Lavc f10 lecture 10 primate ecology

Anthro 101: Human Biological Evolution Lecture 10: Primate Ecology Office Drop-in Hours AHS 308 Tutoring Lab Hours AHS 232 T 5:30 - 6:30 M & T 1 - 4 Th 11:15 - 12:15, 1:15 - 3:15 Student ID required F 12 - 1:30 by appointment

Attendance survey ,[object Object],[object Object]

Zoo Project - any questions? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Why do primates live in groups? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Behavioral Ecology ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

1. Why do primates live in groups? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Major benefits of group life ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Large cats prey on primates lion leopard jaguar cheetah tiger

Large primates can defend themselves against big cats, but many small ones can’t

Raptors prey on primates Martial eagle Harpy eagle Hawk eagle

A variety of snakes prey on primates python

Primates prey on other primates Chimps hunt red colobus monkeys Baboons prey on vervets

Humans and domestic dogs kill primates Hunter with gorilla head Dog with langur infant

Predation is rarely observed, but can sometimes be inferred leopard paw print drag marks baboon jaw & hair

Indirect evidence of predation ,[object Object],[object Object],Juvenile, scalp wound Oryx, back wound

For diurnal primates, sociality is an effective anti-predator strategy ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Detection : In larger groups, there are more eyes to watch out for predators

Dilution : In groups, any particular individual less likely to be caught by predator ,[object Object],risk = 1/2 risk = 1/12                            

Defense : Many strategies for diurnal primates ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Two or more species may associate to reduce predator risk: Interspecific Associations - 3D’s Ground predators Eagles Diana monkey Red colobus

Nocturnal primates use different strategies ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Sociality also has costs ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

2. Natural selection shapes social organization to balance the costs & benefits of group living ,[object Object]

Solitary (but differentiated social relationships) ,[object Object],[object Object],Orangutan Loris

Monogamous (territorial pairs + offspring) Titi monkeys Gibbons

One-male, Multi-female groups (polygyny) Mountain gorillas Black and white colobus

One-female, two-male groups (Polyandry) Pygmy marmoset marmoset Callitrichids

Multi-male, multi-female groups Ring-tailed lemurs Savanna baboons

Communities (fission-fusion social organization) Spider monkeys Chimpanzees

Socioecology : Competition for food is particularly important for females ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Food, competition, and social behavior are thought to be linked Dominance Relationships Competitive Regime Distribution of food Value of Alliances Female Relationships Dispersal Patterns

The distribution of food affects they type of competition ,[object Object],[object Object]

The distribution of food affects the nature of competition ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Contest competition can produce dominance relationships ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Food, competition, and social behavior are thought to be linked Dominance Hierarchy Contest Competition Distribution of food Value of Alliances Female Relationships Dispersal Patterns

If dominance rank affects access to resources, ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

If females come to rely on alliances… ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Alliances can also affect structure of dominance relationships ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Monkey B Monkey A Monkey A’

Food, competition, and social behavior are thought to be linked Dominance Hierarchy Contest Competition Distribution of food Alliances Valuable Close Bonds Female Philopatry Eg: baboons & capuchins

If dominance does not affect access to resources, then… Unstable hierarchy Scramble Distribution of food Eg: gorillas & langur monkeys Weak bonds Male/female dispersal No alliances

What about males? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

What about males? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Lavc f10 lecture 10 primate ecology

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