Here are the key fuel-related characteristics of plant oils that affect their suitability as fuels: - Heating value - The energy content of the oil. Higher heating value is better. - Pour/Melt point - The temperature at which the oil starts to solidify. Must be below operating temperatures. - Cloud point - The temperature at which wax crystals start to form causing cloudiness. Should be below operating temperatures. - Flash point - The minimum temperature at which the oil produces enough vapor to ignite. Must be above operating temperatures for safety. - Iodine value - Indicates level of unsaturation. Higher value means more unsaturated and prone to oxidation. - Viscosity - Th

1. Vegetable Oil and
Biofuel Industry
Reporter:
Franz Ryan R. Ybañez
BSChE- 4

2. I. Introduction
A. What are Biofuels?
B. Biofuel History
II. Feed stocks for Biofuel
A. Cellulosic Biomass
B. Sugar and Starchy Crops
C. Oil Containing or Oil Producing Plants
III. Solid Biofuel
A. Solid Biofuel Handling
a) Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF)
IV. Gaseous Biofuel
A. Anaerobic Digestion
a) Production of Biogas
b) Production of Biomethane
B. Application of Gaseous Biofuel

3. V. Liquid Biofuel
A. Bioethanol
a) Production of BioEthanol
i. Pre-Processing
ii. Fermentation
iii. Distillation
iv. Dehydration
B. Vegetable Oil/ Plant Oil
a) Fuel-Related Characteristics of Plant Oils/Vegetable Oils
b) Straight Vegetable Oil (SVO)
c) Plant Oil-Diesel Blend
C. Biodiesel
a) Crops for Biodiesel
i. Coconut
ii. Jatropha Curcas
b) Production of Methyl Ester/Biodiesel
i. Transesterification

4. VI. Philippine Setting
A. Biofuels Legislation and Standards in the Philippines
a) R.A. 9367 “Biofuels Act of 2006”
B. Biofuel Industry in the Philippines
a) San Carlos Bioenergy Inc.
VII. Environmental and Social Impacts
VIII.The Future of Biofuels
IX. References

5. Question No. 1

6.  The easiest available fuels on the
planet.
 Fuels are very clean and environment
friendly.
 Renewable source of energy unlike
any other resources such as
petroleum, coal and nuclear fuels.

7. Biofuels are all types
solid, gaseous and liquid
fuels that can be derived from
organic matter that is taken
from or produced by plants and
animals or indirectly from organic
industrial, commercial, domestic, or
agricultural wastes primarily
used as fuel for automobiles,
thermal and power generation.

8.  Solid Biofuel
 Wood
 Charcoal
 Bagasse
 Liquid Biofuel
 Bioethanol
 Plant or Vegetable oil
 Biodiesel
 Biomethanol
 Green diesel
 Gaseous Biofuel
 Biogas
 Methane Gas
 Producer Gas

9. B.C.E. (Before Common Era)
4000 Sumerians discover the process of fermentation.
10 th century Assyrians use biogas for heating bathing water.
C.E. (Common Era)
17th century Helmont observes that organic matter emits flammable gases.
1808 Davy discovers methane as the end product of anaerobic digestion.
Mid-1800s Transesterification of plant oils is used to distill glycerin during
soap production.
1858-1864 French biologist Antoine Bechamp experiments with fermentation
and concludes that ferments are living organisms.
1864 French chemist Louis Pastuer describes the process of fermentation
scientifically.
1880s First successful internal combustion engine using producer gas is
produced.
1895 Biogas is used to fuel street lamps in Exeter, Great Britain.
1896 Henry Ford’s Model A designed to run on ethanol
1920s-1930s Attempts to promote ethanol motor fuel are made.
Anaerobic bacteria responsible for methane production are
identified.
1940s First U.S. ethanol plant opens.

10. Ford Model A Car
(1896) which used
pure ethanol

11.  What type of engine wherein a bioethanol is used?
a) Bioethanol engine
b) Otto-cycle engines
c) Diesel-cycle engines
d) Rankine-cycle engines

12. Dr. Rudolph Diesel, a
German engineer who filed
the patent for a
compression ignition (CI)
engine in 1894. He
then successfully operated
a prototype engine in 1897.

13.  The diesel engine was named after Dr. Rudolph
Diesel, a German engineer who filed the patent for
a compression ignition (CI) engine in 1894. Then
in 1900 the diesel engine was first demonstrated
to run using what kind of plant/vegetable oil?
a. Coconut oil
b. Jatropa oil
c. Canola oil
d. Peanut oil

14. 1939-1945 Extensive use of biogas to replace gasoline occurs.
1979 Commercial alcohol-blended fuels are marketed
1984 Number of ethanol plants peaks at 163 in the United States,
producing over 2.2 billion liters of ethanol during the year.
1988 Ethanol is used for first time as an oxygenate to lower pollution
caused by burning gasoline.
1990 Ethanol plants begin to switch from coal to natural gas and to
adopt other cost-reducing technologies.
1997-2002 Three million U.S. cars and light trucks that could run on E85, a
blend of 85 percent ethanol and 15 percent gasoline, are
produced but few gas stations sell the fuel.
Concerns about climate change cause leading alternative
energies such as biofuel, solar and wind to expand by 20 to 30
percent yearly.
2003 California becomes the first to start replacing the oxygenate
MTBE with ethanol. Several other states start switching soon
afterward.
2004 The U.S. ethanol industry makes 225,000 barrels per day in
August, an all-time record. Oil companies invest in alcohol fuel.
2006 Indy Racing League switches to a 10 percent ethanol, and 90
percent methanol fuel mixture.

16.  It is made up of very complex sugar polymers that
are not usually used as a source of food.
 It includes wide range of heterogeneous solid
materials:
 Agricultural Residues (e.g. rice straw, corn husks etc.)
 Forestry wastes (e.g. Chips and sawdust from lumber mills)
 Municipal solid wastes (e.g. paper products)
 Processing and other Industrial waste (e.g. slops)
 Energy crops grown for fuel purposes (e.g. trees and grasses)
 Its main components are cellulose, hemicelluloses,
and lignin.

17.  Plants that can store through photosynthesis the
energy from the sun by converting it into simple
sugars or complex sugars (starches).
 Example: sugar cane, sugar beets, corn, cassava
and sweet potato
 These biomass products are mainly used as
human or animal food.
 These products are increasingly being used for the
production of biofuels, particularly ethanol as
gasoline substitute or blend.

18.  Plants that produce oils, in particular fixed oils,
which can be processed to produce biofuels that
can be used as diesel substitute or blend.
 Most of these oils such as soybean oil, coconut oil
and palm oil have been used mainly for human
or animal food are being processed for the
production of
biodiesel.

19. SOLID BIOFUEL

20. Solid Biofuel
Fuel which is particularly derived
from grass, sawdust, charcoal,
agricultural waste, wood, dried
manure and many more which are
burned to emit steam that can
be used to generate electricity.

21. When raw biomass
is already in a
suitable form (such
as firewood), it can
burn directly in a
stove or furnace to
provide heat or
raise steam.

22. When raw biomass
is in an
inconvenient form
(such as sawdust,
wood chips, grass,
urban waste wood,
agricultural
residues), the
typical process is to
densify the
biomass.

23.  A coarse or fine powdered solid fuel from
municipal solid wastes, agricultural wastes and
residues and other cellulosic feed stocks after
undergoing physical-chemical processes.
 Presently, two types of refuse-derived fuels
are being developed: coarse solid fuel and fine
powdered supplementary fuel.
 There are many developers of the coarse solid fuel
systems and a number of power plants run on
RDF or mixed RDF and coal.

26. (e.g. Biogas and Biomethane)

27. Gaseous Biofuel
 Gas produced by the process of anaerobic
digestion of organic material by anaerobes
(anaerobic bacteria) typically used as a fuel source
for local heat and electrical power generation .
 It can be produced either from biodegradable
waste materials or by the use of energy crops
fed into anaerobic digesters to supplement gas
yields.

28.  A biochemical process whereby organic biomass
sources are broken down via microorganisms
in a low-oxygen environment producing
biogas as a natural byproduct of the reaction.
CO CO
2
2
CH4 CH4
 Used for industrial or domestic purposes to manage
CO CO
waste and/or to release energy.
2 2
CH4
Widely used as a renewable energy source because
the process produces a methane and carbon
dioxide rich biogas suitable for energy O 2
O
production, helping to replace fossil fuels. The O 2
2
nutrient-rich digestate which is also O O 2
O 2
produced can be used as fertilizer. O O
2
2 2
O2

29. Anaerobic
Biogas Digester
A device for optimizing the
anaerobic digestion of Covered Lagoon
biomass and/or animal
manure, often used to
recover biogas for energy
production. Commercial
Continuous Flow
digester types include
complete mix, continuous
flow (horizontal or plug-
flow, multiple-tank, and
vertical tank) and covered
lagoon.
Complete Mix

30.  Sewage
 Organic fraction of municipal solid waste (e.g. in
landfills)
 Manure (e.g. dairy, pig, cattle)
 Forestry wastes
 Agricultural wastes
 “Energy crops” (e.g. clover grass, corn)
 Industrial food processing wastes

31. Biogas
 A naturally occurring gas formed as a byproduct of the
breakdown of organic materials in a low-oxygen
(e.g. anaerobic) environment.
 Produced after the anaerobic digestion of the organic
materials.
 A less clean form of biogas is the landfill gas which is
produced by the use of naturally occurring
anaerobic digesters.
 Its major components are methane (typically 60 – 70%)
and carbon dioxide (typically 30 – 40%).

32. Production of Biogas

33. Biomethane
 Biogas which has
been upgraded or
“sweetened” via
process to remove the
bulk of the carbon dioxide, water,
hydrogen sulfide and other
impurities from raw biogas
(digester gas).

34.  It involves upgrading, or “cleaning-up”, raw biogas to a higher
quality gas.
 The resulting biomethane will have a higher content of
methane and a higher energy content making it essentially
identical to conventional natural gas.
The primary tasks in the biogas upgrading process
(“sweetening”):
• Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) removal
• Carbon dioxide (CO2) removal
• Water (H2O) removal
• Removal of other contaminants (e.g. particles,
halogenated hydrocarbons, ammonia,
nitrogen, oxygen and organic silicon compounds)
• Odorization

35. Production of Biomethane
Schematic diagram of biogas and biomethane production and
utilization (Part 1)

36. Schematic diagram of biomethane
distribution and utilization (Part 2)

37.  The most important/basic substrate used in the
biogas plant in the video.
a) Waste water
b) Liquid manure
c) Leachate
d) Brine

38.  What type of anaerobic digester/fermenter was
used in the biogas plant in the video?
a) Covered lagoon
b) Plug-flow
c) Multiple tank
d) Complete mix

39.  How many days it takes to complete the gas
formation process?
a) 40 days
b) 50 days
c) 60 days
d) 70 days

40.  In case of overproduction of biogas, what
equipment was used to burn the excess biogas?
a) Kiln
b) Gas Burner
c) Gas flare
d) Combustion engine

41. Application of Gaseous Biofuel

42. LIQUID
BIOFUEL

43. Liquid Biofuel
 Liquid fuels such as alcohol, ether, and oil can
be derived from the chemical energy released by
plants and plant-derived substances in
photosynthesis.
It is used very efficiently in the internal combustion engines
that power automobiles
It is also environmentally significant because it reduces
greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to climate change.

44. Bioethanol

45. What is Bioethanol?
 Bioethanol (or ethyl alcohol, C2H6O) is an
alternative, renewable fuel mainly produced by
sugar fermentation process, which is used in
spark-ignition internal combustion engines
(Otto cycle)
 It is one type of alcohol that has many
properties quite similar to those of gasoline.
These similarities make ethanol a highly
attractive fuel for use as a gasoline substitute or
as an alternative fuel for blending.

46. Gasoline VS Bioethanol

47. Production
of
Bioethanol

48. Production of ethanol from three different
feedstocks

49. Pre-Processing of
Different Feed
stocks
 Ethanol can be produced by
the fermentation of carbohydrates
from three various feed stocks:
a) sugar-bearing feed stocks
b) starchy feed stocks
c) cellulosic feed stocks

50. Sugar-bearing feed
stocks
(Sugarcane, Sweet
Sorghum)

51. Pre-Processing of Sugarcane
Bioethanol Production from Sugarcane

52. Production of Ethanol
from
Starchy feed stocks
• There are basically two
subcategories of starch crops:
 grains (e.g., corn, sorghum, wheat,
and barley) and
 tubers (e.g., potatoes and sweet
potatoes).

54. Production of Ethanol from corn using the Wet Mill Process
Corn Pre-Processing by Wet Milling Process

55. Pre-Processing of Cellulosic Feed stocks
Production of Ethanol from cellulosic
feedstocks
Acid Hydrolysis Cellulosic Cooking

56.  It is the natural metabolic process that
produces energy by breaking down
carbohydrates (like sugars) in the absence of
oxygen.
 It is catalyzed by the action of enzymes present
in microorganisms like yeasts (single-celled
fungi of Saccharomyces cerevisae species)
 Ethanol and carbon dioxide are produced as
the sugar (glucose) is consumed.
C6H12O6 2 CH3CH2OH + 2 CO2

57. Continuous Fermentation

58. Batch Fermentation

59. Distillation

60. Dehydration

61. SUMMARY OF FEEDSTOCK CHARACTERISTICS

63. The two distinct types of plant oils:
(a)Fixed oils such as coconut and castor oils, which do not readily
evaporate on exposure to air
(b) Essential oils such as citronella and cinnamon oils, which readily
evaporate or volatilize on exposure to air.

64. Fuel-Related Characteristics of Plant Oils/Vegetable Oils
The physical and chemical characteristics of plant oils that
affect their suitability as fuels:
 Heating value
 Pour point or Melt Point
 Cloud point
 Flash point
 Iodine value
 Viscosity
 Density
 Cetane number
Other characteristics that do not have direct bearing on the
actual performance of the engine, but are similarly important
for environmental and other reasons:
 Ash Percentage
 Potassium Percentage
 Sulfur Percentage.

65. Fuel-related properties of plant oils

66.  SVO was the fuel of

choice when the diesel
engine was invented and
first demonstrated.
 The downside is that straight vegetable oil
(SVO) is much more viscous (thicker) than
conventional diesel fuel or biodiesel, and it
doesn't burn the same in the engine that it can
damage engines.

67.  Majority of the studies conducted
on the use of straight vegetable
oils show that in short-term trials,
straight plant oils give satisfactory
engine performance and power output
often equal to or even slightly better
than conventional diesel fuel.
 In long term trials, however, straight
plant oils cause various engine problems
such as coking of injector nozzles,
sticking piston rings, crankcase
oil dilution, lubricating oil contamination,
and other operational problems.

69.  The various studies on the
use of plant oil-diesel fuel
blends indicate that they can be
used in diesel engines
for short periods with no
significant decline in performance
provided that the concentration of the
plant oil in the blend is less than 20%.
Long-term engine performance tests show that plant
oil concentrations higher than 20% can have adverse
effect on the engine due to accumulation of carbon
deposits, fuel line clogging, and lubricating oil
contamination.

70. Biodiesel

71.  It is the fatty acid methyl ester
or mono-alkyl esters derived from vegetable
(plant) oils or animal fats and other biomass-derived
oils that meet certain quality specifications.
 Produced from the reaction of vegetable oil with
alcohol in the presence of a catalyst to yield mono-
alkyl esters and glycerine, which is then removed.
 It is a form of biofuel made from soybean, corn, etc.
extracts that is an excellent substitute for petroleum
diesel fuel.

72. Coconut
(Cocos nucifera)

73.  A tall stately palm, 20-25 meters
high, with a stout wavy stem,
surmounted by a crown of long
arching, handsome, pinnate leaves.
 The kernel (endocarp) yields
a valuable fatty oil. In the fresh
state the kernels are shredded and
made into desiccated coconut,
largely exported for use in
confectionery.

74.  The husk (pericarp) when retted for
about 3 weeks in water yields coir fiber,
which is made into mats, brushes,
matting, string and ropes.
 Copra of commerce, the source of
coconut oil, consists of the dried kernels.
It is prepared by breaking the nut in two;
the two cup-shaped halves, being easily
separated from the shell, are then
dried in the sun or in specially
constructed low houses or kilns,
over smoke and heat from smoldering
fires made with the husks and shells.
Copra contains about 65% of oil.

75. Jatropha Curcas
(tubang bakod, tuba-tuba, kasla, tubang aso, tibang silangan, tawa-tawa, or
physic nut)

76. 1. Seeds contain more than 30% oil which
can be processed into Jatropha
Methyl Ester (JME)
2. Can be planted in idle lands not suitable
for other crops
3. Can flower and bear fruits as early as
four months after planting if planted
by cuttings and six months if
planted by seedlings
4. A perennial shrub

77. 5. Can be integrated in agricultural
systems as hedges or alley crop
6. Can be planted as pioneer crop in
association with climax species in
community-based forest
management areas
7. Can generate employment being labor
intensive in the establishment and
harvesting operations, thus,
generating additional income for rural
areas.

78. Jatropha plantation in Same Jatropha
April 2004 plantation in June 2005

79. Planting materials in a Jatropha Nursery
Development Project at Pampanga
Agricultural College, Magalang, Pampanga,
Philippines

80. Production of Biodiesel from Jatropa Curcas

81. Production
and
Use of
Methyl Ester/
Biodiesel

82.  The chemical conversion to achieved mono-alkyl
esters from plant oils.
 During this process, an alcohol (such as methanol)
reacts with the triglyceride oils contained in plant
oils, animal fats or recycled greases to form fatty
acid alkyl esters (biodiesel) and glycerin.
 The reaction requires heat and a strong base
catalyst such as sodium hydroxide or potassium
hydroxide.

84. Simplified process flow diagram for
biodiesel production
Transesterification Dilute Acid
Esterification
Methanol Recovery
Biodiesel refining
PhasePhase separator for the
separator for the separation of
2x 4-stage ion-exchange the
Multistage mixer for system
separation offrom methyl ester
glycerine watery phase from
transesterification to Biodiesel
Glycerine for the Purification of Biodiesel
Refining RME

85.  “The Biofuels Act of 2006” is also known as
_________.
a. R.A. 6739
b. R.A 3679
c. R.A. 9367
d. R.A. 7693

90. Bioethanol Producers

91. Biodiesel Producers
SENBEL FINE CHEMICALS COMPANY, INC.
PURE ESSENCE INTERNATIONAL, INC.
Annual Rated TECHNOLOGIES
CHEMREZ
70,000,000
Capacity (liters)
Annual Rated Brgy. Cotta, Lucena City
60,000,000
Annual Rated Head Office:
Capacity (liters)
Location 75,000,000
Capacity (liters) 20/F Richville Corporate Tower 1107 Alabang-Zapote Road, Madrigal Business Park Alabang,
Muntinlupa City Philippines
Location 4 Avis St., Bagong Ilog, Pasig City Metro Manila, Philippines
Tel. Nos.: (632) 850-6877; 809-6101; 809-6102
Contact Fax no.: (632) 809-6116
Location Tel.Industria St. Bagumbayan 10
65 Nos.: (632)671-77-07 to Quezon
Email: senbel@vasia.com City 1110 Metro Manila, Philippines
Website Fax no.: (632) 671-7872
http://www.senbel.com.ph.com
Contact
Mobile No.:
Senbel Fine(632) 637-6099 Inc. is a manufacturer and exporter of high quality fine chemicals
Fax no.: Chemicals Company,
Contact Email: info@pure-essence.biz
derived from coconut and other vegetable oils. These products serve as vital and raw materials for
Email: info@chemrez.com
cosmetics, household and laundry care industries. Its plant facilities are located at the center of
Website http://www.pure-essence.biz/site/biodiesel.html
coconut oil milling and trading activities in the Philippines. This makes production very efficient
resulting to products of high standard at competitive prices. Senbel Fine Chemicals Company, Inc.
Website http://www.chemrez.com
focuses its efforts into satisfying the needs of its local and multinational customers. Each quality
Pure Essence International, Inc. started operations in 1995. Since then, the
product can be tailor-fit to match the client's specifications. Senbel Fine Chemicals Company, Inc.
Profile
is a young and aggressive firm managed by a dynamic management teamoil blends, as of
company has been producing soap noodles from different with long years well
experience in the oleochemicals and surfactants industry. derived from vegetable oilsmost
Chemrez offers clean-burning fuel enhancers The company has global reach to
as quality bath soaps.
Profile major markets in the Asia-Pacific, Europe, North Americacollectively many of is made possible
including biodiesel. Our fuel enhancers treat an the Middle East. This the problems
by its excellent network of distributors and customers worldwide as anew production line to
As part of the expansion effort, the company set up a result of its long years of
Profile that other additives address individually. They clean, lubricate and oxygenate
association. Senbel has delivered significant quantities of its products and continues to serve an
produce Coco Methyl Ester (CME or BioDiesel). Additional products from CME
the fuels resulting to efficient combustion, longer mileage and cleaner
increasing number of satisfied customers. With all these at hand, the company is poised to serve
as a reliable partner to a Methyl roster of customers, bridging their path towards success.
are: Soap Noodles, growing Ester Sulfonates, Amides and Betaines.
emission.

92. SAN CARLOS BIOENERGY INC.
Annual
Rated
30,000,000
Capacity
(liters)
San Carlos Ecozone Brgy. Palampas & Punao San
Location
Carlos City, Negros Occidental
Tel. Nos.: (632) 752-0050 to 51
Contact Fax no.: (632) 892-9238
Email: info@bronzeoakph.com
Website http://www.pure-essence.biz/site/biodiesel.html
San Carlos Bioenergy Inc. is a company
incorporated in May 2005 to construct, own, and
operate an integrated ethanol distillery and power
cogeneration plant located in the San Carlos Agro-
Industrial Economic Zone on the eastern coast of
Negros Occidental - the first in the Philippines and
the Southeast Asian region. The plant has the
Profile
capacity to mill 1,500 TCD of sugarcane to
produce 30M liters of ethanol annually and
approximately 8MW of power.
SCBI is scheduled to deliver the country's first
locally-produced fuel grade ethanol in time for the
January 2009 mandate of a 5% ethanol-blend in
gasoline as provided by the Biofuels Law.

93. The plant’s six main
components:
a) Cane mill
(crushing capacity: 1,500 tons/day)
b) Fuel ethanol distillery
(producing 125,000 liters per day of
ethanol) b
c) Cogeneration Plant a
(capacity :8 MW) c
d) Carbon Dioxide Recovery e
Plant (50 tons per day)
e) Anaerobic Digestion Plant
f) Integrated Waste Water f
Treatment Plant

94. Integrated Waste Water
Anaerobic DigestionCane
Plant
Fuel ethanol distillery mill
Treatment Plant
Fermentation
Tanks

96.  The energy obtained from biomass does not add to
global warming.
 Using biofuels as an additive to petroleum-based
transportation fuels reduce greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions.
 Both bioethanol and biodiesel are used as fuel
oxygenates to improve combustion characteristics.

97.  Greater energy security, promotion of exports and
rural development
 Generates revenue, employment and safer living
conditions.

98. Benefits of Using of Anaerobic Digestion Process

99.  Impact of biofuel expansion on food prices and its
effects on food security. (Food VS Fuel)
 Impacts of biofuels to the use of land for
monocultivation.
 Land-use change and biodiversity losses.

101.  The recent scientific advances and technological
developments in agriculture, biology and chemistry
provide win-win possible solutions to the food-versus-
energy dilemma. These include the development of
genetically-improved crops for energy and food
production, the production of affordable specialized
enzymes, and the ability to artificially simulate natural
biological processes such as photosynthesis.
 Nevertheless, a lot of work still needs to be done to
reduce costs, mitigate environmental impacts and
biodiversity losses, and minimize the pressure on
scarce land resources, particularly on existing
productive, arable lands.

102. Classification of second generation
biofuels

103.  Algae are the fastest growers of
the plant kingdom that can
produce and store inside the cell
large amounts of carbohydrates
and up to 50% by weight of oil as
triglycerides.
 The conversion of algae oil into
biodiesel is a similar process as for
plant oils based on esterification of
the triglycerides after extraction,
but the cost of producing algae oil
is relatively high at present.
 Numerous studies are being
undertaken worldwide in
universities and research centers to
determine optimum conditions for
the production of oil from micro-
algae.

105. -The End-