab. • During the SUPERCOMM show, an additional DS3 link connected the AT&T labs facilities and the SUPERCOMM booth. The AT&T video streaming was available continuously at the SUPERCOMM booth. The Verizon video stream was available during the time that the Ethernet call between the routers at the two sites was established. The OIF booth demonstrations started with the Ethernet call established and both videos were visible in the booth. The Ethernet call between the two sites was then deleted and the visitors could see the change in the call map topology on one monitor (similar to
  • 6. Figure 2), the video control stream from AT&T on a second monitor, and the interrupted Verizon video stream on a third monitor. Next, the Ethernet call was re-established and the call map topology reflected the change. At the same time, the visitors could see the Verizon video streaming again in real time. OIF Booth AT&T Labs Verizon Labs (Chicago, IL) (Middletown, NJ) (Waltham, MA) ATT Video VZ Video Server Server DS3 Private Line Avici Tellabs TSR 8860 UNI 2.0 UNI 2.0 Control plane GigE GigE Static Segments of Video Path Dynamic Segments of Video Path Enabled Ciena Alcatel by Control Plane CD 1677 E-NNI OC3 AT&T-VZ Figure 4 Video Application Configuration 3 Background OIF subscribes to the ITU-T ASON architecture, as discussed in [7], and has based its Implementation Agreements for the optical UNI and the optical E-NNI on the ITU-T ASON Recommendations, especially ITU-T G.7713.2 [8] for RSVP-based signaling. The optical UNI [1] enables clients of optical networks to dynamically request connections without knowing network internal topology, while the E-NNI [6] automates the establishment of these connections between optical networks. Together, UNI and E-NNI permit dynamic A-to-Z provisioning of services across an optical network in real time without manual intervention, resulting in faster and more efficient operation than traditional optical networks. Link state routing protocol based on OSPF-TE based on [9] is used for automated network topology distribution and link status updates inside the network. 3.1 Multi-Layer Networking for Ethernet-over-SDH This year’s testing focused on multi-layer networking, where connections in a client layer are supported by the dynamic establishment of connections in a server layer. In practice, carrier networks consist of multiple technology layers, ranging from Layer 3 IP connectionless packet transport down to Layer 0 physical connectivity, such as fiber cross-connection. Often new services arise at one layer and must be transported efficiently using a core lower layer network.
  • 7. One current example of this is the support of Ethernet services, which are growing rapidly as a carrier service offering, and must be transported efficiently over the carriers’ core optical transport networks. A number of technologies have been developed in the transport plane to improve the efficiency and flexibility of SONET/SDH for packet/frame transport, including GFP, VCAT and LCAS. Testing in 2005 focused on the use of the optical control plane to control connections in the optical core network to support Ethernet layer services. As shown in Figure 5, connections between client devices at the Ethernet layer were supported by dynamically established connections at the optical (SONET/SDH) layer. The number and type of connections at the SONET/SDH layer corresponded to the amount of bandwidth requested at the Ethernet layer, and an adaptation function using GFP, VCAT and LCAS was used at the originating and terminating points to encapsulate the Ethernet frames into SONET/SDH paths. To create a connection, the Ethernet UNI Client (UNI-C) sends an Ethernet connection request to the Ethernet UNI Network-side switch (UNI-N). The UNI-N is then responsible for determining the corresponding SONET/SDH requirements, creating the required SONET/SDH connections, and then signaling to the remote UNI-N that the underlying connections are available and are to be used for an Ethernet client connection. The additional stage of signaling between the source and destination UNI-Ns carries the actual Ethernet layer connection requirements, allowing the mapping at the destination UNI-N from SONET/SDH back to the Ethernet service. Both UNI-Ns then apply Ethernet-SONET/SDH adaptation using GFP. This whole process involves multiple stages of signaling to coordinate events at different layers, making the control plane processing significantly more complex than previous years’ demonstrations.
  • 8. OIF UNI 2.0 OIF UNI 2.0 OIF UNI 2.0 OIF E-NNI I-NNI Domain OIF I-NNI Domain OIF OIF E-NNI E-NNI E-NNI I-NNI Domain Physical Link SONET/SDH Layer Ethernet Layer Gigabit Ethernet STS-3c/VC-4 Connection 350 Mbps Connection OC48/STM16 STS-3c/VC-4 Connection 250 Mbps Connection STS-1 Connection 100 Mbps Connection Figure 5 Multi-layer Intelligent Optical Transport Network The key extension to the protocols was the ability to dynamically trigger the creation of the supporting server layer connection upon detecting that new optical capacity was needed. When the ingress optical switch received a UNI 2.0 call request (i.e., for an Ethernet connection), it initiates the process for creation of new optical connections, computes the required path across the optical core and creates the connection, which is then used to carry GFP-encapsulated Ethernet frames. While there is a one-to-one relationship between Ethernet connection and SONET/SDH connection (or VCAT group) for Ethernet Private Line services, as were tested, future Ethernet Virtual Private Line and Private LAN services can allow the same SONET/SDH connection or group to be used for multiple Ethernet services. Standards are not complete for how multiplexing would be supported, but candidate mechanisms are the use of the client’s VLAN tag (if present), application of a carrier VLAN tag at the UNI-N, or other tags. This is an active area of discussion in IEEE, ITU-T and IETF. With Ethernet virtual services, it will be possible to reuse an existing SONET/SDH pipe for future Ethernet connections as long as bandwidth is available. The network will be able to respond dynamically to new demands, either creating a new optical connection or reusing existing optical connections as needed. 3.2 Signaling Extensions for Multi-Layer Networking Some of the more interesting problems that needed to be solved for multi-layer networking included the following:
  • 9. How to correlate signaling at client and server layers: Since connections were established first at the server layer (SDH) and then at the client layer (Ethernet), there needed to be a way to correlate signaling at multiple layers, so that, for example, the edge switches correctly identified which SDH timeslots were to be used, and were able to exchange signaling directly between them. For the testing, a mechanism called LSP (label switched paths) Hierarchy [10] was used, which involves the addition of fields in the RSVP signaling to identify the signaling addresses of the edge switches and the creation of virtual interfaces corresponding to the server layer connections . • How to translate the Ethernet bandwidth request into the required SDH components: Since Ethernet bandwidth is expressed in terms of bits per second required and burst rates supported, while SDH bandwidth is expressed in terms of the size of the signal (STS-1, VC-4, VC-4-4v), there needed to be a mapping from the Ethernet bandwidth request over the UNI to the SDH bandwidth requirement at the E-NNI. In practice, such a translation would be a matter of policy determined by the service provider, since it is affected by the guarantees offered by the service provider as well as their core infrastructure. For the Demo, a mapping table was used to unambiguously map one layer to the other. • Routing across multiple layers: In theory, the addressing used for clients and network elements at one layer may be independent of that used at another, so that the routing of the connection may involve translation from addresses in the client layer to addresses used in the server layer. For example, the destination (or in OIF the TNA (Transport Network Assigned) address) for the Ethernet client must be translated to some associated endpoint in the SDH network for SDH path computation. For the Demo, a one-to-one correspondence was assumed, where in real networks a more complex translation may be required. 3.3 Control Plane Support of Virtual Concatenation VCAT is an inverse multiplexing capability defined in ITU-T [3] that allows multiple SONET/SDH channels to be bound into a single higher rate VCAT group (VCG). For the demonstration, separate connections were set up for each component of the group, in order to create higher survivability for the group as a whole. LCAS allows failure of individual connections to be treated as reduced bandwidth in the group without actually causing failure of the entire group. A VCAT group consisting of multiple connections in the server layer was created using multiple call setups, therefore allowing each connection to follow a different path based on its individual path computation. An example of call setup for VCAT is shown in Figure 6. A coordination mechanism was supported to synchronize the establishment of the supporting VCAT connections and the client layer call. Both parallel and sequential strategies of setting up VCAT connections were considered.
  • 10. Ethernet Client Layer Connection E-NNI VCAT Component Connections UNI 2.0 UNI 2.0 E-NNI E-NNI Figure 6 Setup of diverse VCAT connections 3.4 Additional Transport plane Testing Additional transport plane-only Ethernet testing was done, based on Ethernet service specifications developed in ITU-T and the Metro Ethernet Forum (MEF). These tests demonstrated interoperability in the transport plane for Ethernet Virtual Services, where multiple Ethernet services were transported using the same SONET/SDH VCGs. The virtual services demonstrated included: Ethernet Virtual Private Line, Ethernet Virtual Private LAN and Internet Access/Virtual Trunk. These provide a complementary aspect to the control plane testing, which focused on Ethernet Private Line. For Ethernet Virtual Private Line service, for example, individual client flows were tagged at the UNI-N, aggregated into a single transport link and separated at the destination based on the values of the VLAN tags. VLAN tags as defined in IEEE 802.1Q were used to identify an individual service. Testing of Ethernet Virtual services was based on work being done in ITU-T and MEF, especially ITU-T Recommendations G.8011.1 and .2 [11], and MEF 6 [12]. 3.5 Future Work Findings from the interoperability testing have been compiled and provided as input to the various standards bodies active in optical control plane specification, to identify any areas of potential confusion or omission in the standards. Future testing work may be aimed at more complex services and topologies such as dynamic control of Ethernet virtual services, as these are incorporated into optical control plane standards work. 4 Conclusions The 2005 OIF demonstration was the first time Ethernet adaptation and distributed optical control planes were brought together in an integrated fashion, and it was done on a global scale. The call/connection control of the UNI-N devices was the most important technical innovation demonstrated, in two respects. First, the UNI-N provides inter-layer control plane coordination as the client signal enters the network. The UNI-N is responsible for accepting the client connection request, initiating calls in the server layer, and completing the client layer call once the server layer is set up. Second, the UNI-N triggers and controls the Ethernet adaptation function and mapping of client layer signals into server layer containers. This architecture minimizes the overall network impact since the client Ethernet devices and core SONET/SDH devices are only concerned with a single layer.
  • 11. The OIF World Interoperability Demonstration is an essential step in the evolution process of the optical control plane, helping to make it suitable for deployment in carrier networks. The testing demonstrated multi-vendor support of a distributed optical control plane, its ability to control multi-layer end-to-end services and the overall commitment to the technology by both vendors and carriers. The demonstration utilized real network elements from vendors whose market presence accounts for 64% of the 2004 worldwide revenue in the optical networking switching and routing markets (source: RHK). The equipment was hosted in technology evaluation labs of top-tier carriers in North America, Europe and Asia. While this event provided solutions for a number of technical issues, it also revealed others that need to be addressed. The knowledge gained from this interoperability demonstration is being applied to the OIF UNI 2.0 and E-NNI 2.0 signaling specifications. The experience also benefits carriers in planning migrations to distributed optical control planes and anticipating the operational considerations for multi-vendor networks. The authors would like to acknowledge all the people in the carrier labs for the tremendous efforts in putting the demonstration together and shepherding it through its stages, the staff from the participating vendors for the relentless work in accomplishing the interoperability, and the support of the OIF leadership in getting it all together. 5 References 1. OIF-UNI 1.0 Release 2, “OIF-UNI-01.0-R2-Common - User Network Interface (UNI) 1.0 Signaling Specification, Release 2: Common Part” and “OIF-UNI-01.0-R2-RSVP - RSVP Extensions for User Network Interface (UNI) 1.0 Signaling, Release 2”. 2. ITU-T G.7041, “Generic Framing Procedure (GFP)”. 3. ITU-T G.707, “Network Node Interface for the Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)”. 4. ITU-T G.7042, “Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme (LCAS)”. 5. OIF UNI 2.0 Signaling, “”, oif2003.293. 6. OIF E-NNI 1.0 Signaling, “OIF-E-NNI-Sig-01.0 - Intra-Carrier E-NNI Signaling Specification”. 7. ITU-T G.8080/Y.1304, “Architecture for the Automatically Switched Optical Network (ASON)”. 8. ITU-T G.7713.2, “Distributed Call and Connection Management: Signalling mechanism using GMPLS RSVP-TE”. 9. ITU-T G.7715.1, “ASON Routing Architecture and Requirements for Link State Protocols”. 10. draft-ietf-mpls-lsp-hierarchy-08.txt, “LSP Hierarchy with Generalized MPLS TE” 11. ITU-T G.8011/Y1307, “Ethernet over Transport – Ethernet services framework” ITU-T G.8011.1/Y1307.1, “Ethernet private line service” ITU-T G.8011.2/Y1307.2, “Ethernet Virtual Private Line Service” 12. MEF 6, “Ethernet Services Definitions - Phase I”.