4. ADVANTAGES Can identify physically able people without harming their wellbeing and the job Decreases cost related to disability, medical insurance, and other financial compensation Decreases absenteeism DISADVANTAGE Costly to administer Requirements should be confirmed through job analysis May contain age related bias ABILITY
5. Components of learning LEARNING - Any relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience
6. Classical conditioning theory Operant conditioning theory Cognitive learning theory Social learning theory Theories of Learning
7. Classical conditioning is a reflexive or automatic type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus First described by Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936), Russian physiologist, in 1903, and studied in infants by John B. Watson (1878-1958) Classical conditioning
8. Key Concepts: Unconditioned stimulus (Food) A naturally occurring phenomenon Unconditioned response (Salivation) The naturally occurring response to a natural stimulus Conditioned stimulus (Bell) An artificial stimulus introduced into the situation Conditioned response (Salivation with bell) The response to the artificial stimulus Classical Conditioning
9. Reflex – Involuntary response to a stimulus Conditioned reflex- learned reflex Unconditioned reflex – spontaneous reflexes (Tears, sweating etc) Acquisition - Formation of a learned response to a conditioned stimulus through pairing with an unconditioned stimulus Extinction – Elimination of cond response by removal of Ucs Spontaneous recovery - Re-emergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a rest period Elements and processes of classical conditioning
10. Generalization - The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar to the conditioned stimulus Discrimination - The ability to distinguish between different stimuli, tendency for a response to be elicited by one stimulus and not another (sometimes similar) stimulus Elements and processes of classical conditioning
11. Greater number of pairing of Ucsans Cs Consistent pairing Strength of Ucs Lesser gap between Ucs and Cs Factors influencing classical conditioning
12. Human beings are more complex than dogs Human brain can override simple conditioning Organizational set up is too complex is utilize the concepts of classical conditioning LIMITATIONS
13. Operant conditioning investigates the influence of consequences on subsequent behavior. Operant conditioning investigates the learning of voluntary responses B.F Skinner introduced the concepts of operant conditioning Operant Conditioning
14. It is the consequence that follows the response that influences whether the response is likely or unlikely to occur again The three-term model of operant conditioning (S--> R -->S) incorporates the concept that responses cannot occur without an environmental event (e.g., an antecedent stimulus) preceding it There are two types of consequences, positive and negative Basic Concepts of Operant Conditioning
17. The timing of reinforcement affects learning speed and permanenceOPERANT CONDITIONING
18. Positive reinforcement Providing a reward for a desired behavior (Promotion) Negative reinforcement Removing an unpleasant consequence when the desired behavior occurs (Removing extra work load) Punishment Applying an undesirable condition to eliminate an undesirable behavior ( Warning letter) Extinction Withholding reinforcement of a behavior to cause its cessation (Holding increments) Types of Reinforcement
19. Continuous Reinforcement - A desired behavior is reinforced each time it is demonstrated Intermittent Reinforcement - A desired behavior is reinforced often enough to make the behavior worth repeating but not every time it is demonstrated Fixed-Interval Schedule - Rewards are spaced at uniform time intervals Variable Interval – Rewards given at different time Fixed Ratio - Rewards are initiated after a fixed or constant number of responses Variable Ratio – Rewards given at variable amount of output Schedules of Reinforcement
20. Learning is an active process of filtering, selecting, organizing, and integrating information (Mayer) Learning takes place when new associations are formed and they are added to the existing information base Learning may not be manifested through behaviour Cognitive theories of learning
21. Bandura’s Social Learning Theory posits that people learn from one another, via observation, imitation, and modeling It explains human behavior in terms of continuous reciprocal interaction between cognitive, behavioral, and environmental influences Social theories of learning
22. Attention – The model should be attended Retention – Remembering the model when she / he is not available Reproduction — Reproducing the image and practicing the newly learned behaviour Self-efficacy - Learner has to identify his or her ability to perform Motivation - Having a good reason to imitate, presence of positive consequences is important Necessary conditions for effective modeling
23. Effective video clippings during training program can bring desired behaviour in the employees Team leader can act as a role model and influence the members Desired behaviours might be reinforced to delay extinction Application of social cognitive theory in organization
