This document discusses key concepts in biological communities and species interactions, including critical environmental factors, adaptation, natural selection, speciation, ecological niches, population dynamics, community properties, succession, and introduced species. Species distributions are determined by critical environmental factors, and adaptation and natural selection lead to changes in populations over time. Isolation can cause speciation, while species interactions like competition, predation, and mutualism influence community structure. Communities change over time through succession and can be impacted by introduced species.

1. Biological Communities and Species Interaction

5. Tolerance Limits

7. Expanding Human Range

13. Divergent evolution

14. Convergent evolution

17. Generalist species Tree sparrows Yellow vented bulbul

18. Specialist species Philippine frogmouth

19. Philippine Eagle Silvery kingfisher

20. Competition

22. Resource Partitioning

28. Commensalism: Epiphytes:

29. Symbiosis - Lichens

42. Terrestrial Primary Succession