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Rectal Cancer

Surgery is the mainstay of treatment of RC
After surgical resection, local failure is common
Local recurrence after conventional surgery:
15%-65% (average of 28%)
ΣΟΠΙΚΕ΢ ΤΠΟΣΡΟΠΕ΢
ΜΕΣΑ ΑΠΟ ΕΓΥΕΙΡΗ΢Η
ζηάδην

T1
T2
T3
T4
N+

5 έηε , ρωξίο άιιε ζεξαπεία

10%
15-35%
20-45%
>50%
40-65%

McCall J, et al. Int J Colorectal Dis 1995 10. 126-132
Bokey EL, et al. BJS 1999; 86:1164.
Shirouzu et al., Am J. Surg 1993; 165:233
ΜΕΣΕΓΥΕΙΡΗΣΙΚΗ ΘΕΡΑΠΕΙΑ ΟΡΘΟΤ

Number of pts.

GITSG NCCTG
202
204

NSABP-R01
555

Surgery alone LF (%)

24

25

S (%)
Radiotherapy LF (%)
S (%)
Chemotherapy LF (%)
S (%)
Chemoradioth. LF (%)
S (%)

43
20
52
27
21
11
59

43
16
41
21
53
8
58

25
47

14
ΜΕΙΩ΢Η ΣΩΝ ΣΟΠΙΚΩΝ ΤΠΟΣΡΟΠΩΝ:
1980s–2000s
35

Local failure (%)

30

Norway
GITSG-2
Dutch-TME

NSABP-R01
INT-0114
Ulsan

GITSG-1
NSABP-R02
CAO/ARO/AIO

Mayo-NCCTG
INT-PVI

25
20
15

10
5
0
sx only

sx  RT

sx  CTRT

TME +
RT/CTRT
Ca ξοθξύ
ΠΟΛΤΠΑΡΑΓΟΝΣΙΚΗ ΘΕΡΑΠΕΙΑ
ΕΓΥ +(ΥΜΘ + ΑΚΘ)



Σοπικές σποτροπές: Από 40% σε <10%
΢σνολική επιβίωση: Από 50% σε 75%
Σα τελεσταία 40 τρόνια
ΜΕΣΕΓΥΕΙΡΗΣΙΚΗ ΘΕΡΑΠΕΙΑ ΟΡΘΟΤ

National Cancer Institute Consensus
Conference 1990

T3-4 και/ή N1-2 θεραπεία εκλογής για
μεηεγτειρηηική θεραπεία είναι ο
ζσνδιαζμός ΧημειοΑκηινοθεραπείας.
JAMA 1990;264:1444-50.
Chemoradiation for Locally
Advanced Rectal Cancer
O'Connell MJ, Martensen JA, Wieand HS et al.
660 patients TNM stage II or III rectal cancer
Randomized to:
Continuous infusion 5-FU (225 mg/m2/d) 5-week
during the radiotherapy (45 Gy + 5.4 Gy boost)
vs
 Bolus 5-FU (500 mg/m2/d) days 1-3 weeks 1 and 4
during the radiotherapy


N Engl J Med 1994;331:502–507
Optimal combination of chemo- radiotherapy?
δύν θύθινη 5-FU αθνινπζνύκελνη από ζπλερή έγρπζε 5-FU θαη 50.4 Gy ΑΘ πνπ
κε ηελ ζεηξά ηνπο αθνινπζνύληαη απν δύν επηπξόζζεηνπο θύθινπο 5-FU

If radiochemotherapy is used
postoperatively, protacted infusion of 5-FU
is superior to bolus 5-FU during radiotherapy
O`Connell. NEJM 1994;331:331

No DFS, OS or locoregional failure (LRF) difference

Intergroup 0144 (SWOG-9304 )
ΜΕΣΕΓΥΕΙΡΗΣΙΚΗ CRT
ΕΠΙΠΛΟΚΕ΢






΢νβαξή δηάξνηα
Υξόληα βιάβε ηνπ εληέξνπ (25%)
Απμεκέλε θηλεηηθόηεηα ηνπ εληέξνπ (7/εκ)
Αθξάηεηα θνπξάλωλ
ΜΕΣΕΓΥΕΙΡΗΣΙΚΗ CRT

Απμάλεη ηνλ ηνπηθό έιεγρν
Aπμάλεη ηελ επηβίωζε
Αξθεηέο παξελέξγεηεο
Δελ κεηώλεη ηηο θνινζηνκίεο
NEOADJUVANT ΘΕΡΑΠΕΙΑ
πξνζπάζεηα ε λόζνο λα θαηαζηεί ρεηξνπξγήζηκε θαη
λ απνθεπρζεί θνινζηνκία
ΚΤΡΙΕ΢ ΜΟΡΦΕ΢
NEOADJUVANT ΘΕΡΑΠΕΙΑ΢


Short course Radiotherapy (SCRT)
5 Gray (Gy) daily over 5 days without chemo followed
by surgery within 1 week






Long course preoperative chemoradiotherapy (LCRCT)
1,8 Gray (Gy) per fraction-day, five days a week over
5-6 weeks to a total dose of 50,4 Gy
with concurrent 5-Fu based chemo
followed by surgery 6-8 weeks later
Short-Term Pre-Op Radiotherapy
vs Surgery Alone
Local
Recurrence
Swedish Rectal Cancer Trial
1987-1990 - NEJM 1997
1,168 pts - (T1-3) disease
Short Course RT + Surgery
vs Surgery Alone

LR
p<.001
11%
27%
(5-yr FU)

58%
OS
48%
p<.001
(5-yr)
LR
p<.001

Dutch CRC Group Trial
1996-2000 - NEJM 2001
1,861 pts - (T1-3) disease
Short Course RT + TME Surgery
vs TME Surgery Alone
N Engl J Med 1997; 336: 980-7.

OS

pvalue

2.4%
8.2%
(2-yr)

82%
OS
82%
NS
(2-yr)

Kapiteijn, E., et al., N Engl J Med, Vol. 345, No. 9
Pre-operative high-dose short-term
radiotherapy
The Dutch Trial
Pre-operative radiotherapy had no impact on survival
.
E Kapitaijn et al. N Engl J Med 2001; 345:638-646

Pre-operative radiotherapy did not allow to achieve down-staging of
the tumoral lesion. This treatment cannot be used to facilitate
either sphincter preservation or secondary resection of initially
unresectable tumors.
CAM Marijen et al. J Clin Oncol 2001; 19: 1976-1984
SCRT - ΑΚΡΑΣΕΙΑ
Τπεοέςει η εισαγωγική ακτιμξθεοαπεία τηπ
επικξροικήπ ςημειξ- ακτιμξθεοαπείαπ;

Phase III MRC trial, 4 countries, 1350
patients with operable rectal cancer.
 Standard
 Pre-op

Arm:

RT 25Gy/5

 Experimental

Arm:

 No

Pre-op XRT
 Post-op chemo RT 45Gy/25 only if + CRM
Lancet 2009
Medical Research Council Trial (MRC)
CR07-2006

Results:
local relapse (4.7% vs 11.1%)
3-year disease-free survival (79.5% vs 74.9%)
in favor of the preoperative RT arm.

J Clin Oncol 24(18S):148s, ASCO 2006
Τπεοέςει η εισαγωγική ςημειξακτιμξθεοαπεία
τηπ εισαγωγικήπ ακτιμξθεοαπείαπ;

ΑΚΘ
έλαληη

ΑΚΘ + ΥΜΘ

Υεηξ.
Υεηξ.

.
΢το ερώτημα αστό προσπάθησαν να απαντήσοσν 2 μελέτες:
 EORTC-22921, Bosset et al. N Eng J Med 2006
 FFCD-9203, Gerard et al. J Clin Oncol 2006
Short vs Long RT course
EORTC study
Chemo RT vs. Radiotherapy
Local control in T3/T4 rectal cancer

Trials

Pre-op CRT

Pre-op RT

EORTC 22921

8.7%

17.1%

FFCD 9203

8%

16.5%
Chemo RT vs. Radiotherapy
Survival in T3/T4 rectal cancer

Trials

Pre-op CRT

Pre-op RT

EORTC 22921

65%

65%

FFCD 9203

67%

66%
Randomized Phase III Trial of Preoperative Conventional
Fractionation Radiation vs Chemoradiation for T3-T4
Resectable Rectal Cancer
FFCD-9203, Gerard et al. J Clin Oncol 2006
ARM

No.PTS

cT3
uN+

pCR

5y DFS

5y OS

5y LR

PREOP
RT

363

89%
68%

3%

56%

66%

16.5%

PREOP
CRT

370

89%
67%

11%
p<.05

59%
p: n.s

67%
p: n.s

8%
p=0.0016
733 pts

PREOPERATIVE CHEMORADIATION INDUCES SIGNIFICANTLY BETTER
LOCAL CONTROL THAN PREOPERATIVE RADIATION ALONE , WITHOUT ANY
EFFECT ON OVERALL SURVIVAL
Short vs Long RT course

5 x 5 Gy

28 x 1.8 Gy

• Δελ αιιάδεη ην ζηάδην

• Καιή αλνρή ζην ρεηξνπξγείν

• Υακειό θόζηνο

• Πεξηζζόηεξε κείωζε όγθνπ,pCR

• Εμαηξεηηθή ζπκκόξθωζε

• Ληγόηεξε ρξόληα ηνμηθόηεηα (;)

• Αλακέλεηαη > 66 % κείωζε Σ.Τ.

• Αλακέλεηαη > 80 % κείωζε Σ.Τ.

Η Berlin Cancer Society ζηηο κέξεο καο ζρεδίαζε κηα
κειέηε γηα λα ζπγθξίλεη ηελ κηθξήο δηάξθεηαο ΑΘ κόλν
κε ηελ καθξάο δηάξθεηαο ΑΘ ζπλδηαζκέλε κε
Υεκεηνζεξαπεία
Η ςημειξακτιμξθεοαπεία είμαι καλύτεοη
σαμ εισαγωγική ή σαμ επικξροική;
ΑΚΘ + ΥΜΘ

Υεηξ.
Υεηξ.

έλαληη

ΑΚΘ + ΥΜΘ

΢το ερώτημα αστό προσπάθησαν να απαντήσοσν 3 μελέτες:

• NSABP R-03 – Low Accrual
• INT-0147 – Low Accrual
• German Trial – CAO/ARO/AIO-94
Results presented ASTRO – Oct. 2003
Rectal Cancer ASTRO ‘03

The German pre-op vs. post-op trial

T3Nx
Rectal

R
A
N
D
O
M
I
Z
A
T
I
O
N

50.4 Gy
CI 5-FU

Surgery

Surgery

50.4 Gy
CI 5-FU

5-FU x 4

5-FU x 4
Randomized Phase III Trial of Preoperative vs
Postoperative Conventional Fractionation
Chemoradiation for Resectable Rectal Cancer
THE GERMAN RECTAL CANCER STUDY GROUP, 2004

ARM

No.
PTS

DFS
at 5 y

OS
at 5 y

DM
at 5 y

LR
at 5 y

PREOP
CRT

405

68%

76%

36%

6%

POSTOP
CRT

394

65%
74%
P=n.s P=n.s

38%
P=n.s

13%
P=0.006

823 pts

PREOPERATIVE CHEMORADIATION INDUCES SIGNIFICANTLY BETTER
LOCAL CONTROL THAN POSTOPERATIVE CHEMORADIATION, WITHOUT ANY
EFFECT ON OVERALL SURVIVAL
CAO/ARO/AIO-94 Trial: Results
pCR
(%)

Acute GI Late G 3/4
GI Toxicity
G 3/4
(%)
Toxicity
(%)

Sph
Preserv
Rate
(%)

Preop Tx
(405 Pts)

8*

12 *

13*

39*

Postop Tx
(392 Pts)

0

18

27

19
Η ςημειξακτιμξθεοαπεία είμαι καλύτεοη
σαμ εισαγωγική ή σαμ επικξροική;

• Η εηζαγωγηθή ρεκεηναθηηλνζεξαπεία ππεξέρεη ηεο
επηθνπξηθήο ρεκεηναθηηλνζεξαπείαο ωο πξνο
• ηελ κείωζε ηωλ ηνπηθώλ ππνηξνπώλ θαη
• ηελ κεηωκέλε ηνμηθόηεηα.
• Δελ ππήξμε δηαθνξά ζηελ επηβίωζε.

Since 2004, the standard of care for patients
with cT3-4 and/or N+ rectal cancer
ΜΕΙΟΝΕΚΣΗΜΑΣΑ ΠΡΟΕΓΥΕΙΡΗΣΙΚΗ΢
ΘΕΡΑΠΕΙΑ΢
 Τπεξζεξαπεία

ζε αξρηθά ζηάδηα
 Τπνζεξαπεία ζε κε αληρλεύζηκε
κεηαζηαηηθή λόζν
 ΢ηεξίδεηαη ζε θιηληθή ζηαδηνπνίεζε θαη όρη
παζνινγναλαηνκηθή
 Απώιεηα ηεο αξρηθήο παζνινγναλαηνκηθήο
θαηάζηαζεο ηεο λόζνπ
• 188 αζζελείο

5-Fu/RT + S

MSKCC

• cT3N0
• 22 % είρε N+ ζην ρεηξνπξγείν
• T3N0 → Δικαιολογημένη η θεραπεία
Capecitabine vs 5-FU
Hofheinz R et al.
Proc ASCO 2011;Abstract 3504.
phase III MARGIT trial

Capecitabine (Cape) versus
5-Fluorouracil (5-FU)–Based (Neo)Adjuvant
Chemoradiotherapy (CRT) for Locally Advanced
Rectal Cancer (LARC): Long-Term Results of a
Randomized, Phase III Trial
Study Design
Arm A

Chemoradiotherapy
50.4 Gy + Cape 1,650 mg/m² days 1 – 38
plus
5 cycles of Cape 2,500 mg/m² d 1 – 14, rep. d 22
S I: 2 x Cape  CRT  3 x Cape
S II: CRT  TME surgery (4 – 6 weeks after CRT)  Cape x 5

Arm B

Chemoradiotherapy
50.4 Gy + 5-FU 225 mg/m² c.i. daily [S I] or
5-FU 1,000 mg/m² c.i. d 1 – 5 and 29 – 33 [S II]
plus
4 cycles of bolus 5-FU 500mg/m² d 1 – 5, rep. d 29
S I: 2 x 5-FU  CRT  2 x 5-FU
S II: CRT  TME surgery (4 – 6 weeks after CRT)  5-FU x 4
RESULTS
Cape
5 Yr DFS

5FU

p-value

67.8%

54.1%

P=0.035
P<0.001
(non-inferiority)

5 Yr OS

75.7%

66.6%

Distant Mets
(%)

18.9%

27.7%

P=0.0367

Local
Recurrence (%)

6.1%

7.2%

p = 0.7795
TOXICITY

Capecitabine

5-FU

n = 197

p-value

n = 195

Total1

1/2

3/4

Total

1/2

3/4

Hemoglobin

62

58

–

52

49

2

0.32

Leukocytes

50

47

3

68

50

16

0.047

Platelets

23

23

–

32

29

1

0.19

GGT

5

5

–

7

6

–

0.57

Bilirubin

8

6

1

2

1

1

0.10

1 CTC-grade
2

is missing in some pts.
p-value resulted from Chi-Square test comparing the total number of events between both treatment arms.
TOXICITY
Capecitabine

5-FU

n = 197

p-value

n = 195

Total

1/2

3/4

Total

1/2

3/4

Nausea

36

33

2

32

30

–

0.69

Vomiting

14

11

1

9

8

1

0.39

Diarrhea

104

83

17

85

76

4

0.07

Mucositis

12

11

1

17

15

2

0.34

Stomatitis

8

8

–

12

11

–

0.37

Abdominal pain

23

19

1

14

11

–

0.17

Proctitis

31

26

1

10

9

1

< 0.001

1
2

CTC-grade is missing in some pts.
p-value resulted from Chi-Square test comparing the total number of events between both treatment arms.
TOXICITY
Capecitabine

5-FU

n = 197

n = 195

p-value

Total

1/2

3/4

Total

1/2

3/4

Fatigue

55

50

–

29

27

2

0.002

Anorexia

13

13

–

6

5

1

0.16

Alopecia

4

4

–

11

10

–

0.07

Hand-foot skin reaction

62

56

4

3

3

–

< 0.001

Radiation dermatitis

29

22

2

35

32

1

0.41

Thrombosis /
Embolism

10

2

7

11

5

2

0.83

1 CTC-grade
2

is missing in some pts.
p-value resulted from Chi-Square test comparing the total number of events between both treatment arms.
Author’s Conclusions
Both treatment regimens were well tolerated. Cape patients
had more all grade HFS, proctitis, diarrhea and fatigue,
while alopecia and leukopenia were more frequently
observed with 5-FU.
In the neo-adjuvant stratum Cape led by trend to improved
downstaging and a numerical higher rate of pCR.
Cape was non-inferior to 5-FU regarding 5-year survival.
Exploratory test for superiority was borderline significant.

3-year DFS was significantly better with Cape.
HFS indicated superior 3-year DFS and 5-year OS.
Capecitabine may replace 5-FU in the perioperative treatment
of locally advanced rectal cancer.
Μετά τημ εισαγωγική ςημειξακτιμξθεοαπεία
και τξ ςειοξρογείξ, ςοειάζεται και
επικξροική ςημειξθεοαπεία;

ΥΜΘ + ΑΚΘ

ΥΕΙΡ.

έλαληη

ΥΜΘ + ΑΚΘ

ΥΕΙΡ.

ΥΜΘ

• Τπάξρνπλ αλαδξνκηθέο κειέηεο πνπ ππνδεηθλύνπλ όθεινο.
• Δελ ππάξρνπλ πξννπηηθέο ηπραηνπνηεκέλεο κειέηεο.
• Οη πεξηζζόηεξνη νγθνιόγνη, όκωο, ηελ ππνζηεξίδνπλ, εηδηθά γηα ηνπο
αζζελείο κε ζεηηθνύο ιεκθαδέλεο.
Postop chemo

είμαι ρπεοθεοαπεία?

De Gramont et al – ASCO 2007
ADJUVANT THERAPY
NEOADJUVANT THERAPY
NEOADJUVANT THERAPY
chemoradiation in rectal cancer

recommended regimen
Adjuvant chemotherapy
Summary of Randomized Trials
Are rectal tumors downstaged (pCR) with neoadjuvant CRT?
FFCD 9203 Trial: YES (11.4% CRT v. 3.6% RT; p<0.0001)
Polish Trial: YES (16.1% CRT v. 0.7% RT; p<0.001)
EORTC 22921 Trial: YES (13.7% CRT v. 5.3%; p<0.001)
German Trial: YES (8% Preop CRT v. 0% Postop CRT)

All Studies Show
↑pCR with CRT

Does neoadjuvant CRT ↑ rate of sphincter-sparing surgeries?
FFCD 9203 Trial: NO
Polish Trial: NO
EORTC 22921 Trial: NO
German Trial: NO (Preop vs Postop CRT)

No. But, in German Trial those
Determined to need AR prior
To randomization had ↑ rates of
Sphincter-preservation with CRT
Preoperatively.
Impact of pComplete Response

Kalady et al. Ann Surg 2009;250: 582–589
50

50
Newer drugs in chemo-radiation
of rectal cancer
• Capecitabine (―Oral 5-FU‖)
– Thymidylate synthetase inhibition

• Irinotecan
– Topoisomerase I inhibition

• Oxaliplatin
– Inter/intra-strand DNA crosslinks

• Anti-EGFR: Cetuximab(Erbitux),
Gefitinib(Iressa), Erlotinib(Tarceva)
• Anti-VEGF: Bevacizumab(Avastin)
Newer drugs in chemo-radiation
of rectal cancer
ACCORD 12

45 Gy + 5-FU

50 Gy + capécitabine + oxaliplatin
STAR-01

50,4 Gy + 5-FU
50,4 Gy + 5-FU + oxaliplatin

NSABP R-04

50,4 Gy + 5-FU or capécitabine
50,4 Gy + 5-FU or capécitabine + oxali

CAO/ARO/AIO 05

50,4 Gy + 5-FU
50,4 Gy + 5-FU + oxaliplatin
CONCLUSIONS

•

Addition of oxaliplatin did not improve outcomes and
added significant toxicity

•

Longer follow up will be needed to assess localregional tumor relapse, DFS and OS

Roh MS et al. Proc ASCO 2011;Abstract 3503.
Outcomes of Stage II/III Rectal Cancer



Low Locoregional relapse rates: 6-8%
However, 50-70% with LRR also have Distant
Relapse



Poor Disease Free Survival Rates:
5-Year DFS in modern trials: 56-74%



DISTANT RELAPSE is the major issue
Current Questions in Rectal Cancer:
HOW CAN WE REDUCE DISTANT RELPASE?


Give systemic therapy BEFORE radiation?






Better systemic therapy WITH radiation?





Will this increase % patients treated and dose intensity?
Get the chemotherapy in earlier

STAR, ACCORD , R04 negative so far
Many phase II trials, pending

Give oxaliplatin Post-Operatively – PETTAC pending,
many already do this
INDUCTION
CHEMOTHERAPY
EXPERT-C
Patients with MRI defined poor-risk rectal cancer
D1

D1

D22

D22

…x4

…x4

T
M
E

R
D1

D22

D1

D22

…x4

Phase II
n=164
Oxa: 130 mg/m2/d

…x4

Cape: 1650 mg/m2/d
RT:45 Gy+ 9Gy boost

Cape: 2000 mg/m2/d
Cetuximab: 400 mg/m2 D1 than 250 mg/m2 weekly

Oxa: 130 mg/m2/d
Cape: 2000 mg/m2/d
Neoadjuvant chemo followed
by chemoradiation
Απόθξαμε εληέξνπ
Αθξάηεηα
Μαιαθά θόπξαλα – αέξηα
΢εμνπαιηθή δπζιεηηνπξγία
Παξελέξγεηεο νπξνπνηεηηθνύ
Δεπηεξνγελείο θαξθίλνη
Μείωζε QoL
Reducing Toxicity from CRT
Toxicity
Chemoradiotherapy is more toxic than
radiotherapy alone
To reduce toxicity:

Preoperative rather than post op

Radiation volume

Radiation techniques
3-D Conformal RT
΢πλνιηθή δόζε 50.4 Gy ζε 28 ζπλεδξίεο
• 45 Gy ζηελ πύειν ζε 25 ζπλεδξίεο
πξελήο - 3 πεδία
• 5.4 boost ζηνλ όγθν/κεζννξζό ζε 3 ζπλεδξίεο
πιάγηα πεδία ή 3 πεδία
• θεθαιέο κεξηαίωλ, ιεπηό έληεξν ≤ 45 Gy
T4 Rectal Cancer: 4 Fields

M. Mohiuddin 2006
3DCRT vs IMRT
5040 cGy

5040 cGy
Σςέζη δόζηπ – ξνείαπ ηξνικόηηηαπ λεπηξύ εμηέοξρ

V15 (cm3)

# Pts

< 150

G0-2

G3

20

100%

0%

150-299

20

70%

30%

≥ 300

20

30%

70%
ΟΥΙ ΑΚΘ

Neoadjuvant FOLFOX with
Bevacizumab but without Pelvic
Radiation for Locally Advanced
Rectal Cancer
Schrag D et al.
Proc ASCO 2010;Abstract 3511.
Investigator comment on the results of a study of neoadjuvant
FOLFOX/bevacizumab without radiation therapy for locally advanced rectal
cancer
The standard treatment approach for most patients with locally advanced rectal cancer is
neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy. Most acknowledge that radiation therapy is probably the
more toxic component of this treatment, particularly the long-term side effects. I have patients
who have radiation proctitis, which is nasty and leads to pain, constant diarrhea and sphincter
dysfunction. It would be a paradigm shift if we could utilize highly active systemic therapy
without radiation therapy.
Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center had two interesting pilot studies — one with
FOLFOX with bevacizumab and one with FOLFOX alone — and in their series, they had an
approximately 30 percent pathologic complete response rate for patients with mid- or higherrectum adenocarcinomas without radiation therapy, which is as good as it gets when you talk
about
These data suggest that appropriately selected patients with locally advanced rectal cancer may forego
pelvic XRT without adversely affecting R0 resection and pathologic CR rates.
Based on these preliminary results, a cooperative group study is planned to examine neoadjuvant
FOLFOX without XRT in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer.

Schrag D et al. Proc ASCO 2010;Abstract 3511.
Σξπική εναίοεση(LE) αμτί TEM
Trial GRECCAR 2

(phase III)
Tailoring Therapy ?
Multidisiplinary Therapeutic Alliance
Εσταριστώ για
την προσοτή σας

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RECTAL CA - VAKALIS . X

  • 1.
  • 2. Rectal Cancer Surgery is the mainstay of treatment of RC After surgical resection, local failure is common Local recurrence after conventional surgery: 15%-65% (average of 28%)
  • 3. ΣΟΠΙΚΕ΢ ΤΠΟΣΡΟΠΕ΢ ΜΕΣΑ ΑΠΟ ΕΓΥΕΙΡΗ΢Η ζηάδην T1 T2 T3 T4 N+ 5 έηε , ρωξίο άιιε ζεξαπεία 10% 15-35% 20-45% >50% 40-65% McCall J, et al. Int J Colorectal Dis 1995 10. 126-132 Bokey EL, et al. BJS 1999; 86:1164. Shirouzu et al., Am J. Surg 1993; 165:233
  • 4. ΜΕΣΕΓΥΕΙΡΗΣΙΚΗ ΘΕΡΑΠΕΙΑ ΟΡΘΟΤ Number of pts. GITSG NCCTG 202 204 NSABP-R01 555 Surgery alone LF (%) 24 25 S (%) Radiotherapy LF (%) S (%) Chemotherapy LF (%) S (%) Chemoradioth. LF (%) S (%) 43 20 52 27 21 11 59 43 16 41 21 53 8 58 25 47 14
  • 5. ΜΕΙΩ΢Η ΣΩΝ ΣΟΠΙΚΩΝ ΤΠΟΣΡΟΠΩΝ: 1980s–2000s 35 Local failure (%) 30 Norway GITSG-2 Dutch-TME NSABP-R01 INT-0114 Ulsan GITSG-1 NSABP-R02 CAO/ARO/AIO Mayo-NCCTG INT-PVI 25 20 15 10 5 0 sx only sx  RT sx  CTRT TME + RT/CTRT
  • 6. Ca ξοθξύ ΠΟΛΤΠΑΡΑΓΟΝΣΙΚΗ ΘΕΡΑΠΕΙΑ ΕΓΥ +(ΥΜΘ + ΑΚΘ)   Σοπικές σποτροπές: Από 40% σε <10% ΢σνολική επιβίωση: Από 50% σε 75% Σα τελεσταία 40 τρόνια
  • 7. ΜΕΣΕΓΥΕΙΡΗΣΙΚΗ ΘΕΡΑΠΕΙΑ ΟΡΘΟΤ National Cancer Institute Consensus Conference 1990 T3-4 και/ή N1-2 θεραπεία εκλογής για μεηεγτειρηηική θεραπεία είναι ο ζσνδιαζμός ΧημειοΑκηινοθεραπείας. JAMA 1990;264:1444-50.
  • 8. Chemoradiation for Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer O'Connell MJ, Martensen JA, Wieand HS et al. 660 patients TNM stage II or III rectal cancer Randomized to: Continuous infusion 5-FU (225 mg/m2/d) 5-week during the radiotherapy (45 Gy + 5.4 Gy boost) vs  Bolus 5-FU (500 mg/m2/d) days 1-3 weeks 1 and 4 during the radiotherapy  N Engl J Med 1994;331:502–507
  • 9. Optimal combination of chemo- radiotherapy? δύν θύθινη 5-FU αθνινπζνύκελνη από ζπλερή έγρπζε 5-FU θαη 50.4 Gy ΑΘ πνπ κε ηελ ζεηξά ηνπο αθνινπζνύληαη απν δύν επηπξόζζεηνπο θύθινπο 5-FU If radiochemotherapy is used postoperatively, protacted infusion of 5-FU is superior to bolus 5-FU during radiotherapy O`Connell. NEJM 1994;331:331 No DFS, OS or locoregional failure (LRF) difference Intergroup 0144 (SWOG-9304 )
  • 10. ΜΕΣΕΓΥΕΙΡΗΣΙΚΗ CRT ΕΠΙΠΛΟΚΕ΢     ΢νβαξή δηάξνηα Υξόληα βιάβε ηνπ εληέξνπ (25%) Απμεκέλε θηλεηηθόηεηα ηνπ εληέξνπ (7/εκ) Αθξάηεηα θνπξάλωλ
  • 11. ΜΕΣΕΓΥΕΙΡΗΣΙΚΗ CRT Απμάλεη ηνλ ηνπηθό έιεγρν Aπμάλεη ηελ επηβίωζε Αξθεηέο παξελέξγεηεο Δελ κεηώλεη ηηο θνινζηνκίεο
  • 12. NEOADJUVANT ΘΕΡΑΠΕΙΑ πξνζπάζεηα ε λόζνο λα θαηαζηεί ρεηξνπξγήζηκε θαη λ απνθεπρζεί θνινζηνκία
  • 13. ΚΤΡΙΕ΢ ΜΟΡΦΕ΢ NEOADJUVANT ΘΕΡΑΠΕΙΑ΢  Short course Radiotherapy (SCRT) 5 Gray (Gy) daily over 5 days without chemo followed by surgery within 1 week     Long course preoperative chemoradiotherapy (LCRCT) 1,8 Gray (Gy) per fraction-day, five days a week over 5-6 weeks to a total dose of 50,4 Gy with concurrent 5-Fu based chemo followed by surgery 6-8 weeks later
  • 14. Short-Term Pre-Op Radiotherapy vs Surgery Alone Local Recurrence Swedish Rectal Cancer Trial 1987-1990 - NEJM 1997 1,168 pts - (T1-3) disease Short Course RT + Surgery vs Surgery Alone LR p<.001 11% 27% (5-yr FU) 58% OS 48% p<.001 (5-yr) LR p<.001 Dutch CRC Group Trial 1996-2000 - NEJM 2001 1,861 pts - (T1-3) disease Short Course RT + TME Surgery vs TME Surgery Alone N Engl J Med 1997; 336: 980-7. OS pvalue 2.4% 8.2% (2-yr) 82% OS 82% NS (2-yr) Kapiteijn, E., et al., N Engl J Med, Vol. 345, No. 9
  • 15. Pre-operative high-dose short-term radiotherapy The Dutch Trial Pre-operative radiotherapy had no impact on survival . E Kapitaijn et al. N Engl J Med 2001; 345:638-646 Pre-operative radiotherapy did not allow to achieve down-staging of the tumoral lesion. This treatment cannot be used to facilitate either sphincter preservation or secondary resection of initially unresectable tumors. CAM Marijen et al. J Clin Oncol 2001; 19: 1976-1984
  • 17.
  • 18. Τπεοέςει η εισαγωγική ακτιμξθεοαπεία τηπ επικξροικήπ ςημειξ- ακτιμξθεοαπείαπ; Phase III MRC trial, 4 countries, 1350 patients with operable rectal cancer.  Standard  Pre-op Arm: RT 25Gy/5  Experimental Arm:  No Pre-op XRT  Post-op chemo RT 45Gy/25 only if + CRM Lancet 2009
  • 19. Medical Research Council Trial (MRC) CR07-2006 Results: local relapse (4.7% vs 11.1%) 3-year disease-free survival (79.5% vs 74.9%) in favor of the preoperative RT arm. J Clin Oncol 24(18S):148s, ASCO 2006
  • 20. Τπεοέςει η εισαγωγική ςημειξακτιμξθεοαπεία τηπ εισαγωγικήπ ακτιμξθεοαπείαπ; ΑΚΘ έλαληη ΑΚΘ + ΥΜΘ Υεηξ. Υεηξ. . ΢το ερώτημα αστό προσπάθησαν να απαντήσοσν 2 μελέτες:  EORTC-22921, Bosset et al. N Eng J Med 2006  FFCD-9203, Gerard et al. J Clin Oncol 2006
  • 21. Short vs Long RT course
  • 23. Chemo RT vs. Radiotherapy Local control in T3/T4 rectal cancer Trials Pre-op CRT Pre-op RT EORTC 22921 8.7% 17.1% FFCD 9203 8% 16.5%
  • 24. Chemo RT vs. Radiotherapy Survival in T3/T4 rectal cancer Trials Pre-op CRT Pre-op RT EORTC 22921 65% 65% FFCD 9203 67% 66%
  • 25. Randomized Phase III Trial of Preoperative Conventional Fractionation Radiation vs Chemoradiation for T3-T4 Resectable Rectal Cancer FFCD-9203, Gerard et al. J Clin Oncol 2006 ARM No.PTS cT3 uN+ pCR 5y DFS 5y OS 5y LR PREOP RT 363 89% 68% 3% 56% 66% 16.5% PREOP CRT 370 89% 67% 11% p<.05 59% p: n.s 67% p: n.s 8% p=0.0016 733 pts PREOPERATIVE CHEMORADIATION INDUCES SIGNIFICANTLY BETTER LOCAL CONTROL THAN PREOPERATIVE RADIATION ALONE , WITHOUT ANY EFFECT ON OVERALL SURVIVAL
  • 26. Short vs Long RT course 5 x 5 Gy 28 x 1.8 Gy • Δελ αιιάδεη ην ζηάδην • Καιή αλνρή ζην ρεηξνπξγείν • Υακειό θόζηνο • Πεξηζζόηεξε κείωζε όγθνπ,pCR • Εμαηξεηηθή ζπκκόξθωζε • Ληγόηεξε ρξόληα ηνμηθόηεηα (;) • Αλακέλεηαη > 66 % κείωζε Σ.Τ. • Αλακέλεηαη > 80 % κείωζε Σ.Τ. Η Berlin Cancer Society ζηηο κέξεο καο ζρεδίαζε κηα κειέηε γηα λα ζπγθξίλεη ηελ κηθξήο δηάξθεηαο ΑΘ κόλν κε ηελ καθξάο δηάξθεηαο ΑΘ ζπλδηαζκέλε κε Υεκεηνζεξαπεία
  • 27. Η ςημειξακτιμξθεοαπεία είμαι καλύτεοη σαμ εισαγωγική ή σαμ επικξροική; ΑΚΘ + ΥΜΘ Υεηξ. Υεηξ. έλαληη ΑΚΘ + ΥΜΘ ΢το ερώτημα αστό προσπάθησαν να απαντήσοσν 3 μελέτες: • NSABP R-03 – Low Accrual • INT-0147 – Low Accrual • German Trial – CAO/ARO/AIO-94 Results presented ASTRO – Oct. 2003
  • 28. Rectal Cancer ASTRO ‘03 The German pre-op vs. post-op trial T3Nx Rectal R A N D O M I Z A T I O N 50.4 Gy CI 5-FU Surgery Surgery 50.4 Gy CI 5-FU 5-FU x 4 5-FU x 4
  • 29. Randomized Phase III Trial of Preoperative vs Postoperative Conventional Fractionation Chemoradiation for Resectable Rectal Cancer THE GERMAN RECTAL CANCER STUDY GROUP, 2004 ARM No. PTS DFS at 5 y OS at 5 y DM at 5 y LR at 5 y PREOP CRT 405 68% 76% 36% 6% POSTOP CRT 394 65% 74% P=n.s P=n.s 38% P=n.s 13% P=0.006 823 pts PREOPERATIVE CHEMORADIATION INDUCES SIGNIFICANTLY BETTER LOCAL CONTROL THAN POSTOPERATIVE CHEMORADIATION, WITHOUT ANY EFFECT ON OVERALL SURVIVAL
  • 30. CAO/ARO/AIO-94 Trial: Results pCR (%) Acute GI Late G 3/4 GI Toxicity G 3/4 (%) Toxicity (%) Sph Preserv Rate (%) Preop Tx (405 Pts) 8* 12 * 13* 39* Postop Tx (392 Pts) 0 18 27 19
  • 31. Η ςημειξακτιμξθεοαπεία είμαι καλύτεοη σαμ εισαγωγική ή σαμ επικξροική; • Η εηζαγωγηθή ρεκεηναθηηλνζεξαπεία ππεξέρεη ηεο επηθνπξηθήο ρεκεηναθηηλνζεξαπείαο ωο πξνο • ηελ κείωζε ηωλ ηνπηθώλ ππνηξνπώλ θαη • ηελ κεηωκέλε ηνμηθόηεηα. • Δελ ππήξμε δηαθνξά ζηελ επηβίωζε. Since 2004, the standard of care for patients with cT3-4 and/or N+ rectal cancer
  • 32. ΜΕΙΟΝΕΚΣΗΜΑΣΑ ΠΡΟΕΓΥΕΙΡΗΣΙΚΗ΢ ΘΕΡΑΠΕΙΑ΢  Τπεξζεξαπεία ζε αξρηθά ζηάδηα  Τπνζεξαπεία ζε κε αληρλεύζηκε κεηαζηαηηθή λόζν  ΢ηεξίδεηαη ζε θιηληθή ζηαδηνπνίεζε θαη όρη παζνινγναλαηνκηθή  Απώιεηα ηεο αξρηθήο παζνινγναλαηνκηθήο θαηάζηαζεο ηεο λόζνπ
  • 33. • 188 αζζελείο 5-Fu/RT + S MSKCC • cT3N0 • 22 % είρε N+ ζην ρεηξνπξγείν • T3N0 → Δικαιολογημένη η θεραπεία
  • 34. Capecitabine vs 5-FU Hofheinz R et al. Proc ASCO 2011;Abstract 3504. phase III MARGIT trial Capecitabine (Cape) versus 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU)–Based (Neo)Adjuvant Chemoradiotherapy (CRT) for Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer (LARC): Long-Term Results of a Randomized, Phase III Trial
  • 35. Study Design Arm A Chemoradiotherapy 50.4 Gy + Cape 1,650 mg/m² days 1 – 38 plus 5 cycles of Cape 2,500 mg/m² d 1 – 14, rep. d 22 S I: 2 x Cape  CRT  3 x Cape S II: CRT  TME surgery (4 – 6 weeks after CRT)  Cape x 5 Arm B Chemoradiotherapy 50.4 Gy + 5-FU 225 mg/m² c.i. daily [S I] or 5-FU 1,000 mg/m² c.i. d 1 – 5 and 29 – 33 [S II] plus 4 cycles of bolus 5-FU 500mg/m² d 1 – 5, rep. d 29 S I: 2 x 5-FU  CRT  2 x 5-FU S II: CRT  TME surgery (4 – 6 weeks after CRT)  5-FU x 4
  • 36. RESULTS Cape 5 Yr DFS 5FU p-value 67.8% 54.1% P=0.035 P<0.001 (non-inferiority) 5 Yr OS 75.7% 66.6% Distant Mets (%) 18.9% 27.7% P=0.0367 Local Recurrence (%) 6.1% 7.2% p = 0.7795
  • 37. TOXICITY Capecitabine 5-FU n = 197 p-value n = 195 Total1 1/2 3/4 Total 1/2 3/4 Hemoglobin 62 58 – 52 49 2 0.32 Leukocytes 50 47 3 68 50 16 0.047 Platelets 23 23 – 32 29 1 0.19 GGT 5 5 – 7 6 – 0.57 Bilirubin 8 6 1 2 1 1 0.10 1 CTC-grade 2 is missing in some pts. p-value resulted from Chi-Square test comparing the total number of events between both treatment arms.
  • 38. TOXICITY Capecitabine 5-FU n = 197 p-value n = 195 Total 1/2 3/4 Total 1/2 3/4 Nausea 36 33 2 32 30 – 0.69 Vomiting 14 11 1 9 8 1 0.39 Diarrhea 104 83 17 85 76 4 0.07 Mucositis 12 11 1 17 15 2 0.34 Stomatitis 8 8 – 12 11 – 0.37 Abdominal pain 23 19 1 14 11 – 0.17 Proctitis 31 26 1 10 9 1 < 0.001 1 2 CTC-grade is missing in some pts. p-value resulted from Chi-Square test comparing the total number of events between both treatment arms.
  • 39. TOXICITY Capecitabine 5-FU n = 197 n = 195 p-value Total 1/2 3/4 Total 1/2 3/4 Fatigue 55 50 – 29 27 2 0.002 Anorexia 13 13 – 6 5 1 0.16 Alopecia 4 4 – 11 10 – 0.07 Hand-foot skin reaction 62 56 4 3 3 – < 0.001 Radiation dermatitis 29 22 2 35 32 1 0.41 Thrombosis / Embolism 10 2 7 11 5 2 0.83 1 CTC-grade 2 is missing in some pts. p-value resulted from Chi-Square test comparing the total number of events between both treatment arms.
  • 40. Author’s Conclusions Both treatment regimens were well tolerated. Cape patients had more all grade HFS, proctitis, diarrhea and fatigue, while alopecia and leukopenia were more frequently observed with 5-FU. In the neo-adjuvant stratum Cape led by trend to improved downstaging and a numerical higher rate of pCR. Cape was non-inferior to 5-FU regarding 5-year survival. Exploratory test for superiority was borderline significant. 3-year DFS was significantly better with Cape. HFS indicated superior 3-year DFS and 5-year OS. Capecitabine may replace 5-FU in the perioperative treatment of locally advanced rectal cancer.
  • 41. Μετά τημ εισαγωγική ςημειξακτιμξθεοαπεία και τξ ςειοξρογείξ, ςοειάζεται και επικξροική ςημειξθεοαπεία; ΥΜΘ + ΑΚΘ ΥΕΙΡ. έλαληη ΥΜΘ + ΑΚΘ ΥΕΙΡ. ΥΜΘ • Τπάξρνπλ αλαδξνκηθέο κειέηεο πνπ ππνδεηθλύνπλ όθεινο. • Δελ ππάξρνπλ πξννπηηθέο ηπραηνπνηεκέλεο κειέηεο. • Οη πεξηζζόηεξνη νγθνιόγνη, όκωο, ηελ ππνζηεξίδνπλ, εηδηθά γηα ηνπο αζζελείο κε ζεηηθνύο ιεκθαδέλεο.
  • 43.
  • 47. chemoradiation in rectal cancer recommended regimen
  • 49. Summary of Randomized Trials Are rectal tumors downstaged (pCR) with neoadjuvant CRT? FFCD 9203 Trial: YES (11.4% CRT v. 3.6% RT; p<0.0001) Polish Trial: YES (16.1% CRT v. 0.7% RT; p<0.001) EORTC 22921 Trial: YES (13.7% CRT v. 5.3%; p<0.001) German Trial: YES (8% Preop CRT v. 0% Postop CRT) All Studies Show ↑pCR with CRT Does neoadjuvant CRT ↑ rate of sphincter-sparing surgeries? FFCD 9203 Trial: NO Polish Trial: NO EORTC 22921 Trial: NO German Trial: NO (Preop vs Postop CRT) No. But, in German Trial those Determined to need AR prior To randomization had ↑ rates of Sphincter-preservation with CRT Preoperatively.
  • 50. Impact of pComplete Response Kalady et al. Ann Surg 2009;250: 582–589 50 50
  • 51. Newer drugs in chemo-radiation of rectal cancer • Capecitabine (―Oral 5-FU‖) – Thymidylate synthetase inhibition • Irinotecan – Topoisomerase I inhibition • Oxaliplatin – Inter/intra-strand DNA crosslinks • Anti-EGFR: Cetuximab(Erbitux), Gefitinib(Iressa), Erlotinib(Tarceva) • Anti-VEGF: Bevacizumab(Avastin)
  • 52. Newer drugs in chemo-radiation of rectal cancer ACCORD 12 45 Gy + 5-FU 50 Gy + capécitabine + oxaliplatin STAR-01 50,4 Gy + 5-FU 50,4 Gy + 5-FU + oxaliplatin NSABP R-04 50,4 Gy + 5-FU or capécitabine 50,4 Gy + 5-FU or capécitabine + oxali CAO/ARO/AIO 05 50,4 Gy + 5-FU 50,4 Gy + 5-FU + oxaliplatin
  • 53. CONCLUSIONS • Addition of oxaliplatin did not improve outcomes and added significant toxicity • Longer follow up will be needed to assess localregional tumor relapse, DFS and OS Roh MS et al. Proc ASCO 2011;Abstract 3503.
  • 54. Outcomes of Stage II/III Rectal Cancer  Low Locoregional relapse rates: 6-8% However, 50-70% with LRR also have Distant Relapse  Poor Disease Free Survival Rates: 5-Year DFS in modern trials: 56-74%  DISTANT RELAPSE is the major issue
  • 55. Current Questions in Rectal Cancer: HOW CAN WE REDUCE DISTANT RELPASE?  Give systemic therapy BEFORE radiation?    Better systemic therapy WITH radiation?    Will this increase % patients treated and dose intensity? Get the chemotherapy in earlier STAR, ACCORD , R04 negative so far Many phase II trials, pending Give oxaliplatin Post-Operatively – PETTAC pending, many already do this
  • 56. INDUCTION CHEMOTHERAPY EXPERT-C Patients with MRI defined poor-risk rectal cancer D1 D1 D22 D22 …x4 …x4 T M E R D1 D22 D1 D22 …x4 Phase II n=164 Oxa: 130 mg/m2/d …x4 Cape: 1650 mg/m2/d RT:45 Gy+ 9Gy boost Cape: 2000 mg/m2/d Cetuximab: 400 mg/m2 D1 than 250 mg/m2 weekly Oxa: 130 mg/m2/d Cape: 2000 mg/m2/d
  • 58. Απόθξαμε εληέξνπ Αθξάηεηα Μαιαθά θόπξαλα – αέξηα ΢εμνπαιηθή δπζιεηηνπξγία Παξελέξγεηεο νπξνπνηεηηθνύ Δεπηεξνγελείο θαξθίλνη Μείωζε QoL
  • 60. Toxicity Chemoradiotherapy is more toxic than radiotherapy alone To reduce toxicity:  Preoperative rather than post op  Radiation volume  Radiation techniques
  • 61. 3-D Conformal RT ΢πλνιηθή δόζε 50.4 Gy ζε 28 ζπλεδξίεο • 45 Gy ζηελ πύειν ζε 25 ζπλεδξίεο πξελήο - 3 πεδία • 5.4 boost ζηνλ όγθν/κεζννξζό ζε 3 ζπλεδξίεο πιάγηα πεδία ή 3 πεδία • θεθαιέο κεξηαίωλ, ιεπηό έληεξν ≤ 45 Gy
  • 62.
  • 63.
  • 64. T4 Rectal Cancer: 4 Fields M. Mohiuddin 2006
  • 65. 3DCRT vs IMRT 5040 cGy 5040 cGy
  • 66. Σςέζη δόζηπ – ξνείαπ ηξνικόηηηαπ λεπηξύ εμηέοξρ V15 (cm3) # Pts < 150 G0-2 G3 20 100% 0% 150-299 20 70% 30% ≥ 300 20 30% 70%
  • 67. ΟΥΙ ΑΚΘ Neoadjuvant FOLFOX with Bevacizumab but without Pelvic Radiation for Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer Schrag D et al. Proc ASCO 2010;Abstract 3511.
  • 68. Investigator comment on the results of a study of neoadjuvant FOLFOX/bevacizumab without radiation therapy for locally advanced rectal cancer The standard treatment approach for most patients with locally advanced rectal cancer is neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy. Most acknowledge that radiation therapy is probably the more toxic component of this treatment, particularly the long-term side effects. I have patients who have radiation proctitis, which is nasty and leads to pain, constant diarrhea and sphincter dysfunction. It would be a paradigm shift if we could utilize highly active systemic therapy without radiation therapy. Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center had two interesting pilot studies — one with FOLFOX with bevacizumab and one with FOLFOX alone — and in their series, they had an approximately 30 percent pathologic complete response rate for patients with mid- or higherrectum adenocarcinomas without radiation therapy, which is as good as it gets when you talk about These data suggest that appropriately selected patients with locally advanced rectal cancer may forego pelvic XRT without adversely affecting R0 resection and pathologic CR rates. Based on these preliminary results, a cooperative group study is planned to examine neoadjuvant FOLFOX without XRT in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer. Schrag D et al. Proc ASCO 2010;Abstract 3511.
  • 69. Σξπική εναίοεση(LE) αμτί TEM Trial GRECCAR 2 (phase III)
  • 70.

Editor's Notes

  1. Στην εποχή πριν από την υιοθέτηση της ολικής εκτομής του μεσορθού (Total Mesorectal Excision – TME), η χειρουργική επέμβαση ως μοναδική θεραπεία, για αδενοκαρκινώματα ορθού που διαπερνούσαν το τοίχωμα του εντέρου ή για νόσο με θετικούς λεμφαδένες, συνδέθηκε με υψηλά ποσοστά αποτυχίας της τοπικής νόσου σε ποσοστό μέχρι 50%. [6-8] Τα φτωχά αυτά αποτελέσματα ήταν η αιτία γιά την μεγάλη προσπάθεια που έγινε από την ιατρική κοινότητα προκειμένου να βρεθούν στρατηγικές θεραπείας που θα έδιναν καλύτερα αποτελέσματα μετά την εγχείρηση.
  2. Η πρώτη μελέτηδιεξήχθη από την Ομάδα Μελέτης Όγκων του Γαστρεντερικού (GITSG 7175), the Gastrointestinal Study Group (που τυχαιοποίησε ασθενείς σε ομάδα χειρουργικής επέμβασης μόνο, έναντι ομάδας με semustine και 5-φθοριοουρακίλη (5-FU), έναντι ομάδας με ΑΘ στην πύελο μόνο κι έναντι ομάδας Χημειο-Ακτινοθεραπείας. [11]. Το σκέλος της συνδυασμένης θεραπείας με χημειοακτινοθεραπεία παρουσίασε σημαντική βελτίωση στον τοπικό έλεγχο και την επιβίωση. [12] ερευνητές στη Mayo Clinic συνέκριναν την μετεγχειρητική ΑΘ μόνον με την μετεγχειρητική χημειοακτινοθεραπεία με semustine και 5-FU στο πρωτόκολλο NCCTG 794751.[13] Με πάνω από 7 χρόνια μέση παρακολούθηση, υπήρξε 34% μείωση της επανεμφάνισης του όγκου (P = .002) και κατά 36% μείωση στους θανάτους που σχετίζονται με τον καρκίνο (P = .007), στο σκέλος της Χημειοακτινοθεραπείας. Μόλις εδραιώθηκε η συνδυασμένη θεραπεία ως θεραπεία εκλογής, σχεδιάστηκαν μελέτες προκειμένου να καθορίσουν τα αποτελεσματικότερα χημειοθεραπευτικά φάρμακα. Η ομάδα Mayo/NCCTGThe North Central Cancer Treatment Group σε μελέτες της έδειξε ότι η semustine δεν είναι καλύτερη του 5-FU όσον αφορά τον τοπικό έλεγχο ή την επιβίωση και έτσι η semustine εγκαταλείφθηκε. Επιπλέον, η μελέτη έδειξε ότι η συνεχής έγχυση 5-FU ήταν ανώτερη της bolus χορήγησης 5-FU όταν χορηγείται ταυτόχρονα με ΑΘ στην πύελο, με σημαντική αύξηση του χρόνου για υποτροπή (P = .01) και με βελτίωση της επιβίωσης (P = .005).Στη μελέτη NSABP R-01 National Surgical Adjuvant breast bowel project πάνω απο 500 ασθενείς τυχαιοποιήθηκαν σε ένα απο τα τρία παρακάτω σκέλη : χειρουργική επέμβαση μόνο, μετεγχειρητική ΑΘ μόνο, ή μετεγχειρητική χημειοθεραπεία με semustine/vincristine/5-FU. [15] Μετά από 5 χρόνια παρακολούθησης, τα αποτελέσματα έδειξαν ότι η ΑΘ μόνο, μειώνει την τοπικοπεριοχική υποτροπή σε σχέση με τη χειρουργική επέμβαση (25% έναντι 16%, P = .06), αλλά δεν υπήρχε στατιστικά σημαντική βελτίωση στην επιβίωση.
  3. Το 1990, το NCI εξέδωσε consensus conference statement δηλώνοντας ότι η συνδυασμένη θεραπεία είναι the new standard of care σε αυτή την ομάδα ασθενών.[14]Στηριχθηκε στις παρακατω 3 τυχαιοποιημενες μελετες
  4. Σε μια μελέτη από τη Fédération Francophone de Cancérologie Digestive (FFCD 9203), οι ασθενείς με ψηλαφητούς T3 / 4 όγκους τυχαιοποιήθηκαν να υποβληθούν σε 45 Gy προεγχειρητικής ΑΘ μόνο έναντι 45 Gy σε συνδυασμό με 5-FU 350 mg / m 2 για 5 ημέρες, με λευκοβορίνη 20 mg/m2 κατά τη διάρκεια της πρώτης και της πέμπτης εβδομάδας.[33] Και τα δύο σκέλη υποβλήθηκαν σε χειρουργική επέμβαση 3 έως 10 εβδομάδες αργότερα ενώ μετέπειτα ακολούθησε και επικουρική χημειοθεραπεία. Από τους 733 ασθενείς που συμμετείχαν, οξεία τοξικότητα βαθμού 3 ή 4 ήταν πιο συχνή στη συνδυασμένη θεραπεία (14,6% έναντι 2,7%, P &lt;.05), αλλά οι ασθενείς είχαν υψηλότερα ποσοστά πλήρων ανταποκρίσεων (11,4% έναντι 3,6%, P &lt;.05) και χαμηλότερο ποσοστό τοπικής υποτροπής στα 5 χρόνια (8,1% έναντι 16,5%, P &lt;.05). Δεν υπήρχαν σημαντικές διαφορές στη διατήρηση του σφιγκτήρα ή τη συνολική επιβίωση
  5. Διάφορες μελέτες τα τελευταία χρόνια έχουν δείξει ότι με την μακράς διάρκειας προεγχειρητική ΑΘ μαζί με την Χημειοθεραπεία βελτιώνεται σημαντικά ο τοπικός έλεγχος, η συρρίκνωση του όγκου , και η υποσταδιοποίηση της νόσου σε σχέση με την ΑΘ μόνο. Η Berlin Cancer Societyστις μέρες μας σχεδίασε μια μελέτη για να συγκρίνει την μικρής διάρκειας ΑΘ μόνο με την μακράς διάρκειας ΑΘ συνδιασμένη με Χημειοθεραπεία. [37] Πιο συγκεκριμένα θα συγκρίνει 25 Gy σε 5 συνεδρίες ακολουθούμενες σε 5 ημέρες από TME vs 50,4 Gy μαζί με συνεχή έγχυση 5-FU συν TME 4 έως 6 εβδομάδες αργότερα.
  6. Η Γερμανική ομάδα μελέτης του καρκίνου του ορθού επιβεβαίωσε την αποτελεσματικότητα της προεγχειρητικά συνδυασμένης θεραπείας σε σύγκριση με την παραδοσιακή μετεγχειρητική συμπληρωματική θεραπεία. [32] Στην CAO/ARO/AIO-94 μελέτη, 823 ασθενείς τυχαιοποιήθηκαν να λάβουν είτε 50.4 Gy στην πύελο με συνεχή έγχυση 5-FU κατά την 1 και 5 εβδομάδα προεγχειρητικά ή ουσιαστικά το ίδιο σχήμα μετά την εγχείρηση με εξαίρεση μια συμπληρωματική δόση 5,4 Gy (boost) στην κοίτη του όγκου. Παρόλο που δεν υπήρχε διαφορά στην 5-ετή συνολική επιβίωση μεταξύ των δύο ομάδων (76% στην προεγχειρητική ομάδα vs 74% στην μετεγχειρητική ομάδα, P = .80), εν τούτοις υπήρξε μια στατιστικά σημαντική βελτίωση στις τοπικές υποτροπές στα 5 χρόνια ( από 13% στην μετεγχειρητική ομάδα στο 6% στην προεγχειρητική ομάδα
  7. ). Η Προεγχειρητική θεραπεία όχι μόνο ήταν πιο αποτελεσματική, αλλά επίσης συσχετίστηκε με σημαντικά χαμηλότερα ποσοστά οξείας τοξικότητας (27% έναντι 40%, P = .001) και απώτερης τοξικότητας (14% έναντι 24%, P = .01). Το ποσοστό των παθολογοανατομικών πλήρων ανταποκρίσεων (pCR) σε αυτή τη μελέτη ήταν 8%, με ένα βελτιωμένο ποσοστό διατήρησης του σφιγκτήρα στο υποσύνολο των ασθενών εκείνων που κρίνεται από τον χειρουργό κατά την αρχική εξέταση ότι θα χρειασθεί Κοιλιοπερινεική εκτομή για χειρουργική εξάλειψή της νόσου (39% έναντι 19%, P = .004). Συνολικά, ωστόσο, δεν υπήρξε σημαντική διαφορά στη διατήρηση του σφιγκτήρα με την προεγχειρητική προσέγγιση
  8. Πολλοί ερευνητές θέτουν το ερώτημα αν όλοι οι ασθενείς με προεγχειρητικό στάδιο T3N0 ή Τ1-2N1 καρκίνου ορθού (με βάση τον διορθρικό υπέρηχο) θα πρέπει να λαμβάνουν προεγχειρητική συνδιασμένη θεραπεία. Στη γερμανική μελέτη CAO/ARO/AIO-94, το 18% των ασθενών στο σκέλος της μετεγχειρητικής θεραπείας σταδιοποιημένων αρχικά με διορθρικό υπέρηχο ως T3 or N+ βρέθηκαν να έχουν παθολογοανατομική T1-2N0 νόσο.[32] Ο Guillem et al [40] αξιολόγησε 188 ασθενείς με νόσο T3N0 εντός 12 εκ από το πρωκτικό δακτύλιο που δέχθηκαν θεραπεία στο MSKCC προεγχειρητικά με 5-FU -ακτινοθεραπεία. Οι συγγραφείς ανέφεραν ότι, παρά την προεγχειρητική θεραπεία, το 22% των ασθενών είχαν διηθημένους λεμφαδένες, καταλήγοντας στο συμπέρασμα ότι η υπερθεραπεία σε αυτόν τον πληθυσμό εξακολουθεί να είναι δικαιολογημένη. Ο Kachnic et al [41] πρότειναν ότι οι ασθενείς με νόσο T3N0 να λαμβάνουν ΑΘ προεγχειρητική μικρής διάρκειας, έτσι ώστε το όφελος του τοπικού ελέγχου να διατηρείται. Και αν αυτοί οι ασθενείς τελικά βρεθούν να έχουν θετικούς λεμφαδένες, μπορούν να λάβουν ακόμη μετεγχειρητική χημειοθεραπεία.