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Role of stress in English to
become a powerful
communicator

           Presented by:
      Naushaba Naureen Roll#2
         Nida Iqbal Roll#21
Overview:

  Definition and role of stress in
  English language.
  Nature of stress
  Presentation of stressed syllables
  Production and perception of
  stressed syllables
  What makes a syllable prominent
1-loudness2-length3-pitch4-quality
Types of stress
Which words are stressed and which are
not
Levels of stress
Placement of stress levels with in the word
Strong and weak syllables
Stress in two syllable words
Stress in three syllable words
conclusion
Introduction
 Stress is an important feature of English
 pronunciation and to become a powerful
 communicator of English one needs
 proficiency while using different stress
 patterns in his communication.
 In the field of trade and commerce, travel
 and tourism,banking,administration,aviation
 and above all education, English has
 become necessary for everyday affairs of
 modern world,
.
    The desire to learn English is not very new and it
    is constantly growing by the day.
    It is so because the spoken English has assumed
    a far greater role than it did ever before.
    T.v and telephone has become an important
    means of business and non business transaction.
    Many more people go on international tours and
    participate in international seminars and
    conferences.
    Telephone interviews for selection of lucrative
    posts also need listening and spoken proficiency.
Why stress is crucial in English

 Stress is crucial in English
 pronunciation. It can be called a
 grammatical device in English.
 A part of the meanings of a word
 depends on stress. it serves to mark
 the function of words in spoken
 English.
Why students are weak in using
stress
 Most of our students learn English
 grammar from books.
 That’s why their sense of stress
 remains undeveloped.
 this should be kept in mind that
 English words are pronounced with
 one dominant syllable while the other
 syllables tend to get squashed and
 reduced.
What is Stress?

 Stress is the degree of force with
  which a syllable or a word is uttered.
 It is also defined as the degree of
  prominence a syllable has.
 Words with more than one syllables
  have a stressed syllable. In /teibl/ first
  syllable is prominent.
 In committee and recommend second
  syllable is stressed.
Nature of stress

 Nature of stress is simple enough
 that everyone can understand that
 words like father,open,camera,have
 first syllables as stressed.
 In potato.apartment,relation middle
 syllable is stressed,whereas in about
 receive and perhaps final syllable is
 stressed.
Presentation of stressed syllables

 A stressed syllable is denoted by
 placing a vertical line(‘) high up just
 before the stressed syllable. receive
 will be transcribed as /ri’si:v/
 Relation,potato,about camera are
 some examples to show stress in
 transcription.
Production and perception of
stressed syllables
 Production of the stressed or
 unstressed syllables depends mainly
 on the speaker.
 While producing stressed syllables
 muscles that are used to expel the air
 from the lungs are often more active.
 From perceptual point of view all
 stressed syllables have a common
 characteristic of prominence.
What makes a syllable prominent?
 1-Loudness Many people seem to feel that
 stressed syllables are louder than unstressed.
 Loudness is a component of prominence. take
 example of a non sense word,(ba:ba:ba:ba)
 2-Length: the length of a syllable has an important
 part to play in prominence. If one syllable is made
 longer, it will be heard as stressed.
 3-Pitch:Every voiced syllable is said on some high
 pitch it will produce an effect of prominence.
 4-quality:A syllable will become prominent if it
 contains a vowel,different in quality. we can look
 on stressed syllables as occurring against a
 background of weak syllables,I,u,ә.
.

    Examples
    Crazy /’kreizi/
    Book /’buk/
    Near   /’niә/
Types of stress
 1-word stress :It shows that what syllable in a word
 is stressed e.g. useful, is stressed on the first
 syllable, advantageous has a primary stress on
 first and secondary stress on third syllable.
 2-Sentence stress: It shows what words in a
 sentence are stressed.
 examples:
 1-’Take a ‘book out of the ‘bag.
 2-’Where are you ‘going?
 3-It’s a ‘door.
 4-’Bring me a ‘pencil.
 5-’When will she ‘go?
Which words are stressed and
which are not
Stressed words       Unstressed words

Nouns                Pronouns

Demonstartive+interro Prepositions
gative pronouns
Main verbs            Conjunctions

Adjectives           Helping verbs

adverbs
Examples

 1-Her complexion is ‘fair .(Adjective)
 2-’Who is there? (Interrogative)
 3-I ‘went to ‘Multan. (main verbs)
 4-‘Naila is a good ‘girl. (noun)
 5-’John went there ‘quickly.
 (adjective)
Rules of word stress
 Stress on words in English is not tied to
 any particular syllable for the entire
 vocabulary. Stress pattern of the each
 word in English has to be learnt
 individually. There are certain groups of
 words which follow some regular stress
 pattern that allow so few exceptions that
 they may be regarded as the rules of word
 stress. These rules are based on the kinds
 of prefixes and suffixes or word endings.
1-Rules related to prefixes
 Many of the prefixes do not have any
 regular or predictable effect on the location
 of word stress. The few that do are
 discussed below.
 1-Prefix re
 This prefix behaves in two different ways.
 A-It carries the secondary stress when it
 adds the sense of again to the word to
 which it is prefixed. In such situation it is
 pronounced as /ri:/
 Examples:rewrite,revisite,reissue
.
    B-re remains unstressed when it does not
    stand for again. Also in this case it is
    pronounced /ri/
    Examples:repair,remember,reduce.
    2-Prefixes,il ,im, in and un are employed to
    form the opposites of words to which they
    are attatched.Their effect on word stress
    can best be studied by examining the
    following examples closely in respect of
    primary and secondary stress.
.
           A                     B
    il’legal      ,ille’gitimate
    il’literate   ,ille’gality
    im’movable    ,Imma’ture
    im’modest     ,imma’terial
    in’accurate   ,incon’sistent
    ir,regular    ,irre’spective
    un’able       ,una’voidable
Rules related to suffixes and word
endings
  There are two types of suffixes
  1-Inflexional suffixes
  2-derivational suffixes
  1- In flexional suffixes
  These are those suffixes
 when attached to words do not change
  their part of speech or grammatical status
 when attached to some word no other
  suffix can be added.
 Such suffixes do not affect the stress of
  words.
.Examples
words        after adding In
            flexional suffix
‘Picture    ‘Pictures
‘Table      ‘Tables
‘Simple     ‘Simpler
‘Enter      ‘Entering
‘Play       ‘Played
‘heavy      ‘Heavier
2-derivational suffixes
 Derivational suffixes are those which
 we use to derive new words.
They may or may not change the part
 of speech of the word to which they
 are attached
Some times it is possible to add more
 suffixes.
Some derivational suffixes do not
 affect the stress while others do.
Derivational suffixes that do not
affect the stress
  Examples
        words     After
                  adding the
                  suffix
        ‘Person   ‘Personage
        ‘Hermit   ‘Hermitage
        ‘Differ   ‘Difference
        ‘utter    ‘utterance
Derivational suffixes that bring
change in stress
 Examples   Millio’nair   Addres’see



            Cava’lier     Tru’stee



            Engi’neer     Ru’pee
Levels of stress.
 1-primary level
 2-secondary level
 3-tertiary level (unnecessary degree of
 complexity)
 Primary stress is represented with a high
 mark and secondary stress with a low
 mark. However this is worth noting that
 unstressed syllables containing
 schaw,i,u,or a syllabic consonant will
 sound less prominent.
.
    In English most of the words have only one
    stressed syllable, fairly long words or those
    containing certain prefixes, such as re and
    some compound words may have two
    stressed syllables.
    Examples:understand, revisit,
    recommend ,inability.
    In such cases one of the syllables has the
    main or primary stress and other the
    secondary stress. Primary stressed is
    marked with a high mark and secondary
    with a low mark.
Examples
word           Syllable   Syllable
               having     having
               primary    secondary
               stress     stress
Examination     nei        zæ
Possibility    bi         P∂

Rewind         waind       ri:
Revisit        vi          ri:
Inability      bi         in
organization   zei        ):
Functional stress
 There are a number of two syllable
 words which function both as noun or
 adjective and verbs.
 For example conduct, convict etc.
 These words have stress on first
 syllable when they are used as noun
 or adjective.
 and stress occurs on the second
 syllable when they are used as verbs.
Examples
 1-Her ‘conduct is good.               (noun)
 She con’ducts herself well.          (verb)
 2-What is our ‘import policy.         (adjective)
 We im’port this item from USA         (verb)
 3-He was ‘present here yesterday . (adjective)
 Please pre’sent your case .          (verb)
 4-Tell me the ‘object of your case. (noun)
 I ob’ject to your ideas.            (verb)
 5-What are your ‘subjects of study? (noun)
 He was sub’jected to torture.       (verb)
Various stress patterns
 Stress in English
 words varies from
 word to word. In
 some words stress
 falls on first
 syllable, while in
 other words it falls
 on the second third
 or fourth syllable.
Words stressed on first syllable
Two syllable   Three syllable Longer words
words          words
‘husband       ‘Literature    ‘aristocrat
‘stomach       ‘Character    ‘benefactor
‘dozen         ‘Advertise    ‘comprehensi
                             on
‘stupid        ‘Industry     ‘melancholy
‘splendid      ‘Atmosphere   ‘pomegranate
Words stressed on second syllable

Two syllable   Three syllable Longer words
words          words
nar’rate       ap’pendix       par’ticipant

bal’loon       ef’’ficient    ri’diculous

be’gin         de’velop       re’sponsible

draw’ee        sa’liva        ap’reciate

ru’pee         an’tenna       rhi’noceros
Words stressed on third syllable
Three syllable Four syllable   Five syllable
words          words           words
guaran’tee     appl’ication
                               irre’proachabl
                               e
ciga’rette     Opp’osition     Irre’sponsible
engi’neer      appa’ratus       satis’factory

corre’spond                    irre’pressible
               corre’sponden
               ce
                               elec’tricity
Words stressed on the fourth
syllable
dedica’tee       Civili’zation



Exami’nation      mechani’zation



Partici’pation    inferi’ority
Rules for placement of stress
 In spite of having some exceptions there
 are some rules.
 1-Whether word is morphologically simple
 or complex (containing one or more affixes)
 or of being a compound word.
 2-What the grammatical category of the
 word is. (noun, verb ,adjectives)
 3-number of the syllables.
 4-Phonological structure of the syllables.
Strong and weak syllables
 Two basic categories of syllables
 1-strong syllables
 2-weak syllables
 Strong syllable: A strong syllable has
 a rhyme which either has a syllable
 peak which is a long vowel or
 diphthong or a vowel followed by a
 coda (one or more consonants). For
 exampledie,heart,bat.
Weak syllables

 Weak syllable has a syllable peak
 which is a short vowel and no coda
 unless the syllable peak is schwa. For
 example re in reduce, be in herbicide,
 pen in open
 One important thing is that only
 strong syllables can be stressed.
 Weak syllables are always
 unstressed.
Stress in two syllable words
 In two syllable words either the first or the
 second syllable will be stressed not the
 both.
 1-verb:
 a: If the second syllable of the verb is a
 strong then this second syllable will be
 stressed. For example
 apply,arrive,assist,attract.
 b:If the final syllable is weak then first
 syllable is stressed. For example
 enter,envy,open,equal.
2-Adjectives:
Same rule will be applied for two syllable
adjectives also. For
example,lovely,divine,even,correct,hollow,a
live.
3-Nouns:Nouns require a different rule. If
the second syllable contains a short vowel
then stress will usually come on the first
syllable otherwise it will be on the second
syllable. For example
money,design,product,larynx,balloon.
4-Adverbs and prepositions:
Adverbs and prepositions seem to
behave like verbs and adjectives.
Three syllable words:
1-verbs:
a-In verbs if the final syllable is strong it will
  be stressed e.g. entertain, resurrect.
b-If the last syllable is weak then it will be
  unstressed and stress will be placed on the
  preceding syllable if that syllable is strong.
  For example encounter, determine.
C-If both the second and third syllables are
  weak then the stress falls on the initial
  syllable e.g. parody.
2-Nouns+3-Adjectives(same rules
of stress)
 a-If the final syllable is weak or ends with
 әu sound then it is unstressed.
 b-If the syllable preceding this final syllable
 is strong then the middle syllable will be
 stressed,potato,disaster synopsis.
 C-If the second and third syllables are both
 weak then the first syllable is stressed like
 quantity,emperor,cinema,custody.
Conclusion
 English pronunciation depends on stress to
 a great deal. In order to become a powerful
 communicator of English we must learn all
 the rules of stress mentioned earlier.
 English is a language that borrowed words
 from 8000 languages of the world. All rules
 regarding the stress patterns of these
 languages are impossible to learn however
 if we learn some basic rules we can
 improve a lot. So learning of stress leads
 us to better communication.
Questions

 What is stress?
 How is a stressed syllable marked in
 transcription?
 Which are the factors to make a
 syllable stressed?
 How many types of stress are there?
 Which words are stressed?
 Which words are unstressed?

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Role of-stress-1223893402637794-8

  • 1. Role of stress in English to become a powerful communicator Presented by: Naushaba Naureen Roll#2 Nida Iqbal Roll#21
  • 2. Overview: Definition and role of stress in English language. Nature of stress Presentation of stressed syllables Production and perception of stressed syllables What makes a syllable prominent 1-loudness2-length3-pitch4-quality
  • 3. Types of stress Which words are stressed and which are not Levels of stress Placement of stress levels with in the word Strong and weak syllables Stress in two syllable words Stress in three syllable words conclusion
  • 4. Introduction Stress is an important feature of English pronunciation and to become a powerful communicator of English one needs proficiency while using different stress patterns in his communication. In the field of trade and commerce, travel and tourism,banking,administration,aviation and above all education, English has become necessary for everyday affairs of modern world,
  • 5. . The desire to learn English is not very new and it is constantly growing by the day. It is so because the spoken English has assumed a far greater role than it did ever before. T.v and telephone has become an important means of business and non business transaction. Many more people go on international tours and participate in international seminars and conferences. Telephone interviews for selection of lucrative posts also need listening and spoken proficiency.
  • 6. Why stress is crucial in English Stress is crucial in English pronunciation. It can be called a grammatical device in English. A part of the meanings of a word depends on stress. it serves to mark the function of words in spoken English.
  • 7. Why students are weak in using stress Most of our students learn English grammar from books. That’s why their sense of stress remains undeveloped. this should be kept in mind that English words are pronounced with one dominant syllable while the other syllables tend to get squashed and reduced.
  • 8. What is Stress?  Stress is the degree of force with which a syllable or a word is uttered.  It is also defined as the degree of prominence a syllable has.  Words with more than one syllables have a stressed syllable. In /teibl/ first syllable is prominent.  In committee and recommend second syllable is stressed.
  • 9. Nature of stress Nature of stress is simple enough that everyone can understand that words like father,open,camera,have first syllables as stressed. In potato.apartment,relation middle syllable is stressed,whereas in about receive and perhaps final syllable is stressed.
  • 10. Presentation of stressed syllables A stressed syllable is denoted by placing a vertical line(‘) high up just before the stressed syllable. receive will be transcribed as /ri’si:v/ Relation,potato,about camera are some examples to show stress in transcription.
  • 11. Production and perception of stressed syllables Production of the stressed or unstressed syllables depends mainly on the speaker. While producing stressed syllables muscles that are used to expel the air from the lungs are often more active. From perceptual point of view all stressed syllables have a common characteristic of prominence.
  • 12. What makes a syllable prominent? 1-Loudness Many people seem to feel that stressed syllables are louder than unstressed. Loudness is a component of prominence. take example of a non sense word,(ba:ba:ba:ba) 2-Length: the length of a syllable has an important part to play in prominence. If one syllable is made longer, it will be heard as stressed. 3-Pitch:Every voiced syllable is said on some high pitch it will produce an effect of prominence. 4-quality:A syllable will become prominent if it contains a vowel,different in quality. we can look on stressed syllables as occurring against a background of weak syllables,I,u,ә.
  • 13. . Examples Crazy /’kreizi/ Book /’buk/ Near /’niә/
  • 14. Types of stress 1-word stress :It shows that what syllable in a word is stressed e.g. useful, is stressed on the first syllable, advantageous has a primary stress on first and secondary stress on third syllable. 2-Sentence stress: It shows what words in a sentence are stressed. examples: 1-’Take a ‘book out of the ‘bag. 2-’Where are you ‘going? 3-It’s a ‘door. 4-’Bring me a ‘pencil. 5-’When will she ‘go?
  • 15. Which words are stressed and which are not Stressed words Unstressed words Nouns Pronouns Demonstartive+interro Prepositions gative pronouns Main verbs Conjunctions Adjectives Helping verbs adverbs
  • 16. Examples 1-Her complexion is ‘fair .(Adjective) 2-’Who is there? (Interrogative) 3-I ‘went to ‘Multan. (main verbs) 4-‘Naila is a good ‘girl. (noun) 5-’John went there ‘quickly. (adjective)
  • 17. Rules of word stress Stress on words in English is not tied to any particular syllable for the entire vocabulary. Stress pattern of the each word in English has to be learnt individually. There are certain groups of words which follow some regular stress pattern that allow so few exceptions that they may be regarded as the rules of word stress. These rules are based on the kinds of prefixes and suffixes or word endings.
  • 18. 1-Rules related to prefixes Many of the prefixes do not have any regular or predictable effect on the location of word stress. The few that do are discussed below. 1-Prefix re This prefix behaves in two different ways. A-It carries the secondary stress when it adds the sense of again to the word to which it is prefixed. In such situation it is pronounced as /ri:/ Examples:rewrite,revisite,reissue
  • 19. . B-re remains unstressed when it does not stand for again. Also in this case it is pronounced /ri/ Examples:repair,remember,reduce. 2-Prefixes,il ,im, in and un are employed to form the opposites of words to which they are attatched.Their effect on word stress can best be studied by examining the following examples closely in respect of primary and secondary stress.
  • 20. . A B il’legal ,ille’gitimate il’literate ,ille’gality im’movable ,Imma’ture im’modest ,imma’terial in’accurate ,incon’sistent ir,regular ,irre’spective un’able ,una’voidable
  • 21. Rules related to suffixes and word endings There are two types of suffixes 1-Inflexional suffixes 2-derivational suffixes 1- In flexional suffixes These are those suffixes  when attached to words do not change their part of speech or grammatical status  when attached to some word no other suffix can be added.  Such suffixes do not affect the stress of words.
  • 22. .Examples words after adding In flexional suffix ‘Picture ‘Pictures ‘Table ‘Tables ‘Simple ‘Simpler ‘Enter ‘Entering ‘Play ‘Played ‘heavy ‘Heavier
  • 23. 2-derivational suffixes Derivational suffixes are those which we use to derive new words. They may or may not change the part of speech of the word to which they are attached Some times it is possible to add more suffixes. Some derivational suffixes do not affect the stress while others do.
  • 24. Derivational suffixes that do not affect the stress Examples words After adding the suffix ‘Person ‘Personage ‘Hermit ‘Hermitage ‘Differ ‘Difference ‘utter ‘utterance
  • 25. Derivational suffixes that bring change in stress Examples Millio’nair Addres’see Cava’lier Tru’stee Engi’neer Ru’pee
  • 26. Levels of stress. 1-primary level 2-secondary level 3-tertiary level (unnecessary degree of complexity) Primary stress is represented with a high mark and secondary stress with a low mark. However this is worth noting that unstressed syllables containing schaw,i,u,or a syllabic consonant will sound less prominent.
  • 27. . In English most of the words have only one stressed syllable, fairly long words or those containing certain prefixes, such as re and some compound words may have two stressed syllables. Examples:understand, revisit, recommend ,inability. In such cases one of the syllables has the main or primary stress and other the secondary stress. Primary stressed is marked with a high mark and secondary with a low mark.
  • 28. Examples word Syllable Syllable having having primary secondary stress stress Examination nei zæ Possibility bi P∂ Rewind waind ri: Revisit vi ri: Inability bi in organization zei ):
  • 29. Functional stress There are a number of two syllable words which function both as noun or adjective and verbs. For example conduct, convict etc. These words have stress on first syllable when they are used as noun or adjective. and stress occurs on the second syllable when they are used as verbs.
  • 30. Examples 1-Her ‘conduct is good. (noun) She con’ducts herself well. (verb) 2-What is our ‘import policy. (adjective) We im’port this item from USA (verb) 3-He was ‘present here yesterday . (adjective) Please pre’sent your case . (verb) 4-Tell me the ‘object of your case. (noun) I ob’ject to your ideas. (verb) 5-What are your ‘subjects of study? (noun) He was sub’jected to torture. (verb)
  • 31. Various stress patterns Stress in English words varies from word to word. In some words stress falls on first syllable, while in other words it falls on the second third or fourth syllable.
  • 32. Words stressed on first syllable Two syllable Three syllable Longer words words words ‘husband ‘Literature ‘aristocrat ‘stomach ‘Character ‘benefactor ‘dozen ‘Advertise ‘comprehensi on ‘stupid ‘Industry ‘melancholy ‘splendid ‘Atmosphere ‘pomegranate
  • 33. Words stressed on second syllable Two syllable Three syllable Longer words words words nar’rate ap’pendix par’ticipant bal’loon ef’’ficient ri’diculous be’gin de’velop re’sponsible draw’ee sa’liva ap’reciate ru’pee an’tenna rhi’noceros
  • 34. Words stressed on third syllable Three syllable Four syllable Five syllable words words words guaran’tee appl’ication irre’proachabl e ciga’rette Opp’osition Irre’sponsible engi’neer appa’ratus satis’factory corre’spond irre’pressible corre’sponden ce elec’tricity
  • 35. Words stressed on the fourth syllable dedica’tee Civili’zation Exami’nation mechani’zation Partici’pation inferi’ority
  • 36. Rules for placement of stress In spite of having some exceptions there are some rules. 1-Whether word is morphologically simple or complex (containing one or more affixes) or of being a compound word. 2-What the grammatical category of the word is. (noun, verb ,adjectives) 3-number of the syllables. 4-Phonological structure of the syllables.
  • 37. Strong and weak syllables Two basic categories of syllables 1-strong syllables 2-weak syllables Strong syllable: A strong syllable has a rhyme which either has a syllable peak which is a long vowel or diphthong or a vowel followed by a coda (one or more consonants). For exampledie,heart,bat.
  • 38. Weak syllables Weak syllable has a syllable peak which is a short vowel and no coda unless the syllable peak is schwa. For example re in reduce, be in herbicide, pen in open One important thing is that only strong syllables can be stressed. Weak syllables are always unstressed.
  • 39. Stress in two syllable words In two syllable words either the first or the second syllable will be stressed not the both. 1-verb: a: If the second syllable of the verb is a strong then this second syllable will be stressed. For example apply,arrive,assist,attract. b:If the final syllable is weak then first syllable is stressed. For example enter,envy,open,equal.
  • 40. 2-Adjectives: Same rule will be applied for two syllable adjectives also. For example,lovely,divine,even,correct,hollow,a live. 3-Nouns:Nouns require a different rule. If the second syllable contains a short vowel then stress will usually come on the first syllable otherwise it will be on the second syllable. For example money,design,product,larynx,balloon.
  • 41. 4-Adverbs and prepositions: Adverbs and prepositions seem to behave like verbs and adjectives.
  • 42. Three syllable words: 1-verbs: a-In verbs if the final syllable is strong it will be stressed e.g. entertain, resurrect. b-If the last syllable is weak then it will be unstressed and stress will be placed on the preceding syllable if that syllable is strong. For example encounter, determine. C-If both the second and third syllables are weak then the stress falls on the initial syllable e.g. parody.
  • 43. 2-Nouns+3-Adjectives(same rules of stress) a-If the final syllable is weak or ends with әu sound then it is unstressed. b-If the syllable preceding this final syllable is strong then the middle syllable will be stressed,potato,disaster synopsis. C-If the second and third syllables are both weak then the first syllable is stressed like quantity,emperor,cinema,custody.
  • 44. Conclusion English pronunciation depends on stress to a great deal. In order to become a powerful communicator of English we must learn all the rules of stress mentioned earlier. English is a language that borrowed words from 8000 languages of the world. All rules regarding the stress patterns of these languages are impossible to learn however if we learn some basic rules we can improve a lot. So learning of stress leads us to better communication.
  • 45. Questions What is stress? How is a stressed syllable marked in transcription? Which are the factors to make a syllable stressed? How many types of stress are there? Which words are stressed? Which words are unstressed?