NASA Presentation

Introduction to
Lithium Battery
Technology
1
Lithium (Ion)
Hazard Focus
Gerry Flood of Lith Safe

2
Battery Features
Battery Chemistry
Lithium Metal (Primary)
Benefits/Drawbacks
•Used one time
•Discarded after use
•Long shelf life
•Lower self-discharge
•High energy density

3
Battery Features
Battery Chemistry
Lithium Ion (Secondary)
Benefits
•Rechargeable
•Cost advantages (long term)

4
Battery Features
Battery Chemistry
Benefits
•Largest energy density
•High electrochemical potential
•Low maintenance
•Low self-discharge

5
Battery Features
Battery Chemistry
Drawbacks
•Considerable fire potential
•Requires safety circuitry
•Questionable tolerance for aging
•Transportation and storage restrictions

Battery Features
6
Lithium (Ion) Focus
They have a negatively charged Carbon anode,
a positively-charged Metal Oxyde Cathode and Lithium
Ion Compound as electrolyte.
Lithium Ion Batteries run down and require recharging.
Lithium Ion Automotive batteries hold a large amount
of potential energy!

Battery Failure and
Thermal Runaway
7
Lithium (Ion) Focus

10
Battery Failure
Energetic Battery Failure
The Anatomy of Thermal Runaway Propagation

11
Battery Failure
Lithium metal deposits
Lithium Ion cellEnergetic Battery Failure
Electrical Abuse
•Lithium plating
a) A chemical/electrical
process that basically
transforms free lithium
ions into lithium metal
(deposits).
a) Fire and explosion risks
grow substantially

Battery Fire Behavior
12
Lithium (Ion) Focus

13
Battery Fire Classes
Batteries can be “multi-classed”
with some fitting comfortably into
ALL four common classes!

14
Lithium (Primary)
•Combustible build materials (A)
•Combustible metals (D)
•Possibly energized (C)

15
•Combustible build materials (A)
•Flammable Electrolyte (B)
•Possibly energized (C)
Question:
Can Lithium Plating add a
“Combustible metals”
component?

16
Class A – Water works Best
Class B- Smother Effects on
flammable liquid, venting
gases, N2 possible
Class C - Non Conductive
Agent, CO2
Class D – Metals, Dry
Powder, Sand

17
Composed of many
“ordinary
combustible”
materials
Question: Why are lithium (ion) batteries not limited
to any one class of fire?

18
Contain flammable
liquids in electrolyte
form

19
May possess an
electrical shock
hazard

20
Lithium (primary)
cells possess
combustible metals

21
Battery Fire Properties
Question: What are the properties of
Lithium (ion) cell burn?
Gas release (burn and no burn)
Severe:
•Skin burn
•Eye irritation
•Respiratory issues
•Disorientation

22
Question: What are the properties of
Lithium (ion) cell burn?
•Hydrogen
•Carbon dioxide
•Carbon monoxide
•Methane
•Ethylene
•Ethane
•Propylene
Source: Sandia National Labs. Gas
release during cell venting.

23
EUCAR Hazard Levels
(European Council for Automotive Research)
Hazard
Level
Description Classification Criteria
0 No effect No effect. No loss of functionality
1
Passive protection
activated
No defect; no leakage; no venting fire or flame;
no rupture; no explosion; no exothermic reaction or thermal runaway.
Cell irreversibly damaged. Repair is needed.
2 Defect / Damage
No leakage; no venting fire or flame; no rupture; no explosion; no exothermic
reaction or thermal runaway. Cell irreversibly damaged. Repair is needed.
3
Leakage
Δ mass < 50%
No venting, fire or flame*; no rupture; no explosion.
Weight loss < 50% of electrolyte weight (electrolyte = solvent + salt)
4
Venting
Δ mass ≥ 50%
No fire or flame*; no rupture; no explosion.
Weight loss ≥ 50% of electrolyte weight (electrolyte = solvent + salt)
5 Fire or Flame No rupture; no explosion (i.e., no flying parts)
6 Rupture No explosion, but flying parts of the active mass
7 Explosion Explosion (i.e., disintegration of the cell)

24
Battery Fire Suppression
Suppression Methodology
Remember:

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