AS Geography

1. Holderness Towns AS Geography

3. Erosion rate of about 2mm a year

5. Erosion rates around 2mm a year

6. Used by tourists and fisherman

8. Complaints about loss of livelihoods lead to some hard engineering

9. Building of sea wall and groynes

10. Beach has grown and acts as a defence

13. Properties and farms at risk

14. High winter tides cut notches at the foot of cliffs and focuses marine energy leads to partial collapse

15. (Rotational Slump)

16. Becomes worse when saturated through rainwater

17. These sub-aerial processes do a great deal of damage

18. Retreat can be upto 20m a year

20. Spurn Head Long history of settlement Used during WW1 as a look out post, connected to the mainland by railway This has been reduced to only a lifeboat station and the families attached to it by a single track road Also used by the Pilot boat men of the Humber Estuary On the Point there is a wildlife reserve Spit is moving westwards and may become an island. Eventually families will have to move, currently under review as to whether it should be protected or not. Removing the lifeboat station will result in their not being a station in the area

21. Problems with Defending Towns Defences projecting from coast start to create natural ‘Groynes’ and creating places for sediment depositation Beaches will reorientate themselves parallel to the waves and wide bays created It could cause them to become ‘Headlands’ where we know wave energy concentrates High cost of maintenance of defences make them unsustainable

22. Socio-Economic Problems Threat of house collapse (Stress – Negative Equity) Many settlements rely on tourism and undefended they will suffer from loss of trade Little local investment to change sustain communities Loss of jobs, houses, schools, shops and movement of people away from the area will follow

23. Exam Question: Outline three pieces of evidence that indicate the direction of longshore drift along a coastline. (7 marks) For one scheme of coastal management that you have studied: Explain why it was thought necessary to introduce a management scheme (6 marks) Explain how the scheme is designed to overcome the problem(s) outlined above (6 marks) Describe and explain one scheme of coastal management. (7 marks)