Addressing Ghana's Energy Crises Through Renewable Energy and Efficiency

UNIVERSITYOFENERGYANDNATURALRESOURCES
DEPT.OFENERGYANDENVIRONMENTALENGINEERING
ALECTUREONTHETHEME“ENHANCINGTHECAPACITYOF
THECURRENTGENERATIONINRENEWABLEENERGYAND
ENERGYMANAGEMENTPRACTICES:THESOLUTIONTO
GHANA’SENERGYCRISES”
PRESENTED-LAUNCHOFS.R.CWEEKCELEBRATION@UENR-
SYI,MARCH,2015
By Felix Amankwah Diawuo

Presentation outline
• Energy Crises and its causes
• Energy Outlook-Global
• Energy Outlook- The Ghanaian situation in perspective
(Demand and Supply)
• Addressing Energy Crises
• RE generation potential in Ghana
• Energy Management Strategies
• Things on Mind
• Conclusion
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Energy Crises and Causes
•The energy crisis is the concern that the
world’s demands on the limited natural
resources that are used to power
industrial society are diminishing as the
demand rises
•An energy crisis is any great bottleneck in
the supply of energy resources to an
economy
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• Overconsumption: which can be due to
overpopulation-steady increase in the world’s
population and its demands for fuel and
products
• Poor Infrastructure: Aging infrastructure of
power generating equipment is yet another
reason for energy shortage
• Unexplored Renewable Energy Options:
Renewable energy still remains unused is most
of the countries
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• Wastage of Energy: In most parts of the world,
people do not realize the importance of conserving
energy
• Poor Distribution System: Frequent tripping and
breakdown are result of a poor distribution system
and also major line losses
• Major Accidents and Natural Calamities: Major
accidents like pipeline burst and natural calamities
like eruption of volcanoes, floods, earthquakes can
also cause interruptions to energy supplies.
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• Wars and Attacks: Wars between countries
can also hamper supply of energy specially if it
happens somewhere in the Middle East -Saudi
Arabia, Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, UAE or Qatar.
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WORLD ENERGY OUTLOOK
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PEOPLE WITHOUT ACCESS TO
ELECTRICITY
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Key public concerns include plant operation,
decommissioning & waste management;
By 2040, almost 200 reactors are retired & the amount of
spent fuel doubles

PRIMARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION
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ELECTRICITY USE
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PEOPLE WITHOUT ACCESS TO
ELECTRICITY
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Only 5% of sub-Saharan Africa has access to energy.
Electricity consumption is 1/6th of the world’s average

CHANGINGDYNAMICSOFGLOBALENERGYDEMAND
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Energy Outlook- The Ghanaian situation in
perspective
load profile
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Energy Outlook- The Ghanaian
situation in perspective
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0
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H1
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MW
Hour
Industrial sector
Commercial sector
Residential sector
Total demand
Daily sectorial demand characteristic curve
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Energy Outlook- The Ghanaian situation
in perspective
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Pattern of yearly sectorial in Ghana since the year 2000
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in perspective
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The pattern of electricity consumption by sector in Ghana since the year 2000
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in perspective
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Trend in Peak Load
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EnergyOutlook-TheGhanaiansituationin
perspective
• Basically 2 Types of Power Generation:
Hydropower (about 57%)
Thermal Plants: Fuel Flexibility (NG, LCO or DIESEL)
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perspective
Installed grid electricity generation Capacity, 2013 (EC, 2014)
• Maximum Capacity =2,631.0 MW
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perspective
• Location of some Existing Plants
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in perspective
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Ghana’s total available capacity compared to peak demand
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in perspective
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Reserve margin based on generation and demand forecast: 2010-2020
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2500
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4500
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
MW
year
New Capacity_Dep
Existing Capacity_Dep
System Peak
System Peak + 15% Reserve Margin

perspective
• Transmission and Distribution losses in Ghana:
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Addressing Energy Crises
The future of mankind is dependent on abundant,
low-cost energy that will not destroy our world.
• The first criterion for a major new energy source is
that it must be nondepletable
• The second criterion is low cost. If the cost is not
low, a new source will not be developed and the
energy will not be used. This does not necessarily
mean it has to be low cost in the beginning if we
are willing to make an investment in the future, but
it must be low cost over the long term.
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• The third criterion is it must be environmentally
clean-We must stop the damage and start to heal
the earth.
• The fourth criterion is it must be available to
everyone. We can no longer deny energy to the
emerging nations of the earth and expect to live in
peace-This means it must be a vast source.
• The fifth and last criterion is it must be in a
useable form; otherwise, it will be of little help to
us.
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WAY FORWARD
• Move Towards Renewable Resources:
The best possible solution is to reduce the
world’s dependence on non-renewable
resources and to improve overall
conservation efforts.
•Energy Management Style (Demand Side
Management, DSM and Supply Side
Management, SSM)
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Addressing Energy Crises-why RE?
Stable Energy Prices: Increase or decrease in supply of
fossil fuels has a direct result on inflation. Cost of
producing energy from renewable energy sources is
dependent on the amount of money that has been
spent on the infrastructure and not on the inflated cost
of natural resource, which clearly means we can expect
much more stable prices when bulk of energy is coming
• Continual Source of Energy: Many of the plans for
renewable energy stations are focused on their
capacity to provide an immediate and continual source
of energy to an area. There is very little conversion
that needs to be done to take electricity from a solar
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• Reliability: If the sun always rises and the wind always
blows, the reliability of renewable energy types can far
exceed that of fossil fuels.
• Low Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Almost all of the
renewable energy plans emphasize that they have a
much lower carbon footprint that any of the fossil fuel
options available.
• Low Cost Operation: Once in place, most of the
renewable energy types have a much lower overall
cost of operations than the fossil fuel methods require
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• Micro-station options possible– From solar
panels on homes to small wind farms, there are
many different types of renewable energy that
can be used in remote areas – or even urban
ones – with low cost micro station options
• Large Scale Job Creation: It is estimated that
adoption of renewable energy technologies is
going to create large number of jobs worldwide.
Renewable energy technologies are cheaper as
they require less maintenance in the long run.
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Addressing Energy Crises-why not
oil and gas?
Sustainability; energy security
Imported Crude Oil Use
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Addressing Energy Crises-why not
oil and gas?
Sustainability
Trend in Crude Oil Prices (Jan 2005 – Dec 2013): NOW $ 54.67/bbl
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Addressing Energy Crises-why
not oil and gas ?
Sustainability
Energy Balance - 2013 (KTOE)
Oil Indigenous production: 5,371.8; Import: 1,328.3; Exports: -5,210.9
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Addressing Energy Crises-why
not oil and gas ?
Sustainability
Trend in NG Import- 2013 (KTOE)
Natural Gas Import through WAGP (Source: WAGPCo & VRA)
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Addressing Energy Crises-why not oil
and gas
• Ghana Gas demand forecast (World bank, 2013)
TEN (Tweneboa, Enyenra, and Ntomme)
• Ntomme)
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Generation Potential Resource: Solar
• Daily Solar Irradiation: 4-6 kWh/m2/year
• Annual Sunshine Duration: 1800-3000 hrs
• Estimated Possible Energy Harness: 35 EJ (9.7 PWh)
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Potential of Solar energy resources at some selected locations in
Ghana
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•In Bangladesh, over 80,000 solar
home systems are being installed
every month and there are already a
total of over three million in use in the
rural, off-grid areas, benefiting over
20 million people. Since 1996, the
renewable energy sector in
Bangladesh has created jobs for over
150,000 people
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Generation Potential Resource: WIND
• Wind Speed at hub height of 50m along the coast: 7-9m/s
[3000MW/7300GWh]
• Wind Speed at hub height of 50m along Border: 9-9.9m/s [300MW/800GWh]
• Wind Power Density: 600-800W/m2
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Wind energy resource of Ghana at 50m height
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Measured wind speed at 40 m, 50 m and 60 m height of NRG 60 m XHD wind
mast
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• No of potential sites: 70
• Potential Generation Capacity:2000MW
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Generation Potential Resource: BIOMASS
RESOURCE
• Biomass energy accounts for 50% of Africa’s total
primary energy supply, and about 60% in sub-
Saharan Africa.
• Biomass resources cover about 20.8 million
hectares of the 23.8 million hectare land mass of
Ghana and supply about 64% of the total energy
used in the country.
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GenerationPotentialResource:BIOMASS RESOURCE
It has been estimated that there are 553,000 tonnes
of maize cob and stalk produced with a potential
energy of 17.65-18.77 MJ/kg and 19 tonnes of
paddy rice husks with a potential energy of 16.14
MJ/kg.
As well, 193,000 tonnes of oil palm shells, 136,000
tonnes of sorghum stalks, 150,000 tons of millet
stalks and 56,000 tonnes of groundnut shells
•The waste generation per day in the
city is about 0.6 kg/person
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GenerationPotentialResource:BIOMASS
Average household waste composition in Kumasi
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Generation Potential Resource: BIOMASS
Location Installed
Capacity (kW)
Average Annual
Generation (GWh)
Kwae Oil Palm 420 1.50
Juanben Oil
Palm
424 1.50
Benso Oil Mill 500 1.90
Twifo Oil Palm 610 2.10
Total 1954 7.00
Installed biomass co-generation plants in Ghana
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Energy Management
Aims of EM
• Energy Efficiency and System Optimization-LEAST COST,
• Energy Audit,
• Energy Demand Management,
• Green Technology for Clean Energy and CO2 Mitigation.
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Energy Management
Supply Side Management, SSM
• Upgrade Gas-Fired Combined-Cycle Power
Plants
Even a small percentage change in efficiency
gained through retrofitting these gas-fired plants
can create large results. For example, according
to the Electric Power Research Institute's January
2009 report, a 1 % point efficiency improvement
in the GE fleet of 1000 F-Class gas-fired turbines
could reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 4.4
million tons a year.
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Energy Management
• Create More Efficient Electrical Transmission,
Distribution:
That wasted energy at every point during every
second of every day costs money. The cost of
"saving" electricity through implementing
efficiency improvements is around 0.03 cents per
kWh while the cost of generating electricity that
is lost runs at 2.5 to 6 cents per kWh. Smart grid
applications to stop this flow of lost energy and
wasted money are a solution we can deploy
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Energy Management
Capture Waste Heat
Power generation naturally creates heat. When
you plug something in, it gets warm. By more
effectively using the heat generated in producing
electricity, plants can achieve overall efficiencies
of 50 percent or more by combined heat and
power (CHP). This involves capturing the heat
byproduct and using it in an industrial
application…..Trigen…..over 100% economic eff.
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ENERGY MANAGEMENT
DEMAND SIDE MANAGEMENT (DSM)
• Buy Energy Efficient products: Replace traditional
bulbs with CFL’s and LED’s. They use less watts of
electricity and last longer. If millions of people across
the globe use LED’s and CFL’s for residential and
commercial purposes, the demand for energy can go
down and an energy crisis can be averted (Ghanaian
Example)
CHANGING STREET LIGHTS IN UENR CAN MAKE AN
IMPACT, replacing 250W Mercury vapor lamps with
100W LED-14 lux (4.5 kW)
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ENERGY MANAGEMENT
• Lighting Controls: There are a number of new
technologies out there that make lighting
controls that much more interesting and they
help to save a lot of energy and cash in the
long run. Preset lighting controls, slide lighting,
touch dimmers, integrated lighting controls
are few of the lighting controls that can help
to conserve energy and reduce overall lighting
costs……………use daylight savings
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ENERGY MANAGEMENT
• Perform Energy Audit: Energy audit is a
process that helps you to identify the areas
where your home or office is losing energy
and what steps you can take to improve
energy efficiency. Energy audit when done
by a professional can help you to reduce
your carbon footprint, save energy and
money and avoid energy crisis.
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ENERGY MANAGEMENT
• Green Building:
Ghana and single glazing windows-solar
gains????
Minimize infiltration and transmission gains
Think about phase change materials
(PCMs)….nanotech??? ……material
selection???......light designs…reducing
illumination
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Things on mind ????
• Pumped storage system for some of the
HEPs
• Cheap ways to convert solar energy directly
into electricity which can be used to convert
water into fuel, like hydrogen that can be
turned back into electricity on demand
• Issues on large storage systems, is domestic
rooftop solar installation the way to go?
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Conclusion
• It is very feasible to meet energy demand gap
and sustained spinning margin with RE systems.
• Strategic policies to meet the demand short fall
is elaborate but IMPLEMENTATION????????
• Sun is going to shine for another billion years.
That means solar energy is renewable and
sustainable. Moving water and strong winds
will continue to supply constant source of
energy….THE WAY TO GO!!!!
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SAYING
“We need to find a better way
to make fuel from the sun more
accessible so that we can bring
energy to whoever wants it
whenever they want it-day or
night”
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THANK YOU
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Addressing Ghana's Energy Crises Through Renewable Energy and Efficiency

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