Presentation when I done the practical.

1. JABATAN KERJA RAYA
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA CAWANGAN KEJURUTERAAN
MELAKA ELEKTRIK, IPOH
Comparison of LED with
Other Lighting Sources
Prepared by: Siti Norfika bt Khamis (Trainee)
Matrix Number: D011010062
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2. Agenda
o Introduction
o Types of Luminaries
o Luminaries Comparison
o Luminous Efficiency
o Lighting The Used of LED
o Lighting Pollution
o Recommendation
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3. Learning Outcome
 Able to know what is the harm brought by normal
lamp
 Able to differentiate between LED and other lighting
sources
 Able to teach people on the use of efficient energy
sources
3

4. Introduction
Stands for
Light
Emitting Small light sources
Diode that become
illuminated by the
movement of
electron through a
semiconductor
material.
Working principle:
Electroluminescence
1. Directional light
2. Compact Size
3. Breaking and vibration
resistance
4

5. Introduction
Lighting Technology Timeline
1780---Oil Lamp 1910---Neon Lighting
1790---Gas Lamp Tungsten Filament
1800---Platinum Filament 1920---
1810--- 1930---Fluorescent Lamp
1820---Vacuum Tube Lamp 1940---
1840---Arc Lamp 1950---
1850---Bamboo Filament 1960---Light Emitting Diode
1860--- 1970---Compact Fluorescent Lamp
1870---Fluorescent Lamp 1980---
---Electric Light Bulb 1990---White SON
1880---Long Lasting Filament ---Organic LED
1890---Gas Discharge Lamp ---Magnetic Induction Lamp
1900---Mercury Vapor Lamp ---Sulfur Lamp
2000---
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6. Introduction
1901 ~1990 2000 2009
Fluorescent “High Brightness” White LED Lamp Production White
1879 Tube 1919 1970s Red, Orange, demonstrates LED Lamp
Edison Light Sodium First Red Yellow, & Green LEDs Incandescent Exceeds 100 lm/W
Bulb Vapor Lamp LED Efficacy (17 lm/W) 2005
1995 White LED Lamp
“High Brightness” demonstrates
Blue, Green LEDs Fluorescent
Efficacy (70 lm/W)
U.S. 223,898
Monochrome
Calculators and signs
Indicators
Full Color Signs
Solid State Lighting
• Current lighting technology is over 120 years old
• LEDs began as just indicators, but are now poised to
become the most efficient light source ever created
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7. Types of Luminaries
Combustion Incandescent Light Emitting Diode
Arc Lamp Fluorescent Gas Discharge
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8. Luminaries Comparison
Incandescent Lamp
• Produces light by heating a filament wire to a high temperature until it glows.
• The filament is normally made of tungsten because it has a high melting point
which is 3500 degree Celsius.
• The hot filament is protected from oxidation in the air with a glass enclosure that
is filled with inert gas (Argon, Nitrogen) or evacuated.
• Normally the filament is made in coil shape.
• Life period of incandescent lamp can last until 1000 hours .
• The efficiency of incandescent lamp is 12 lumen/watt (depends on lamp shape,
life period and operation voltage).
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9. Luminaries Comparison
Do you know why the filament is
made in coil shape?
• The filament has a compact shape
and arrangement.
• Heat loss can be reduce in current
transfer in gas and give high
capacity.
Incandescent lamp
Energy flow diagram of incandescent lamp 9

10. Luminaries Comparison
Tungsten Halogen Lamp
Features
Efficacy – 18 lumen/watt
Color Temperature – Warm (3000K-3200K)
Lamp Life – 2000-4000 hours
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11. Luminaries Comparison
Advantages
 More compact
 Longer life
 More light
 Whiter light (higher color temperature)
Disadvantages
 Cost more
 Increased IR
 Increased UV
 Handling problem
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12. Luminaries Comparison
Fluorescent Lamp
• Fluorescent lamp are about 3 to 5 times as efficient as
standard incandescent lamps and can last about 10 to 20 times
longer.
• Passing electricity through a gas or metallic vapor will cause
electromagnetic radiation at specific wavelengths according to
the chemical constitution and the gas pressure.
• The fluorescent tube has a low pressure of mercury vapor,
and will emit a small amount of blue/green radiation, but the
majority will be in the UV.
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13. Luminaries Comparison
Fluorescent lamp
Energy flow diagram of fluorescent lamp 13

14. Luminaries Comparison
How do T12, T10, T8, and T5 fluorescent lamps differ?
• These four lamps vary in diameter (ranging from 1.5 inches
that is 12/8 of an inch for T12 to 0.625 or 5/8 of an inch in
diameter for T5 lamps).
• Efficacy is another area that distinguishes one from another.
• T5 & T8 lamps offer a 5-percent increase in efficacy over 40-
watt T12 lamps, and have become the most popular choice for
new installations.
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15. Luminaries Comparison
Features
Halo phosphate
Efficacy – 80 lumens/Watt (HF gear increases this by 10%)
Color Temperature – Any
Lamp Life – 7-15,000 hours
Tri-phosphor
Efficacy – 90 lumens/Watt
Color Temperature – Any
Lamp Life – 7-15,000 hours
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16. Luminaries Comparison
Sodium Vapor Lamp
• Produce yellowish light.
• Work at high pressure or low pressure sodium.
• Neon gas is used to start the discharge, pink light will be
produced.
• The process then is take over by sodium vapor with
increasing the pressure and light will change to yellow in
3-4 minutes.
• This shows that the lamp has been fully discharge.
• The efficiency of this lamp is 75 lumen/watt.
• Normally used in street light with range of 150W, 250W
and 400W for JKR.
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17. Luminaries Comparison
Features
• Efficacy – 50 - 90 lumens/Watt ( better CRI, lower Efficacy)
• Color Temperature – Warm
• Lamp Life – up to 24,000 hours, excellent lumen maintenance
• Warm up – 10 minutes, hot re-strike – within 60 seconds
• Operating sodium at higher pressures and temperatures makes it highly
reactive.
• Contains 1-6 mg sodium and 20 mg mercury
• The gas filling is Xenon. Increasing the amount of gas allows the mercury
to be reduced, but makes the lamp harder to start
• The arc tube is contained in an outer bulb that has a diffusing layer to
reduce glare.
• The higher the pressure, the broader the wavelength band, and the better
CRI, lower efficacy.
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18. Luminaries Comparison
Metal Halide Lamps
• The halides act in a similar manner to the tungsten halogen
cycle.
• As the temperature increases there is disassociation of the
halide compound releasing the metal into the arc.
• The halides prevent the quartz wall getting attacked by the
alkali metals.
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19. Luminaries Comparison
Features
• Efficacy – 80 lumens/Watt
• Color Rendering Index – 1A –2 depends on halide mix
• Color Temperature – 3,000K – 6,000K
• Lamp Life – 6,000 - 20,000 hours, poor lumen maintenance
• Warm-up – 2-3 minutes, hot re-strike 10-20 minutes
• The choice of color, size and rating is greater for MBI than any other lamp
type
• They are a developed version of the two other high intensity discharge
lamps, as they tend to have a better efficacy.
• By adding other metals to the mercury different spectrum can be emitted
• Some MBI lamps use a third electrode for starting, but other, especially the
smaller display lamps, require a high voltage ignition pulse.
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20. Luminaries Comparison
Metal Halide Lamps
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21. Luminaries Comparison
Energy flow for metal halide lamps
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22. Luminaries Comparison
LED Lamps
 LED lighting are viable in any lighting applications and has
prove to have a better energy efficiency than other lamps.
 Costly, but worth for a once life time project.
 Basic components for LED lighting are:
- LEDs
- Driver (power conversion device)
- Control devices (dimming controls, color mixing controls)
- Optics
- Fixture (housing, including heat sink devices, to contain all
components)
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23. Luminaries Comparison
• LED Driver (Power conversion device)
- converts a system voltage (e.g:240V) into power required by
the LED system.
- Delivering proper power to an LED system is crucial to
maintaining correct light levels and life expectancy of the
LEDs.
- The driver also regulates power delivered to the LEDs to
counter any fluctuations in system conditions.
- Drivers also isolate the LED system from the high voltage
system to reduce shock hazards and make a lighting system
safer.
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24. Luminaries Comparison
• LED lamps are the newest addition to the list of energy
efficient light sources in JKR.
• While LED lamps emits visible light in a very narrow spectral
band, they can produce “white light”.
• This is accomplished either a red-blue-green array or
phosphor-coated blue LED lamps.
• LED lamps last 40,000 to 100,000 hours depending on color.
• LED lamps have made their way into numerous lighting
applications including exit signs, traffic signals, under-cabinet
lights, and various decorative applications.
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25. Luminaries Comparison
• The luminous efficacy of LEDs in comparison with other
lamps;
Source Efficacy Life Time
(lumen/watt) (hours)
LED 4.5-150 25,000-30,000
Incandescent 10-30 More than 2,000-4,000
Fluorescent 60-90 More than 7,000
Neon 5-20 More than 12,000
Metal Halide 70-90 6,000- 20,000
High Pressure Sodium 90-125 25,000
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26. Luminaries Comparison
• However, the comparison does not tell the whole story.
Efficiency of the complete system must be considered while
making comparison.
• Colored LED used in applications such as traffic signals and
channel letters can be up to 90% more efficient than neon and
incandescent.
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27. Luminaries Comparison
• It is true that these applications have historically filtered white
light to get a specific color of light, so most of the light is
wasted in the filtering process.
• In traffic signal lights, a red traffic signal head that contains
196 LEDs draws 10W versus its incandescent counterpart that
draws 150W.
• Various estimates of potential energy savings range from 82%
to 93%.
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28. Why LED lighting?
Energy consumption
• Improved night visibility due to higher color rendering,
higher color temperature and increased illuminance
uniformly.
• Longer lifespan.
• Lower energy consumption.
• Reduced maintenance costs.
• Instant-on with no run-up or re-strike delays.
• No mercury, lead or other known disposable hazards.
• Lower environmental footprint.
• An opportunity to implement programmable controls.
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29. Applications of LED Lighting
Residential: Bedroom, Kitchen, Living Room.
Commercial: Restaurant, Retail Store, Office, Stage
Safety: Street/Road, Parking Area, Park, Emergency
Lighting
Health: Hospital, Clinic.
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30. How LED light differ from fluorescent,
incandescent or other source light?
Incandescent bulb create light by passing electricity through
a metal filament until it becomes so hot that it will glows.
Incandescent bulbs release 90% energy as heat.
In a CFL, an electric current is driven through a tube
containing gases. This reaction produces ultraviolet light that
gets transformed into visible light by the fluorescent coating
(called phosphor) on the inside of the tube. A CFL releases
about 80% of its energy as heat.
LED lighting products use light emitting diodes to produce
light very efficiently. The movement of electrons through a
semiconductor material illuminates the tiny light sources we
call LEDs. A small amount of heat is released backwards,
into a heat sink, in a well-designed product; LEDs are
basically cool to the touch. 30

31. Why does lighting has become one of my
concern?
Others include: Refrigeration (3 billion kWh), water heater (2
billion kWh) and cooking (1 billion kWh) 31

32. Lighting Pollution
One teaspoon of mercury can
contaminate a 20 acre lake.
.
Forever.*
Each year, an estimated 600 million fluorescent lamps
are disposed of in U.S. landfills amounting to 30,000
pounds of mercury waste.*
The mercury from one fluorescent bulb can pollute
6,000 gallons of water beyond safe drinking levels.*
* www.lightbulbrecycling.com
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33. Recommendation
Energy Saving Opportunities
1. Use natural daylight
• Natural Light from windows should also be used. However, it
should be well designed to avoid glare. Light shelves can be
used to provide natural light without glare.
2. De-lamping to reduce excess lighting
• De-lamping is an effective method to reduce lighting energy
consumption.
• In some industries, reducing the mounting height of lamps,
providing efficient luminaries and then de-lamping has
ensured that the illuminance is hardly affected.
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34. Recommendation
• De-lamping at empty spaces where active work is not being
performed is also a useful concept.
• De-lamping also can be done by replacing lamp with more
efficient lamp.
3. Replacing electromagnetic ballast with electronic ballast
• Conventional electromagnetic ballasts (chokes) are used to
provide higher voltage to start the tube light and subsequently
limit the current during normal operation.
• The losses in electronic ballasts for tube lights are only about 1
Watt, in place of 10 to 15 Watts in standard electromagnetic
chokes.
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35. THANK YOU!!
See you again!
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