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Natural Treasures of Europe




       Water- from Gerês to our homes
Natural Treasures of Europe




European Comission
One Earth to protect

Janez Potočnik is the Member of the
EC in charge of Environment




I´m water
Natural Treasures of Europe




  Water categories




Drinking water

(superficial fresh waters, fresh groundwater,
table water and supply waters …)
Natural Treasures of Europe




                              Chemical parameters:


                              pH
                              Hardness
                              Alkalinity
                              (free) carbon dioxide
                              Chloride ions
                              Organic matter
                              Mineralization
                              ….
Natural Treasures of Europe




 Hardness of water
Characteristic related with the presence of calcium and magnesium cations.

Temporary hardness – due to the presence of calcium and magnesium
hydrogen carbonates . (can be eliminated by boiling the water)

      Ca(HCO3)2 (aq)                 CO 2 (g) + CaCO3 (s) + H2O (g)

 Permanent hardness – due to the presence of sulfates, chloride ions or
other salts ( calcium and magnesium ) which don’t decompose by heating.

Total hardness – it considers the effect of all magnesium and calcium salts.
Natural Treasures of Europe



Water hardness in Portugal (continent)
                                        ..
                                        Água Serra do Gerês
                                           Soft water
                                           Soft water
                                        Àgua do Rio Cávado

                                            Hard water
                                        ..
                                        Água do Luso- cruzeiro
                                           Medium hard water




           Água da serra de Monchique
                        Hard water
Natural Treasures of Europe




Water hardness can be expressed in several units

 unit                         Symbol   equivalency

 American degree              USº      1 USº = 1 ppm CaCO3= 1mg/ L CaCO3



 German degree                ºG       1 ºG = 10 mg/ L CaO



 French degree                ºF       1 ºF = 10 mg / L CaCO3



                                                  Paiva et al. (2004).11Q-Química A, Texto Editora
Natural Treasures of Europe




   Classification of water hardness :



           Levels of water hardness        Total hardness
                                          ( mg / L de CaCO3


                          soft                  Below 75
                 Moderately hard           From 75 to 150
                         Hard             From 150 to 300
                      Very hard                 Over 300



                                        Paiva et al. (2004).11Q-Química A, Texto Editora
Natural Treasures of Europe




Some signs of Hard Water in our homes

Increased difficulty in laundering tasks
Decreased efficiency of water heaters
Soap scum on bathtubs…
Accumulation of deposits in tubes, pans …

  http://www.glendalewaterandpower.com/residents/water_hardness.aspx
Natural Treasures of Europe




                              water cycle
                              water cycle
Natural Treasures of Europe




In Gerês, Fastio is the most famous spring water, known
since the beginning of the 20th century for its diuretic and
digestive properties, which are due to hypo salinity (low
content of mineral salts), high content of silica and a
slightly sweet and acid flavour.

The unique characteristics of the Fastio Waters are a
result of the fact that it circulates in deep profundity,
through the so called Terras de Bouro Granite, before it
springs out naturally. This type of granite is exclusive of
this rainy and mountainous part of Portugal. This
singularity was recognized because it only exists in the
Peneda - Gerês National Park




Report on mineral natural waters and spring waters
Natural Treasures of Europe




           Hydrographic Net in Gerês




                                http://www.dct.uminho.pt/pnpg/geol/hidrografia/redehidro.html
Natural Treasures of Europe
Natural Treasures of Europe




Hydrographic Net of Gerês: Dams and Rivers
Natural Treasures of Europe




     Hydrographic Net of Gerês: Homem and Cávado Rivers
Natural Treasures of Europe




 Treatment of water for domestic use in Braga:
 Agere (water treatment plant), Braga
Natural Treasures of Europe




     Agere (water treatment plant), Braga
Natural Treasures of Europe




http://www.nairobiwater.co.ke/water_quality/?ContentID=5
Natural Treasures of Europe




                  This is the last slide

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Water from PNPG to our homes

  • 1. Natural Treasures of Europe Water- from Gerês to our homes
  • 2. Natural Treasures of Europe European Comission One Earth to protect Janez Potočnik is the Member of the EC in charge of Environment I´m water
  • 3. Natural Treasures of Europe Water categories Drinking water (superficial fresh waters, fresh groundwater, table water and supply waters …)
  • 4. Natural Treasures of Europe Chemical parameters: pH Hardness Alkalinity (free) carbon dioxide Chloride ions Organic matter Mineralization ….
  • 5. Natural Treasures of Europe Hardness of water Characteristic related with the presence of calcium and magnesium cations. Temporary hardness – due to the presence of calcium and magnesium hydrogen carbonates . (can be eliminated by boiling the water) Ca(HCO3)2 (aq) CO 2 (g) + CaCO3 (s) + H2O (g) Permanent hardness – due to the presence of sulfates, chloride ions or other salts ( calcium and magnesium ) which don’t decompose by heating. Total hardness – it considers the effect of all magnesium and calcium salts.
  • 6. Natural Treasures of Europe Water hardness in Portugal (continent) .. Água Serra do Gerês Soft water Soft water Àgua do Rio Cávado Hard water .. Água do Luso- cruzeiro Medium hard water Água da serra de Monchique Hard water
  • 7. Natural Treasures of Europe Water hardness can be expressed in several units unit Symbol equivalency American degree USº 1 USº = 1 ppm CaCO3= 1mg/ L CaCO3 German degree ºG 1 ºG = 10 mg/ L CaO French degree ºF 1 ºF = 10 mg / L CaCO3 Paiva et al. (2004).11Q-Química A, Texto Editora
  • 8. Natural Treasures of Europe Classification of water hardness : Levels of water hardness Total hardness ( mg / L de CaCO3 soft Below 75 Moderately hard From 75 to 150 Hard From 150 to 300 Very hard Over 300 Paiva et al. (2004).11Q-Química A, Texto Editora
  • 9. Natural Treasures of Europe Some signs of Hard Water in our homes Increased difficulty in laundering tasks Decreased efficiency of water heaters Soap scum on bathtubs… Accumulation of deposits in tubes, pans … http://www.glendalewaterandpower.com/residents/water_hardness.aspx
  • 10. Natural Treasures of Europe water cycle water cycle
  • 11. Natural Treasures of Europe In Gerês, Fastio is the most famous spring water, known since the beginning of the 20th century for its diuretic and digestive properties, which are due to hypo salinity (low content of mineral salts), high content of silica and a slightly sweet and acid flavour. The unique characteristics of the Fastio Waters are a result of the fact that it circulates in deep profundity, through the so called Terras de Bouro Granite, before it springs out naturally. This type of granite is exclusive of this rainy and mountainous part of Portugal. This singularity was recognized because it only exists in the Peneda - Gerês National Park Report on mineral natural waters and spring waters
  • 12. Natural Treasures of Europe Hydrographic Net in Gerês http://www.dct.uminho.pt/pnpg/geol/hidrografia/redehidro.html
  • 14. Natural Treasures of Europe Hydrographic Net of Gerês: Dams and Rivers
  • 15. Natural Treasures of Europe Hydrographic Net of Gerês: Homem and Cávado Rivers
  • 16. Natural Treasures of Europe Treatment of water for domestic use in Braga: Agere (water treatment plant), Braga
  • 17. Natural Treasures of Europe Agere (water treatment plant), Braga
  • 18. Natural Treasures of Europe http://www.nairobiwater.co.ke/water_quality/?ContentID=5
  • 19. Natural Treasures of Europe This is the last slide