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Chapter 16analisis costo efectividad
1.
Chapter 16 Economic
Analysis in the Service Sector Cost-Effectiveness Analysis 16.1 Cost effectiveness of the alternatives Type of Treatment Cost Effectiveness Antibiotic A 12,000/75 =160 Antibiotic B 168.75 Antibiotic C 180.49 ∴ The best treatment option is Antibiotic A. 16.2 • The summary of three mutually exclusive alternatives CER: Incremental Strategy Cost Effectiveness Cost Effectiveness CER Nothing $0 0 years 0 0 Simple $5,000 5 years 1,000 1,000 Complex $50,000 5.5 years 9,091 90,000 • Since there is no clear dominance we can draw a cost-effective diagram. Life-Year 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 $0 $10,000 $20,000 $30,000 $40,000 $50,000 $60,000 Investment cost Contemporary Engineering Economics, Fourth Edition, by Chan S. Park. ISBN 0-13-187628-7. © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
2.
Budget Available ($)
Treatment Option To Be Implemented Less than $5,000 As much of Simple treatment as budget allows $5,000 100% of Simple treatment $5,000 - $50,000 Simple treatment and as much of Complex treatment as budget allows $50,000 or larger 100% of Complex treatment Valuation of Benefits and Costs 16.3 (a) • User’s benefits: - Prevention (or retardation) of highway corrosion: resulting in lower highway maintenance cost. This lower maintenance cost implies lower users’ taxes on gasoline, and so forth. - Prevention of rust on vehicles: resulting in lower repair and maintenance costs and higher resale value of vehicles. - Prevention of corrosion to utility lines and damages to water supplies: resulting in lower utility rates. - Prevention of damages to vegetation and soil surrounding areas: increasing land values and agriculture yields. • Users’ costs: - Paying higher taxes. - Unknown environmental damages due to using CMA (b) The state of Michigan may declare certain sections of highway for experimental purpose. CMA may be used exclusively for a designated area and road salts for another area for an extended period time. Then, it investigates the impact of CMA on vegetation yields, which can be compared with those of areas from road salt use. The difference in vegetation yields may be quantified in terms of market value, and so forth. 16.4 This is an open-end type question. (No solution is given.) 16.5 This is an open-end type question. (No solution is given.) Contemporary Engineering Economics, Fourth Edition, by Chan S. Park. ISBN 0-13-187628-7. © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected by Copyright and written permission should be 2 obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
3.
Benefit-Cost Analysis
16.6 (a) BC (i ) analysis: • Design A: I = $400, 000 C ' = $50, 000( P / A,8%,15) = $427,974 B = $85, 000 • Design B: I = $300, 000 C ' = $80, 000( P / A,8%,15) = $684, 758 B = $85, 000 • Incremental analysis: Fee collections in the amount of $85,000 will be the same for both alternatives. Therefore, we will not be able to compute the BC (i ) ratio. If this happens, we may select the best alternative based on either the lease cost ( I + C ' ) criterion or the incremental B 'C (i ) criterion. Using the B 'C (i ) criterion, ∆B − ∆C ' 0 − ($427,974 − $684, 758) ∆B C (8%) A− B ' = = = 2.56 > 1 ∆I $100, 000 ∴Select design A. (b) Incremental analysis (A – C): ∆B − ∆C ' 0 − ($427,974 − $556,366) ∆B 'C (8%) A−C = = = 2.57 > 1 ∆I $50, 000 ∴Select design A. 16.7 • Building X: BX = $1,960, 000( P / A,10%, 20) = $16, 686, 656 C X = $8, 000, 000 + $240, 000( P / A,10%, 20) − $4,800, 000( P / F ,10%, 20) = $9,329,984 $16, 686, 656 BC (10%) X = = 1.79 > 1 $9,329,984 Contemporary Engineering Economics, Fourth Edition, by Chan S. Park. ISBN 0-13-187628-7. © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected by Copyright and written permission should be 3 obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
4.
• Building Y:
BY = $1,320, 000( P / A,10%, 20) = $11, 237,952 CY = $12, 000, 000 + $180, 000( P / A,10%, 20) − $7, 200, 000( P / F ,10%, 20) = $12, 462,528 $11, 237,904 BC (10%)Y = = 0.90 < 1 $12, 462,528 Since Building Y is not desirable at the outset, we don’t need to conduct an incremental analysis. Building X becomes the better choice. 16.8 Incremental BC (i ) analysis: Present Proposals Incremental Worth A1 A2 A3 A3-A1 A2-A1 I $100 $300 $200 $100 $200 B $400 $700 $500 $100 $300 C $100 $200 $150 $50 $100 BC (i ) 2 1.4 1.43 0.67 1 ∴ Select either A1 or A2. 16.9 Incremental BC (i ) analysis Present Design Incremental Worth A B C C-B A-B I $7,284 $7,070 $5,656 -$1,414 $754 B $2,440 $880 $1,600 $720 $1,560 C’ $3,865 $3,394 $2,922 -$472 $471 BC (i ) 1.24 1.65 1.25 -5.7 0.37 ∴ Select Design B Contemporary Engineering Economics, Fourth Edition, by Chan S. Park. ISBN 0-13-187628-7. © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected by Copyright and written permission should be 4 obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
5.
16.10
(a) The benefit-cost ratio for each alternative: • Alternative A: B = ($1, 000, 000 + $250, 000 + $350, 000 + $100, 000)( P / A,10%,50) = $16,855,185 C = $8, 000, 000 + $200, 000( P / A,10%,50) = $9,982,963 $16,855,185 BC (10%) A = = 1.69 > 1 $9,982,963 • Alternative B: B = ($1, 200, 000 + $350, 000 + $450, 000 + $200, 000)( P / A,10%,50) = $21,812,592 C = $10, 000, 000 + $250, 000( P / A,10%,50) = $12, 478, 704 $21,812,592 BC (10%) B = = 1.75 > 1 $12, 478, 704 • Alternative C: B = ($1,800, 000 + $500, 000 + $600, 000 + $350, 000)( P / A,10%,50) = $32, 223,147 C = $15, 000, 000 + $350, 000( P / A,10%,50) = $18, 470,185 $32, 223,147 BC (10%) B = = 1.74 > 1 $18, 470,185 (b) Select the best alternative based on BC (i ) : $21,812,592 − $16,855,185 BC (10%) B − A = $12, 478, 704 − $9,982,963 = 1.99 > 1 ( Select B ) $32, 223,147 − $21,812,592 BC (10%)C − B = $18, 470,185 − $12, 478, 704 = 1.74 > 1 ( Select C ) Comments: You could select the best alternative based on B 'C (i ) : Contemporary Engineering Economics, Fourth Edition, by Chan S. Park. ISBN 0-13-187628-7. © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected by Copyright and written permission should be 5 obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
6.
Alternative
A B C I $8,000,000 $10,000,000 $15,000,000 C’ $1,982,963 $2,478,704 $3,470,185 ' B C (i ) 1.86 1.93 1.92 ($21,812,592 − $16,855,185) − ($2, 478, 704 − $1,982,963) B 'C (10%) B − A = $10, 000, 000 − $8, 000, 000 = 2.23 > 1 ( Select B ) ($32, 223,147 − $21,812,592) − ($3, 470,185 − $2, 478, 704) B 'C (10%)C − B = $15, 000, 000 − $10, 000, 000 = 1.88 > 1 ( Select C ) 16.11 • Option 1 – The “long” route: user's annual cost = 22 miles × $0.25 per mile × 400,000 cars = $2, 200, 000 sponsor's annual cost = $21, 000, 000( A / P,10%, 40) + $140, 000 = $2, 287, 448 • Option 2 – Shortcut: user's annual cost = 10 miles × $0.25 per mile × 400,000 cars = $1, 000, 000 sponsor's annual cost = $45, 000, 000( A / P,10%, 40) + $165, 000 = $4, 766, 674 • Incremental analysis (Option 2 - Option 1): Incremental user's benefit = $2, 200, 000 − $1, 000, 000 = $1, 200, 000 $1, 200, 000 BC (10%) 2 −1 = $4, 766, 674 − $2, 287, 448 = 0.48 < 1 ∴ Assuming that there is no do-nothing alternative, select option 1. Contemporary Engineering Economics, Fourth Edition, by Chan S. Park. ISBN 0-13-187628-7. © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected by Copyright and written permission should be 6 obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
7.
16.12
• Multiple alternatives: Projects PW of Benefits PW of Costs Net PW B/C ratio A1 $40 $85 -$45 0.47 A2 $150 $110 $40 1.36 A3 $70 $25 $45 2.80 A4 $120 $73 $47 1.64 Since the BC ratio for project A1 is less than 1, we delete it from our comparison. • Incremental analysis A3 vs. A4: $120 − $70 BC (10%) A 4− A3 = $73 − $25 = 1.04 > 1 Select A4 A2 vs. A4: $150 − $120 BC (10%) A2− A4 = $110 − $73 = 0.81 < 1 Select A4 Short Case Studies ST 16.1 Capital allocation decision, assuming that the government will be able to raise the required funds at 10% interest: District Project PW(10%) Investment 1. 27th Street $1,606,431 $980,000 2. Holden Avenue $3,438,531 $3,500,000 I 3. Forest City Road $2,682,758 $2,800,000 4. Fairbanks Avenue $2,652,473 $1,400,000 5. Oak Ridge Road $1,672,473 $2,380,000 6. University Blvd. $5,258,050 $5,040,000 II 7. Hiawassee Road $4,130,824 $2,520,000 8. Lake Avenue $2,958,052 $4,900,000 III 9. Apopka-Ocoee Road $552,475 $1,365,000 10. Kaley Avenue $4,459,032 $2,100,000 Contemporary Engineering Economics, Fourth Edition, by Chan S. Park. ISBN 0-13-187628-7. © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected by Copyright and written permission should be 7 obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
8.
11.Apopka-Vineland Road
$1,166,557 $1,170,000 12. Washington Street $1,788,245 $1,120,000 13. Mercy Drive $5,066,566 $2,800,000 14. Apopka Road $2,338,635 $1,690,000 IV 15. Old Dixie Highway $1,213,846 $975,000 16. Old Apopka Road $1,899,946 $1,462,500 (a) $6 million to each district: District Projects NPW I 1,2,4 $7,697,488 II 5,7 $5,803,297 III 9,10,11,12 $5,966,309 IV 13,14,16 $9,305,147 (b) $15 million to districts I & II and $9 million to districts III & IV: District Projects NPW Investment I & II 2,4,5,6,7 $17,152,400 $14,840,000 III & IV 10,12,13,14,15 $12,866,320 $8,685,000 (c) If $24 million were allocated based on project merit alone, the optimal solution would be: Total investment = $23,587,500 Total net present value = $31,852,543 Projects selected = 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 ST 16.2 Given i = 8% , g = 10% , garbage amount/day = 300 tons (a) The operating cost of the current system in terms of $/ton of solid waste: • Annual garbage collection required (assuming 365 days): Total amount of garbage = 300 tons × 365 days = 109,500 tons • Equivalent annual operating and maintenance cost: PW (8%) = $905, 400( P / A1 ,10%,8%, 20) = $20, 071,500 AEC (8%) = $20, 071,500( A / P,8%, 20) = $2, 044,300 Contemporary Engineering Economics, Fourth Edition, by Chan S. Park. ISBN 0-13-187628-7. © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected by Copyright and written permission should be 8 obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
9.
• Operating cost
per ton: $2,044,300 cost per ton= =$18.67/ton 109,500 (b) The economics of each solid-waste disposal alternative in terms of $/ton: • Site 1: AEC (8%)1 = $4, 053, 000( A / P,8%, 20) + $342, 000 − ($13, 200 + $87, 600) = $653, 000 $653,000 cost per ton= =$5.96/ton 109,500 • Site 2: AEC (8%)2 = $4,384, 000( A / P,8%, 20) + $480, 000 − ($14, 700 + $99,300) = $812,520 $812,520 cost per ton= =$7.42/ton 109,500 • Site 3: AEC (8%)3 = $4, 764, 000( A / P,8%, 20) + $414, 000 − ($15,300 + $103,500) = $780, 424 $780,424 cost per ton= =$7.13/ton 109,500 • Site 4: AEC (8%)2 = $5, 454, 000( A / P,8%, 20) + $408, 000 − ($17,100 + $119, 400) = $827, 000 $827,000 cost per ton= =$7.55/ton 109,500 ∴ Site 1 is the most economical choice. Contemporary Engineering Economics, Fourth Edition, by Chan S. Park. ISBN 0-13-187628-7. © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected by Copyright and written permission should be 9 obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
10.
ST 16.3
(a) Let’s define the following variables to compute the equivalent annual cost. Ala = initial land cost Aeq = initial equipment cost Ast = initial structure cost Apu = initial pumping equipment cost Aen = initial annual energy cost in today's dollars Alb = initial annual labor cost in today's dollars Aen = initial annual repair cost in today's dollars • Land: PW (10%)land = Ala − Ala (1.03 /1.1)120 = $0.99963 Ala • Equipment: Let’s define the following additional variables. I15 n = replacement cost in year 15n S15 n = salvage value in year 15n C15 n = net replacement cost in year 15n where n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 The total replacement cost over the analysis period is calculated as follows: I15 = Aeq (1.05)15 = 2.07893 Aeq S15 = 0.5 Aeq C15 = (2.07893 − 0.5) Aeq = 1.57893 Aeq C15 n = (1.57893 Aeq )(1.05)15( n −1) S15 n = 0.5 Aeq (1.05)15 n 7 PW (10%)equipment = Aeq + ∑ C15 n − S120 n =1 7 (1.57893 Aeq )(1.05)15( n −1) 0.5 Aeq (1.05)120 = Aeq + ∑ − n =1 (1.1)15 n (1.1)120 = 1.745 Aeq Contemporary Engineering Economics, Fourth Edition, by Chan S. Park. ISBN 0-13-187628-7. © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected by Copyright and written permission should be 10 obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
11.
• Structure:
⎡ 1 1 ⎤ 0.6 Ast PW (10%) structure = Ast + (0.40) Ast ⎢ + − ⎣ (1.1) 40 (1.1)80 ⎥ (1.1)120 ⎦ = 1.00902 Ast • Pumping: PW (10%) pumping = 1.745 Apu • Energy: 120 PW (10%)energy = ∑ Aen (1.05 /1.1) j = 20.92302 Aen j =1 • Labor: 120 PW (10%)labor = ∑ Alb (1.04 /1.1) j = 17.3113 Alb j =1 • Repair: 120 PW (10%)repair = ∑ Are (1.02 /1.1) j = 12.748 Are j =1 • Present worth of the life-cycle cost: PW (10%) = 0.99963 Ala + 1.745 Aeq + 1.00902 Ast + 1.745 Apu + 20.92302 Aen + 17.3113 Alb + 12.748 Are Option Parameters 2 3 4 5 Ala $2,400,000 $49,000 $49,000 $400,000 Aeq $500,000 $500,000 $400,000 $175,000 Ast $700,000 $2,100,000 $2,463,000 $1,750,000 Apu $100,000 0 0 $100,000 Aen $200,000 $125,000 $100,000 $50,000 Alb $95,000 $65,000 $53,000 $37,000 Are $30,000 $20,000 $15,000 $5,000 PW(10%) $10,364,300 $7,036,290 $6,433,460 $4,395,790 AEC(10%) $1,036,440 $703,637 $643,353 $439,584 ∴ Option 5 is the least cost alternative. Contemporary Engineering Economics, Fourth Edition, by Chan S. Park. ISBN 0-13-187628-7. © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected by Copyright and written permission should be 11 obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
12.
(b)
Cost / gallon = $439,584 / 2,000,000(365) = $0.0006 per gallon Monthly charge = (0.0006)(400)(30) = $7.23 per month ST 16.4 (a) Users benefits and disbenefits: • Users’ benefits (1) Reduced travel time. (2) Reduced fuel consumption. (3) Reduced air pollution. (4) Reduced number of accidents. • Users’ disbenefits: Increased automobile purchase and maintenance costs. (b) Sponsor’s cost: • Development costs associated with computerized dashboard navigational systems, roadside sensors, and automated steering and speed controls. • Implementation and maintenance costs. • Public promotional and educational costs. (c) On a national level, the sponsor’s costs are estimated to be as follows: • R&D costs = $2.5 billion • Implementation costs = $18 billion • Maintenance costs = $4 billion per year Comments: However, the users’ benefits are sketchy, except the level of reduction possible in the area of travel time, fuel consumption, and air pollution. Ask the students to quantify these in dollar terms by consulting various government publications on public transportation. Once these figures are estimated, the benefit-cost ratio can be easily derived. Contemporary Engineering Economics, Fourth Edition, by Chan S. Park. ISBN 0-13-187628-7. © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected by Copyright and written permission should be 12 obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
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