1. ““FORMULATION ANDEVALUATIONFORMULATION ANDEVALUATION
OFOF
FASTDISSOLVING TABLETDOSAGEFASTDISSOLVING TABLETDOSAGE
FORM”FORM”
PREPARED BY:
Gajanan S. Ingole
GUIDED BY :
K. B. Charhate
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICS
ANURADHA COLLEGE OF PHARMACY,
CHIKHLI.
2012-2013.

2. Introduction.
Review of literature.
Drug profile.
Excipients.
Aim & objectives.
Plan of work.
Materials & Equipments
Experimental work.
Result & Discussion.
Conclusion.
References.
CONTENTS :

3. US FDA defined ODT as “A solid dosage form
containing medicinal substances which disintegrates rapidly
usually within a matter of seconds, when placed upon the tongue”.
Recently, ODT have started gaining popularity and acceptance
as new drug delivery systems, because they are easy to administer
and better patient compliance, especially in elderly and children.
Orodispersible tablets are also known as Mouth dissolving
tablets, Orally disintegrating tablets, Melt in mouth, Fast‐ ‐
dissolving drug delivery, Rapimelts tablets, Porous tablets, Quick
dissolving tablets etc.
Defination :

4. Orodispersible tablets (ODT) are oral solid dosage forms that
disintegrate in the oral cavity in easy swallow residue.
faster the drug goes into solution, quicker the absorption and onset
of clinical effect, as the saliva passes down into the stomach. In such
cases, bioavailability of drug is significantly greater than those
observed from conventional tablets dosage form.
Recently ODT terminology has been approved by United States
Pharmacopoeia, British Pharmacopoeia and Centre for Drug
Evaluation and Research (CDER).

5. Advantages of fast dissolving drug delivery system
Ease administration for patients who are mentally ill, disabled
and uncooperative.
No water needed.
Can be designed to leave minimal or no residue in mouth
It provide a pleasant mouth feel.
No chewing needed.
Better taste obtained by taste masking.
Improved stability, low sensitivity to environmental condition

6. Disadvantage of Mouth Dissolving Tablets:
Drugs with relatively larger doses are difficult to formulate into
FDT e.g. antibiotics
Patients who concurrently take anticholinergic medications may
not be the best candidates for FDT.
patients with Sjogren's syndrome or dryness of the mouth due
to decreased saliva production may not be good candidates for
these tablet formulations.

7. Need to formulate fast dissolving tablets
Geriatric patients mainly suffering from conditions like
hand tremors and dysphasia.
Pediatric patients who are unable to swallow easily because
their central nervous system and internal muscles are not
developed completely.
Traveling patients suffering from BP and angina pectoris
that do not have easy access to water.
Mentally challenged patients, bedridden patients and
psychiatric patients.

8. The ideal characteristics of a drug for fast dissolving tablet
1. Ability to permeate the oral mucosa.
2. Have the ability to diffuse and partition into the epithelium
of the upper GIT.
3. Small to moderate molecular weight.
4. Low dose drugs preferably less than 50 mg.
5. Short half life and frequent dosing drugs are unsuitable for
ODT.
6. Very bitter or unacceptable taste and odour drugs are
unsuitable for ODT.

9. TECHNIQUES FOR SOLUBILITY ENHANCEMENT
Inclusion Complex Formation Techniques
Grinding method:
Drug and carriers were blended in desired proportions using
spatula for 10 minutes and then ground in mortar with pestle. The
co-grinding mixture was then passed through sieve #40 and stored
in desiccator until further use.
eg. Cyclodextrine
Advantages of cyclodextrin complexes
It improves bioavailability from solid formulations.
Stability and shelf life can be increased.
Gastrointestinal irritation may be reduced.
Complexation prevents drug-drug or drug-additive interaction.
It can be used to mask unpleasant odor and taste.

10. 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE:-
1) Vikas Agarwal et al: Encyclopedia of pharmaceutical
technology, Third edition,
Volume 2;stated that A large number of companies are in the ODT
drug.As pharmaceutical companies are now starting to recognize the
need for more technological advances to meet the new challenges in
the future, DDT continues to have a significant impact and
contribution in meeting those demands and challenges.
2)Abu-Izza et al: Patent on Fast dissolving tablet; shows the
present invention relate to the process for preparation of tablet
which dissolve rapidly in the mouth and provide an excellent
mouthfeel. The tablet of the invention comprise a compound which
melt at about 370
C.or lower, have a low hardness, high stability and
generally comprise a few insoluble disintegrant which may cause a
gritty or chalky sensation in the mouth

11. Convenient and economically feasible processes by which the tablet
of the invention may be produced are also provided.(United States
Patent, Patent No. US 6,733,781 B2)
.
3) Jain et al: Patent on Rapidly disintegrating solid dosage
form; stated that the rapidly disintegrating solid dosage form of
poorly soluble active ingredient and at least one pharmaceutically
acceptable water- soluble or water-dispersible excipient, where in
poorly soluble active ingredient particles have an average
diameter, prior to inclusion in the dosage form, of less than about
2000nm.the dosage form of the invention has the advantage of
combining rapid presentation and rapid dissolution of the active
ingredient in oral cavity(.(United States Patent, Patent No. US
6,316,029 B1)
4) Sahu Chandra Mohan et al: Recent advances in orodispersible
tablets: A Review; studied on The techniques and technologies
described in this article represent how recent advances in formulation
development and processing technologies make the efforts to achieve
orodispersible tablets, conclude that the basic approach followed by all

12. Felodipine
(Calcium channel blocker)
Category : Antihypertensive and antianginal.
Structural formula :
Molecular formula : C18H19Cl2NO4
DRUG PROFILE

13. 13
Molecular weight : 384.25
Description : Slightly yellowish & Crystalline powder.
Solubility : It is insoluble in water & freely soluble in ethanol &
dichloromethane.
Melting point : 142-1450
c
Dose : 5mg ones a day
Bioavailibility : 15%
Absorption : Completely absorbed from g.i.t
Metabolism : Metabolised in gut & liver.

14. Excipients
14

15. AIM :
Formulation of fast dissolving tablet and evaluate them to
get optimized result.
OBJECTIVES :
1.For rapid dissolution of drug and absorption which may produce
rapid onset of action.
2. To avoid first pass metabolism
3.To Improved patient compliance.
4. It can be designed to leave minimal or no residue in mouth .
5. To improved biopharmaceutical properties and better safety
compared with conventional oral dosage forms.

16. PLAN OF WORK:
1. Literature survey.
2. Procurment of drug, polymer & other excipients
for the study.
3. Selection of material of required standard &
qualitative analysis of raw material
4. Pre-formulation studies.
5. Preparation of various formulae for study.

17. 6) Evaluation of tablet.
a)Tablet appearance.
b)Thickness.
c)Diameter.
d)Hardness.
e)Friability.
f)Weight variation.
g)Assay of tablet.
h)Disintegration study
i)Dissolution study

18. Sr. no Ingredients Grade Suppliers
1 Felodipine Pharma
Ajanta pharma
Ltd,Mumbai
2
Cross carmellose sodium
Pharma FDC Ltd, Mumbai
3 Crosspovidone Pharma
Leben Laboratories
Pvt. Akola
4 Sodium starch glycolate Pharma
Leben Laboratories
Pvt. Akola
5 Microcrystalline cellulose Pharma
Leben Laboratories
Pvt. Akola
6 Magnesium stearate Pharma
Leben Laboratories
Pvt. Akola
7 Talc Pharma
Leben Laboratories
Pvt. Akola
8 Mannitol AR Rajesh chemicals
Materials & Equipments
Table : List of Excipients

19. Sr.
No
Instruments Manufacturer
1 Electronic Balance Dolphin,Mumbai.
2 Tablet compression machine Cadmach, Ahemadabad.
3 Electronic balance Dolphin,Mumbai.
4 Friability Test Apparatus Roche Friabilator
5 Vernier Caliper Mitutoyo,Japan
6 Tablet Dissolution Tester
Electro Lab.(USP XX III) (DTD-
06P)
7 Ultra violet Spectrophotometer
UVvisible Double Beam, Elico.
(SL218).
8 Fourier Transform Infra Red
IR affinity-1,FTIR-
8001:Shimadzu,Japan
9 Digital pH meter Equip-Tronics,EQ-610.
10 Hot Air Oven
Shreeji pharmaceuticals,scientific
lab Mumbai,India.
Table: List of Equipments
Equipments

20. EXPERIMENTAL WORK :
SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF FELODIPINE
Differential Scanning Colorimery
DRUG –POLYMER INTERACTONS
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
PREPARATION OF BUFFERS AND REAGENTS
1 Sodium hydroxide solution (0.1 N)
2 Monobasic sodium phosphate monohydrate(1 M)
3 Dibasic sodium Phosphate anhydrous(0.5M)
4 Phosphate buffer solution (pH 6.5)

21. FTIR Spectra of Felodipine
DSC of Felodipine
FTIR spectra of Felodipine physical mixture.

22. DETERMINATION OF λ MAX
It shows maximum absorbance (λ max) : 312.2 nm

23. Standard Calibration Curve In phosphate buffer pH 6.5
Concentration(µg/
ml)
Absorbance
0 0
10 0.09
20 0.1811
30 0.2737
40 0.3448
50 0.4235
Table : Conc. And absorbance
From the standard curve of Felidipine, it was observed that the drug obeys
beer’s law in concentration range of 10 to 50 µg/ml against absorbance at
312 nm. in 6.5 phosphate buffer. The linear regression equation generated
was used for the calculation of amount of drug release. The value of R2
is
0.997.

24. FORMULATION DESIGN
Direct Compression Method
Sr.No Ingredients F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9
1 FD+β-CDN complex 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
2 CP 3 6 9 - - - - - -
3 CCS - - - 3 6 9 - - -
4 SSG - - - - - - 3 6 9
5 Avicel pH101 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
6 Talc 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
7 Mg.streate 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
8 Mannitol 89 86 83 89 86 83 89 86 83
Total 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120
Table : Composition of Fast dissolving tablet formulation containing Felodipine
The ingredients used in the manufacture of tablets for the batches F1 to
F9 are shown in the Table
*FD-Felodipine,*CP-crospovidone,*CCS-crosscarmellose sodium,*SSG-sodium starch glycolate

25. Physical properties
Bulk density.
Tapped density.
Carr´s Compressibility index.
Hausner’s ratio.
Angle of repose.
Table : Physical properties of the powder-blends of the batches F1 to F3
Parameter F1 F2 F3
Bulk density (gm/cc)
Tapped density (gm/cc)
Angle of repose,
Compressibility index (%)
Hausner’s ratio
0.57
0.68
43.15
16.17
1.19
0.47
0.73
41.81
35.61
1.55
0.54
0.72
28.60
18.51
1.29

26. Parameter F4 F5 F6
Bulk density (gm/cc)
Tapped density (gm/cc)
Angle of repose,
Compressibility index (%)
Hausner’s ratio
0.58
0.78
27.34
10.00
1.34
0.56
0.78
40.10
28.20
1.39
0.58
0.77
48.23
24.67
1.32
Table : Physical properties of the powder-blends of the batches F4 to F6
Parameter F7 F8 F9
Bulk density (gm/cc)
Tapped density (gm/cc)
Angle of repose,
Compressibility index (%)
Hausner’s ratio
0.58
0.70
26.56
17.14
1.20
0.61
0.72
32.46
15.20
1.18
0.59
0.70
36.32
15.71
1.18
Table : Physical properties of the powder-blends of the batches F7 to F9

27. 1. Thickness.
2. Diameter.
3. Hardness.
4. Friability.
5. Weight variation.
6. Assay of tablet.
7. Disintegration study
8. Dissolution study
Evaluation parameter of
tablet.

28. Sr.No. Parameters F1 F2 F3
1. Thickness (mm 2.5 2.6 2.5
2 Diameter (mm) 6 6 6.1
3 Hardness (kg/cm2. ) 2.86 3.3 2.8
4 Friability (%) 0.81 0.40 0.48
5 Uniformity of weight (mg) 121±10% 116±10 121±10
6 Drug content (%) 96.35 95.87 99.20
7 Disintegration time(sec) 137 129 116
Table: Post compression parameter of fast dissolving tablets for the batches F1 to F3
Sr.No. Parameters F4 F5 F6
1 Thickness (mm) 2.9 2.8 2.7
2 Diameter (mm) 6.1 6 6
3 Hardness (kg/cm2) 3.6 3.8 2.6
4 Friability (%) 0.97 0.48 0.97
5 Uniformity of weight (mg) 122±10 122 ±10 127±10
6 Drug content (%) 96.72 94.5 92.26
7 Disintegration time(Sec) 140 132 126
Table : Post compression parameter of fast dissolving tablets for the batches F4 to
F6

29. Sr. No. Parameters F7 F8 F9
1 Thickness (mm) 2.6 2.6 2.6
2 Diameter (mm) 6.1 6 6.1
3 Hardness (kg/cm2. 4.2 3.5 3.7
4 Friability (%) 1.1 0.40 0.88
5 Uniformity of weight (mg) 125±10 122±10 124±10
6 Drug content (%) 96.72 94.74 97.03
7 Disintegration time(Sec) 138 141 134
Table : Post compression parameter of fast dissolving tablets for the batches F7 to F9

30. Sr.No. Time (Min) % Drug Release
F1 F2 F3
1 1 38.55 15.72 18.28
2 3 54.55 24.60 28.6
3 5 72.47 33.90 39.42
4 10 76.89 52.81 61.41
5 15 73.09 66.60 77.89
6 30 89.07 77.89 90.58
7 45 94.92 84.44 98.18
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 10 20 30 40 50
F1
F2
F3
Time(min)
%DrugRelease
Comparative dissolution profile of F1, F2,F3
Table : In vitro release of felodipine from tablets for the batches F-1 to F-3
Figure : In vitro release of felodipine from the tablets for the batches F1, F2 and F3.

31. Sr.No. Time (Min) % Drug Release
F4 F5 F6
1 1 24.42 36.87 39.64
2 3 28.60 40.48 39.64
3 5 31.65 46.69 54.20
4 10 43.20 53.02 57.08
5 15 51.42 66.39 64.16
6 30 66.93 78.95 80.64
7 45 81.19 88.63 93.76
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 10 20 30 40 50
F4
F5
F6
Time (Min)
Comparative dissolution profile of F4, F5,F6
%DrugRelease
Figure: In vitro release of felodipine from the tablets for the batches F4, F5 and F6.
Table : In vitro release of felodipine from tablets for the batches F-4 to F-6

32. Sr. No. Time (Min) % Drug Release
F7 F8 F9
1 1 19.75 24.75 28.33
2 3 26.98 30.11 35.19
3 5 37.13 36.70 41.10
4 10 50.35 48.75 48.75
5 15 53.86 63.41 61.93
6 30 70.3 76.73 78.95
7 45 80.14 88.21 92.09
Figure : In vitro release of felodipine from the tablets for the batches F7, F8 and F9
Table : In vitro release of felodipine from tablets for the batches F-7 to F-9

33. 1. Suitable analytical method based on UV-Visible
spectrophotometer was developed for felodipine. λmax of 312.2
nm was identified in methanol and 311 nm in phosphate buffer
solution, pH 6.5.
2. From the FT-IR spectra the interference was verified and found
that felodipine did not interfere with the excipients used.
3. Direct compression method was established to manufacture fast
dissolving tablets of felodipine.
4. Fast dissolving tablets of felodipine were successfully prepared
using croscarmellose sodium, sodium starch glycolate,
crospovidone.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
SUMMARY

34. 5. In the present study, fast dissolving tablets were prepared
using single superdisintegrant in each formulation
6. Evaluation parameters like hardness, friability, weight
variation and drug content indicate that values were within
permissible limit for all formulations.
7. In vitro drug release study was carried out and based on the
results; F-3 was identified as the best formulation among all
the other formulations and In vitro release profiles was more
than 98% within 45 minutes.
8. The formulation F-3 contains croscarmelose a polymer
which causes the disintegration by capillary action. It causes
the in vitro dispersion within 45 min.
and hence the formulation F3 was optimized after conducting
the reproducibility study.

35. CONCLUSION
The conclusions arrived in this thesis indicated that the Fast dissolving
tablet of felodipine developed in this investigation releases drug
batter than conventional tablet drug release, based on in vitro release
studies. Further studies are needed to investigate these formulations
for its performance in vivo.
Thus the objectives of the present thesis are achieved.
The result of the study indicates that fast dissolving tablet of felodipine
that can be successfully prepared.

36. REFERENCES:-
Mudgal Vinod Kumar, Sethi Pooja, Kheri Rajat, Saraogi G.K.,
Singhai A.K. Orally Disintegrating Tablets:International Research
Journal Of Pharmacy.2011,2(2230 – 8407) 16-22
http://www.pharmainfo.net/tablet-ruling-dosage-form-years/types-tabl
.
http://4my3939.blogspot.in/
Chein YW. Oral drug delivery and delivery system, 2nd Edition,
New York; marcel Dekkar,1992
Harmon TM. Orally Disintegrating Tablet: A Valuable Life cycle
management strategy, pharmaceutical commerce march 2007,
available online www.pharmaceuticalcommerce.com

37. Tanmoy Ghosh, Amitava Ghosh And Devi Prasad; A Review On
new Generation Orodispersible Tablets And Its Future Prospective
(International Journal Of Pharmacy And Pharmaceutical Sciences;
Vol 3, Issue 1, (2011)
Pebley, W.S., Jager, N.E., Thompson, S.J., Rapidly disintegrating
tablets, US Patent No. 5,298,261, 1994.
Bhandari S, Kumar R, Mittapalli R, Madhusudan R, Orodispersible
tablet: An overview. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics, 2 10, (2008).‐
Kumaresan C, Orally Disintegrating Tablet - Rapid Disintegration,
Sweet Taste, and Target Release Profile, Pharmainfo.Net Sep9 2008.

38. Agrawal V.A, Rajurkar R.M Thonte S.S, Ingale R.G. Fast
Disintegrating Tablet As A New Drug Delivary System:A Review;
Pharmacophore (An International Research Journal).2011; Vol. 2
(1), (2229 – 5402) 1.
Abu-Izza et al: Patent on Fast dissolving tablet; United States
Patent, Patent No. US 6,733,781 B2
Jain et al: Patent on Rapidly disintegrating solid dosage form;
United States Patent, Patent No. US 6,316,029 B1
Sahu Chandra Mohan, Chandira R. Margret, Recent advances
in orodispersible tablets: A Review. International Journal Of drug
discovery And Herbal Research -(IJDDHR).2011, 32(2):78-83