J. J. Mbonigaba Muhinda

1. Strengthening Capacity for
Agricultural Innovation in
PC & PC Countries
Sector Development and Approaches to
Capacity Strengthening in Rwanda
(1994 – to date)
Prof. J.J. Mbonigaba Muhinda, PhD
Kigali, 6th Sep 2012

2. Outline
 Country ba ckground
 Agriculture S e ctor ba ckground
 S e ctor contribution to the Economy
 S e ctor de ve lopme nt & ke y
mile s tone s /ta rge ts
 Ca pa city s tre ngthe ning inte rve ntions &
Impa ct to the s e ctor de ve lopme nt
 Ca pa city s tre ngthe ning for a gricultura l
re s e a rch a nd innova tion
2

3. Rwanda background
 Rwa nda ’s e conomy is la rge ly a gra ria n
• ~ 11 mill pe ople
•>80% of popula tion de pe nd on a griculture
• 34% of na tiona l GDP
 Tota l La nd a re a = 24,700 s q. km
 P opula tion de ns ity = 407 pe rs ons / s q. km
 Ara ble la nd = 91% of la nd (2,294,390 Ha )
 Cultiva te d la nd (Ca s h a nd Food crops ) = 1,735,025 Ha
 Cultiva te d la nd (Food crops ; 2011 B) = 935,176 Ha
3

4. Country background (…)
 Be twe e n 1990 a nd 1994, Rwa nda ha s s uffe re d a civil
wa r followe d by the Ge nocide
 The wa r ha s de s troye d e xis ting infra s tructure s a nd
de e ply a ffe ct both huma n a nd ins titutiona l ca pa citie s ,
a s we ll a s live lihood of Rwa nda ns
 S ince 1994, the s e curity a nd politica l s ta bility ha ve
be e n re s tore d
 De ce ntra lize d a dminis tra tive s tructure s tha t e ncoura ge
the pa rticipa tion of the popula tion in rura l de ve lopme nt
ha ve be e n e s ta blis he d on loca l le ve l
4

5. Country background (…)
 In 1996, the Gove rnme nt s ta rte d a ne w progra m ca lle d
“Shadow Programme” to a ddre s s e me rge ncie s a nd
re cons truction of the Country
 From 1998-2001, Rwa nda unde rtook a progra m of
re form tha t ma rke d the be ginning of the proce s s of
s us ta ina ble de ve lopme nt re s ulting in:
 Ela bora tion a nd la unch of Na tiona l P ove rty Re duction P la n
(NPRP) in the fra me work of Vis ion 2 020 in 2000
 Ela bora tion the Na tiona l Inve s tme nt S tra te gy (NIS) in 2010
horizon in 2001
5

6. Agriculture sector-background
 Agriculture in Rwa nda re ma ins the tra de s e ctor tha t holds
pote ntia ls for e xpa ns ion
 Howe ve r, a gricultura l growth wa s 0.5% in the 80’s a nd –3.9% in
the 90’s
 Low a gricultura l growth lie d a t the ce ntra l core of unde r-pe rforming
e conomy in the 80’s picture d limita tion in re s ource s ba s e ,
de clining s oil fe rtility a nd e xce ptiona lly low utiliza tion of mode rn
a gricultura l inputs
 S ince the be ginning of the ye a r 80 highly growing popula tion wa s
be coming more a nd more obvious ly a ne ga tive impa ct on la nds
occupa tion: ove re xploita tion a nd s oil e ros ion le a ding to de cline s oil
fe rtility

7. Sector background (…)
 Inte ns ive a griculture ha s the n be e n cons ide re d a nd
ne ce s s a ry me a s ure s we re unde rta ke n(introduction of
che mica l fe rtilize rs , fighting e ros ion, inte re s t in orga nic
ma nure , e tc.)
 The s e e fforts did not howe ve r re s ult in e xpe cte d outcome s
be ca us e the y we re ma inly dire cte d to s e lf-s ufficie ncy a nd
did not le a d to the cre a tion of mone ta ry income
 Othe r hindra nce s we re ove rlooke d, s uch a s :
 Agricultura l tools we re rudime nta ry a nd did not re ce ive much
a tte ntion;
 Control of wa te r a nd e s pe cia lly wa te r for irriga tion wa s little e ns ure d;
 Anima l hus ba ndry wa s not s ufficie ntly de ve lope d, he nce le s s
productive .

8. Sector background (…)
 From this ba ckground, a griculture a nd live s tock ha ve
be come a ma jor conce rn of the Gove rnme nt in the
re cons truction pe riod a fte r the Ge nocide
 The goa l wa s to re ve rs e the tre nd a nd bring a bout we ll-
be ing of the popula tion through ide ntifica tion of a
libe ra lize d a nd ma rke t-orie nte d a gricultura l e conomy,
food s e curity a nd pove rty re duction
 Re s e a rch s hould be a n importa nt ba ckbone for this
policy
 He nce , e la bora tion of the a gricultura l policy a nd re la te d
s tra te gie s to imple me nt it we re initia te d fa voure d
pa rticipa tory a pproa ch
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9. Agriculture contribution to the National
Economy
% Rate of Sector Growth 2006-2011
• 32-34% of Rwa nda ’s GDP
• 70% of e xports
• Employme nt > 80% of
popula tion
• P rovide s 90% na tiona l
food ne e ds
 Ave ra ge a nnua l a gricultura l growth ha s be e n 5% ove r the pa s t 5 ye a rs , unde rpinne d by
s trong growth in production of s ta ple food crops
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10. S e ctor de ve lopme nt & ke y mile s tone s
 The mis s ion: to ins ure food s e curity for the
Country through incre a s ing productivity of
Agriculture a nd Live s tock
 Re s ource s a va ila ble : wa te r, ma rs hla nds ,
la nd, s oil a nd pe ople to our a dva nta ge a nd
s us ta ina bly
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10

11. Sector strategic orientation
 Dive rs ifica tion a nd inte ns ifica tion of pla nt, a nima l a nd fis h
production
 Dive rs ifica tion of income a nd e mployme nt s ource s for rura l
popula tions
 Linking products to na tiona l, re giona l a nd Inte rna tiona l ma rke ts
 S us ta ina ble ma na ge me nt of na tura l re s ource s , pa rticula rly s oil
a nd wa te r
 Orga niza tion, mobiliza tion a nd ca pa city-building for produce rs
 Ca pa city-building for s e rvice provide rs a nd priva te -s e ctor
de ve lopme nt
 Cre a ting a n e na bling e nvironme nt for inve s tme nt in a griculture
 P romoting ge nde r a nd youth a pproa ch in a griculture s e ctor
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12. Sector strategic orientation (…)
Shifting Towards Private Sector Led Agriculture Growth
FROM... ...TO... 2020 TARGETS
$1200 GDP per capita
Food Security
Guaranteeing
through Economic Average annual sector
Food Availability
Growth growth of 8.5% between
2012-2017
Public Private
Investment... Investment... Production of 2,500
kcal/person/day
Farmers as Farmers as Active 3.2 million off-farm jobs
Passive Recipients Market Players
5% of households with
Borderline Poor Food
Government as Government as Consumption Score
direct provider facilitator (Food Security Indicator)
12

13. Sector priority programs
 Crop Inte ns ifica tion P rogra m
 Irriga tion & me cha niza tion infra s tructure de ve lopme nt
 P os t-Ha rve s t Ha ndling a nd s tora ge
 Live s tock mode rniza tion & ge ne tic improve me nt
 P romoting Exports a nd High-Va lue Crops
 Innova tion through a n Active Re s e a rch Age nda
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14. Sector milestones: MDG & Vision 2020
Target in
Agriculture Sector MDGs Indicator 2020
GDP pe r ca pita in US dolla rs 900
Ave ra ge re a l GDP growth ra te (%) 8
Ave ra ge re a l growth ra te of the Agricultura l S e ctor (%) 6
Ave ra ge re a l growth ra te of the Indus try S e ctor (%) 12
Ave ra ge re a l growth ra te of the S e rvice S e ctor (%) 11
Agricultura l production (kca l/pe rs on/da y) 2,200
Agricultura l popula tion (% of a ctive popula tion) 50
Us e of fe rtilize rs (Kg/ he cta re / ye a r) 15
Us e of che mica l or orga nic fe rtilize rs (% of hous e holds ) 50
La nd unde r “mode rnize d” a gric (%) 50
S oil e ros ion prote ction (% tota l la nd) 90
Fina ncia l cre dits to the Agricultura l S e ctor (%) 20

15. Sector milestones: EDPRS & GoR
Program
EDPRS Current EDPRS GoR 2017
Targets Targets
P e rce nta ge of Ara ble La nd 87.3% 100 100
P rote cte d Aga ins t S oil Eros ion
Ma rs hla nds De ve lope d (ha ) 23,683 20,000 65,000
P roduction of Coffe e (MT) 16,373 23,000 34,000
(2011)
Fe rtilize r a pplica tion (Kg/Ha /Ye a r) 29 12 45
Numbe r of HH us ing Improve d 71% 20% 100%
S e e ds
15

16. Capacity strengthening interventions &
Impact to the sector development
 Thre e ke y ca pa city building a re a s
 P olicy re forms
 Ins titutiona l ca pa city building
 Huma n ca pa city building
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17. Policy reforms & CB: SPAT 1 & 2
 The S PAT II ha s be e n de ve lope d in re s pons e to the ne e d
for a n upda te d s tra te gy for a griculture (S PAT I)
 The S PAT II bringing it fully into cons ona nce EDP RS ,
pros pe ctive , long‐te rm Vis ion 2020 a nd the Na tiona l
Inve s tme nt S tra te gy
 The S PAT II s e rve s to e la bora te a nd de ve lop the
progra mme s , s ub‐progra mme s a nd a ctivitie s tha t s hould
le a d a gricultura l de ve lopme nt, a nd s o will guide
imple me nta tion a s we ll a s forming the ba s is for a S e ctor‐
Wide Approa ch (S WAp) in a griculture .

18. Policy reforms & CB: SPAT 2 framework
18

19. Policy reforms & CB: EDPRS
 Unde r the EDP RS proce s s , four ma jor progra ms we re
de fine d for the pe riod 2008-2012, which toge the r re pre s e nt
Rwa nda ’s prioritie s a cros s the four CAADP P illa rs .
 Gove rnme nt s e e s imple me nta tion of EDP RS a s s tra te gy to
a chie ve a nd e xce e d the 6% CAADP growth ta rge t
 Gove rnme nt committe d to imple me nt Ma puto-de cla ra tion
(10%)
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20. Policy reforms & CB: CAADP
implementation
 Gove rnme nt commitme nt for a nd us e of CAADP
compa ct, Nove mbe r 2006
 The focus of the CAADP proce s s wa s to s tre ngthe n a nd
a dd va lue to the S PAT unde r the ongoing EDP RS .
 The ultima te goa l of the CAADP proce s s in Rwa nda wa s
to a ns we r tha t ca ll for the a gricultura l s e ctor, by:
 He lping de fine a cohe re nt long te rm fra me work to guide the pla nning
a nd imple me nta tion of EDP S /S PAT progra mme s unde r the Vis ion 2020
a ge nda
 De ve loping e xis ting a nd ne w s tra te gy a na lys is a nd knowle dge s upport
 Fa cilita te pe e r re vie w, dia logue , a nd e vide nce ba s e d pla nning a nd
imple me nta tion of a gricultura l s e ctor policie s a nd s tra te gie s .
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20

21. Policy reforms & CB: SPAT 3 &
EDPRS2
 Curre ntly the GoR is unde rta king formula tion of EDP RS 2 & S PAT 3
for 2013-2017
 EDP RS 2 prioritie s
 De ve lopme nt of Qua lity Irriga tion & Me cha niza tion S ys te ms (us ing
public & priva te re s ource s )
 Compre he ns ive Approa ch to La nd Hus ba ndry (S oil Fe rtility, S oil
Cons e rva tion, Wa te r Ha rve s ting & Ma na ge me nt, Live s tock Fe e d)
 Incre a s e d us e of a gricultura l inputs (orga nic a nd mine ra l fe rtilize rs &
improve d qua lity s e e ds )
 De ve lop the a gricultura l pos t-ha rve s t ha ndling & s tora ge s ys te m a nd
fa rme r ca pa city
 De ve lop a nd ta rge t with priva te s e ctor high-va lue commodity cha ins ,
e ncoura ging innova tion
 Live s tock mode rniza tion
 Agricultura l re s e a rch a ge nda is s tre ngthe ne d a ccording to de ma nd
drive n by fa rme rs
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22. Impact to the sector development
Production & productivity increase for key staples
La nd cons olida tion, inputs provis ion a nd proximity e xte ns ion s e rvice s through the
Crop Inte ns ifica tion P rogra mme ha ve be e n the ma in contributors to this growth
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23. Production & productivity increase (…)
23

24. Production & productivity increase (…)
24

25. Impact to the sector development: food security
trend
21/30 dis tricts vulne ra ble to food ins e curity in 2007 while in 2011, a ll
dis tricts we re food s e cure
25

26. Impact to the sector development: poverty
reduction
26

27. Poverty reduction mapping (2012)
27

28. Utilizing regional potential to poverty reduction
Land use Area (Ha) Area (%)
category
Annual 228,968 33
cropping
Coffee 185,389 26
plantation
Tea plantation 123,660 18
Range 139,714 20
Forest 25,079 4
Total 707,621 100
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29. Home Grown Solutions
There are a number of home-grown programmes and initiatives that have
contributed to great changes
1. PRODUCTION 2. VALUE-ADDITION 3. MARKETING
• La nd Us e • P romotion of
Cons olida tion •Drying Grounds a nd Community-ba s e d
S tora ge linke d to high- P urcha s ing
•One Cow P e r P oor production a re a s
Fa mily •One Cup of Milk pe r
•Community-ba s e d Child
•HIMO Approa ch to colle ction ce nte rs
Te rra cing (Milk, Horticulture e tc) • HIMO Approa ch for
Fe e de r Roa d
• Community-ba s e d Cons truction
Ma rs hla nd
De ve lopme nt for
Irriga tion 29

30. Home growing solutions: e.g. terracing
30

31. Home growing solutions: e.g. irrigation
31

32. Home growing solutions: e.g. one cow & one
cup
32

33. Research capacity strengthening and
innovation
 Crop production a nd prote ction
 De ve lopme nt of high yie lding a nd re s is ta nt crop va rie tie s
 Dis e a s e s a nd pe s ts control
 Tis s ue culture de ve lopme nt for s ta ple food crops , horticulture ,
coffe e a nd tre e s .
 Anima l re s ource s for e nha nce d food s e curity
 Anima l ge ne tic improve me nt (cros s ing, a rtificia l ins e mina tion &
e mbryo tra ns fe r), a nima l nutrition a nd a nima l he a lth
 S us ta ina ble na tura l re s ource s ma na ge me nt
 S oil fe rtility ma na ge me nt a nd s oil cons e rva tion
 Wa te r re s ource s ma na ge me nt a nd irriga tion
 Fore s try a nd a gro-fore s try s ys te ms
 Agro-me te orology a nd clima te cha nge a da pta tion 33

34. Research capacity strengthening and
innovation
 Ge ne Ba nk e s ta blis hme nt
for pla nt a nd a nima l ge ne tic
re s ource s (ge rmpla s ms )
re cons titutions (s ome ha ve
be e n los t a fte r 1994).
 Tis s ue culture de ve lopme nt
for s ta ple food, horticulture ,
coffe e a nd tre e s .
 Inte gra tion of Re s e a rch a nd
Exte ns ion for de ve lopme nt
 S ta ff ca pa city building (P hD,
MS c, S hort Cours e s ) e .g.
S CARDA progra m of FARA,
NCB progra m, e tc.
34

35. Sector Challenges
 Low involve me nt of the priva te s e ctor in a griculture
s e ctor: Low inve s tme nts , we a k ca pa city of loca l priva te
e ntre pre ne urs in a griculture infra s tructure ,…
 Acce s s to Fina nce : Re lucta nce of Fina ncia l ins titutions in
le nding a griculture
 Ins ufficie nt s kills in ke y doma ins s uch a s irriga tion,
me cha niza tion, bre e ding, pos t ha rve s t….
 P ublic Inve s tme nt a nd funding Agriculture vs . Ta rge ts
35