1. Anatomical Position
Introduction to Anatomy
• Standing erect, with palms
and feet facing forward
• Is the standard reference
point in which all
positions, movements, and
planes are described

2. Anatomical Terms Worksheet

3. Introduction to Anatomy
Prone : Lying face down
Supine : Lying face up
Unilateral : Pertaining to one side of the body
Bilateral : Pertaining to both sides of the body
Positions and Directions

4. • Fixed lines of reference
along which the body is
often divided or
sectioned to facilitate
viewing of its structures
• These planes can also
refer to movements at
individual joints.
(Movement Analysis)
Introduction to Anatomy
Anatomical Planes
pdf file- intro to anatomyexplanation of planes of motion video

5. Sagittal plane
– The plane dividing the
body into right and left
portions
– Midsagittal or median
are names for the
plane dividing the
body into equal right
and left halves
Introduction to Anatomy
Anatomical Planes
Sagittal Plan

6. Frontal plane
– The plane dividing the
body into front and
back portions
– Also called the
Coronal plane
Introduction to Anatomy
Anatomical Planes

7. Transverse plane
– divides the body into
upper and lower
portions
– Also called the
horizontal plane
Anatomical Planes
Introduction to Anatomy

8. Introduction to Anatomy
Anatomical Axes
An axis is a straight line where rotations occurs. Movement at the joint
take place in a plane about an axis. There are three axis of rotation.
THE GENERAL RULE: The axis of
rotation is perpendicular to the plane of
movement.
anteroposterior axis

9. Introduction to Anatomy
Relationship Between Planes and Axes
Axis of Rotation Plane of Motion Example
Transverse Sagittal Flexion, Extension
Vertical
(longitudinal)
Horizontal
(Transverse)
Rotation of
extremities, Axial
rotation
Anteroposterior
Frontal
(Coronal)
Abduction,
Adduction

10. Introduction to Anatomy
Describe the following motions in terms
of its plane of motion.
Cartwheel
Back somersault
Head spin
Pirouette
Side hops
Split
Front roll
Frontal
Sagittal
Transverse or horizontal
Transverse or horizontal
Frontal
Frontal
Sagittal

11. Introduction to Anatomy
Describe the following motions in terms
of its plane of motion & axis of rotation
Shoulder flexion/extension
Hip abduction
Head rotation
Plane Axis
Frontal Sagittal
Frontal sagittal
Transverse vertical
(Horizontal)

12. Introduction to Anatomy
Moving in the three planes of motion
How do we train our bodies?
• Think of gym equipment (machines vs free weights)
•Which planes of motion?
• Function activities – daily life activities
Consider the following:
• Movements in sports

13. Introduction to Anatomy
Moving in the 3 planes of motion clips
Moving in the three planes of motion
Our bodies generally move in more than
one plane at a time.
Which plane of movement is usually neglected in training?
Answer: Transverse (horizontal) Plane

14. Introduction to Anatomy
Assignment:
For each plane of motion list and describe 3 exercises/
warm-ups.
Your description should include what plane(s) it is moving
in and which axis (axes) is/are involved.
If you choose a multi-joint exercise you only need to
describe one joint during the exercise. (Name that joint
in your description)
You can include pictures in your description.

15.  Superior (cranial) is a term used to describe
a place that is toward the upper part of the
body. For example the skull is superior to
the shoulders. Superior can also be used to
mean above.
 When the lower part of the body (or below
is referred to, the term inferior (caudal) is
used. For example, the knees are inferior to
the shoulders.
Terms of Position & Direction
Introduction to Anatomy

16.  Lateral means towards the side of the
body or away from the middle imaginary
body line (the midline). For
example, the humerus is lateral to the
sternum
 Medial is used to describe the position
of a part of the body located towards
the midline. For example, coccyx is
medial to the carpals.
Introduction to Anatomy
Terms of Position & Direction

17.  Anterior (ventral) is used to describe
the front or towards the front of the
body. For example, the sternum is
anterior to the vertebrae.
 Posterior (dorsal) is used to describe
the back of the body. For example, the
vertebral column is posterior to the
sternum.
Introduction to Anatomy
Terms of Position & Direction

18.  Proximal means closer to the center of
the body. For example, the shoulder is
proximal in relation to the hand.
 Distal means away from the center of
the body. For example, the hand is
distal in relation to the head.
Introduction to Anatomy
Terms of Position & Direction
These are only used when discussing limbs

19. Introduction to Anatomy
Terms of Position & Direction
External refers on the surface or near the
surface.
Internal refers to internal or further away
from the surface.
A structure closer to the surface of the body
is superficial, while a structure further away
from the surface is deep.

20. Activity:
Give an example of the use of the following
terms in relation to body parts, bones or
muscles:
e.g. “the patella is _________ to the
scapula.”
 Inferior/Superior : Caudal/Cranial
 Proximal/Distal
 Medial/Lateral
 Posterior/Anterior : Dorsal/Ventral
 Superficial/Deep
 Ipsilateral/Contralateral
Introduction to Anatomy
Terms of Position & Direction

21. Movements
– Flexion
– Extension
– Hyperextension
– Adduction
– Abduction
– Prontaion
– Supination
– Retraction
– Protraction
– Elevation
– Depression
– Rotation
– Circumduction
– External Rotation
– Internal Rotation
– Inversion
– Eversion
– Dorsiflexion
– Plantarflexion
– Radial Deviation
– Ulnar Deviation
– Opposition
Movements of the body video

22. Flexion
• Bending a joint or decreasing the
angle between two bones
– In the Fetal Position we are flexing our joints
Extension
• Straightening a joint or increasing
the angle between two bones
– In the Anatomical Position we are extending our joints
Hyperextension
• Excessive extension of the parts
at a joint beyond anatomical
position.
Introduction to Anatomy
Movements

23. Introduction to Anatomy
Flexion / Extension / Hyperextension

24. Adduction
• Moving a body part towards
the midline of the body
Abduction
• Moving a body part away
from the midline of the
body
Movements
Introduction to Anatomy

25. Pronation
• Turning the arm or foot
downward
• (palm or sole of the foot -
down)
• Prone
Supination
• Turning the arm or foot
upward
• (palm or sole of the foot -
up)
• Supine
Movements
Introduction to Anatomy
Over-pronation in the ankle

26. Elevation - Raising a part
Depression - Lowering a part
(Occurs at the shoulders as well)
Introduction to Anatomy
Movements

27. Rotation
• Turning on a single
axis
Circumduction
• Tri-planar, circular
motion at the hip or
shoulder
Movements
Introduction to Anatomy

28. Lateral Flexion
• Side-bending left or
right
Movements
Introduction to Anatomy

29. Inversion
• Turning the sole of the foot
inward
Eversion
• Turning the sole of the foot
outward
Dorsiflexion
• Ankle movement bringing the
foot towards the shin
Plantarflexion
• Ankle movement pointing the
foot downward
Movements of the foot
Introduction to Anatomy

30. Radial Deviation
• Movement of the wrist towards
the radius or lateral side.
Ulnar Deviation
• Movement of the wrist towards
the ulna or medial side.
Opposition
• Movement of the thumb across
the palm of the hand.
Movements of the wrist & thumb
Introduction to Anatomy

31. Additional ROM
Introduction to Anatomy