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Syllabus
• In English language Controlling means:
(v.) directing, regulating, conducting, veryfying,
checking, registering;
(n.) authority or ability to manage or direct; also a
restraining device, measure, or limit; a curb
(Source: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/controlling)
•In German language Controlling is also used
despite an equivalent Steuern what means
to control while Controller (Comptroller) would be
named Steuermann, i.e. the helmsman, coxswain
(Source: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steuermann)
• Controlling is something more then checking,
it is a way of process managing, directing or
regulating, which idea comes form cybernetics
(Source: J. Weber: Einfuhrung in das Controlling. Konzeptionelle Grundlagen. Stuttgart 1991,
s. 11).
• Managerial duties including directing,
regulating or „keeping under control” socio-
material processes are properly reflected by
the English expression to control
(Source: H. Błoch: : Controlling. Rachunkowość zarządcza. Centrum Informacji Menadżera,
Warszawa 1992, s. 1)
• Controlling is a modern idea of business
management including all the management
functions
(Źródło: Podstawy controllingu. Red. E. Nowak. Akademia Ekonomiczna we Wrocławiu.
Wrocław 1996, s. 43.)
• The term controlling is often identyfied with
the word to check, however it is to narrow,
because in fact controlling means a system of
business management
(Źródło: H. J. Vollmuth: Controlling. Planowanie, kontrola, zarządzanie. Wyd. “Placet”.
Warszawa 1993, s. 15)
• Controlling is a substitute of management
system, which creates and coordinates
planning, checking and supplying in
information, supporting this way the
adaptation and coordination of the whole
system
(Źródło: P. Horwath: Controlling. Munchen 1994, s. 142.)
• Controlling is a company’s system of
coordination, and also a process of
management (focused on results) in the form
of planning, checking and reporting
(Source: J. Goliszewski: Controlling - system koordynacji przedsiębiorstwa. “Przegląd
Organizacyjny”. Nr 8-9/1990, s. 9.)
• Controlling is an idea of surviving at the
market based on Profitability, Growth,
Development, Economisation, Activity
(Source: S. Olech: Nowe metody zarządzania - zarys idei kontrolingu. “Przegląd Organizacji”.
Nr 8/1991, s. 28; A. Deyhle, S. Olech: Controlling w przedsiębiorstwie. ODiTK, Gdańsk 1994,
s. 6.)
branches
company
department
function/field
project
determining
planned data
registering
obtained data
analysis of
variations
making
corrective
decisions
strategic
operative
planning
organisation
managing
Pic. Dimensions of controlling
Źródło: F. Klenger: Operatives controlling. R. Oldenbourg Verlag 1994, s.11.
Description 2008 2009 2010 2011
Sale of goods (%) 100 100 100 100
Direct costs (%), including: 69,77 65,12 61,85 60,44
Materials (%) 52,48 47,62 42,9 42,89
Purchasing costs(%) 0,37 0,41 1 0,9
Work in process (%) 0 0 0 0,03
Direct labour costs (%) 9,64 8,61 9,95 9,83
Charges (%) 0,9 0,79 1,92 0,81
Costs of documentation % 4,52 3,48 3,77 3,6
Others (%) 1,87 4,21 2,31 2,38
Financial margin I (%) 30,23 34,88 38,15 39,56
Overheads (%) 13,79 12,08 12,43 13,17
Financial margin II (%) 16,44 22,8 25,7 26,39
Source: Activity diagram [in:] Technical aspects of traceability. E-learning course.
ILiM, Poznań 2009, http://elearning.ilim.poznan.pl/mod/scorm/player2.php?
a=151&currentorg=ORG-7A8602FE-9841-3860-7B2B-D40AD176E776&scoid=3987
VESTZAK
Logistics & Money Flow
InTouch
Wonderware
Factory Suite
www.astor.com.pl
Source: Score 9.0 Overview Booklet, p. 3. Http://www.supply-chain.org/galleries/public
gallery/SCOR%209.0%20Overview%20Booklet.pdf
Supply Chain Operations Reference Model (SCOR)
Plan-Source-Make-Deliver-Return
HRM
INPUT OUTPUT
information
people
money
OTHER
SYSTEM)
OTHER
SYSTEM
materials
information
people
money
materials
Controlling in
the intern.
econom.
processes
is
a subsystem of
planning, measuring,
identifying gaps,
variance analysing,
explaining causes
and taking corrective
decisions, regarding
controlled processes
On the base of
choosen
process/es
try to create a
system of
controlling
of the
process/es
1. Homework - Assignment
ARIS Express
IDS Scheer
AG
www.ariscom
munity.com
http://www.erptips.com/Learn-SAP/SAP-Module-Overviews/Controlling-CO.html
SAP Controlling (SAP CO)
The purpose of the Controlling (CO) module in SAP is to provide organizations with a method of
slicing and dicing data to view costs from an internal management perspective and provide a view
of profitability beyond that of basic financial reporting. This allows the organization to create
information in a manner that is tailored to their specific business measurements needs.
Controlling allows an organization to:
Plan and track overhead costs within the company's specific organizational structure.
Track costs related to specific projects or events and either capitalize those costs or charge them
to appropriate departments upon completion.
Perform "Activity Based Costing".
Perform Product Costing, measuring production cost and variances.
Report profitability by product line, division, or other internal measurement.
Report sales and gross profitability by external measures such as market segments or customer
groups.
Controlling consists of all master data, configuration, and reporting required to analyze both
spend and revenues, both within and across organizations. This includes the following master
data:
Cost Elements - cost and/or revenue accounts
Cost Centers - departmental units
Profit Centers - business lines, product lines or divisions
Internal Orders - projects or events
Functional Area - Cost of Sales Accounting
Statistical Key Figures - non financial statistics for allocating or measuring financial costs
Activity Types - Labor or other activity costs
Subject: Planning targets and budgeting (KPI as targets to achieve or keep
based on flexible budgeting)
• ERGIS-EUROFILMS Co. is the biggest plastics processing company and PVC
products manufacturer at Central and Eastern Europe. Ergis offers wide product
range including: stretch films, PVC thermoshrink films, insulation, roofing and
construction films, PVC compounds, interior and exterior plastic panels,
artificial leathers, technical fabrics, PVC-coated fabrics, food wraps and
tablecloths, wallpapers. The company is also an important producer of PE-
stretch films and PET straps
• On the base of the data included at the table 1,2, 3, establish the set of KPI in
the forms of targets to achieve or to keep for such product lines as coated
fabrics (tab.1), assorted PVC tablecloths (tab.2), PVC compounds (3)
• http://www.ergis-eurofilms.eu
• Problem:
• What is the expected solution of the problem?
• What is the method of solving the problem?
• What is the tool to solve the problem?
• Starting the management accounting
• Answers:
How to establish the KPI as aims to achieve or to keep?
Info as KPI
Flexible budgeting
Flexible budgeting sheet
• Answers Artificial leather
We suggest to establish KPI in the form of targets to
achieve as follows. The suggested volume should be
not less than 450m rolls per year with the lowest
price 7 Euro per one roll, what defines the income
in the value of 3150 Euro/year, 2250 Euro of margin
I, 1950 Euro of margin II and 1150 Euro of the profit
finally
• In regard to the KPI in the form of targets to keep
and not to exceed we suggest to establish unit price
in the value of 7 Euro, the variable cost at 900 Euro,
the overhead I at 300 Euro and to keep the
overhead II at 800 Euro
• Assorted PVC tablecloths
• We propose to establish the volume to produce and
sale not less than 800 coils per year with the lowest
unit price of 5 Euro per coil what is connected with
the income at 4000 Euro/year, 2800 Euro of margin
I, 2200 Euro of margin II and 1400 Euro of the profit
finally, as the targets to achieve
• Regarding the targets to keep and not to exceed we
suggest to establish such KPI as the unit price in the
value of 5 Euro, the variable cost at 1200 Euro, the
overhead I at 600 Euro and to keep the overhead II
at 800 Euro.
• PVC compounds
• We propose to establish the volume to produce and
sale not less than 100 tonnes per year with the
lowest unit price of 200 Euro per one tonne what is
connected with the income at 20000 Euro/year,
10000 Euro of margin I, 9000 Euro of margin II and
8200 Euro of the profit finally, as the targets to
achieve
• Regarding the targets to keep and not to exceed we
suggest to establish such KPI as the unit price in the
value of 220 Euro, the variable cost at 10000 Euro,
the overhead I at 1000 Euro and to keep the
overhead II at 800 Euro
2. Homework - Assignment
Prepare a set of KPI for a chosen company from the
List
(http://www.paiz.gov.pl/publications/foreign_investo
rs_in_poland)
based on some examples:
• KPI for different branches
(http://www.klipfolio.com/resources/kpi-
examples)
• Volga-Dnepr Group Annual Report
(http://www.volga-
dnepr.com/en/investor_relations/annual_report/)
• Simens Sustaiability Report
http://www.siemens.com/sustainability/en/sustain
ability/reporting/current-report.htm
Subject: Financial contribution analysis as a method for assessing the
profitability of products/services
• DLS-Trans Ltd. is an international transportation company offering
freight services of:
- bulk cargo (paper, waste paper)
- parcels (courier activities)
- containers (electronics)
Based on the data contained in the table 1 and 2, determine the
hierarchy of profitability of services based on the data contained in
Tab.3 (unit contribution) and suggest a set of management decisions
• http://www.dls-deutschland.de/en/startseite.html
• Problem:
• What is the expected solution of the problem?
• What is the method of solving the problem?
• What is the tool to solve the problem?
• Starting the management accounting
• Answers:
What is the hierar. of profit.,how does it look, how to obtain it?
Info on the profit. hierarchy
Contribution accounting
Contribution accounting sheet
Category October
Cumulative
data
planned actual variance planned actual variance
parcels 3,52 3,12 -0,40 3,46 3,41 -0,05
Unit contribution I bulk 1,57 1,56 -0,01 1,66 1,61 -0,05
(Euro/1 gross tkm) containers 2,62 2,37 -0,25 2,62 2,63 0,01
sum 7,71 7,05 -0,66 7,74 7,65 -0,09
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
parcels bulk containers
3.52
1.57
2.62
3.12
1.56
2.37
UNITCONTRIBUTION(Euro/1tkm)
planned
actual
Case: Blue Scope Steel Co.
http://www.bluescopesteel.com
0.16
0.02
0.13
-0.09
0.06
0.28
0.04
-0.01
0.09
-0.06
-0.03
0.03
-0.15
-0.1
-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
Austral Ind Austral Dis Nzeland Asia Hot America Co America Total
2008
2009
3. Homework – Assignment
make the profitability hierarchy of
SBU/Divisions
• DB Annual Report (Economic Position, p. 110,
111, 198, 206-207)
• DHL Annual Report (Economic Position, p. 62)
Subject: Analysis of variance (significance)
• DLS-Trans Ltd. is an international transportation company offering
freight services of:
- bulk cargo (paper, waste paper)
- parcels (courier activities)
- containers (electronics)
Estimate the confidence interval for the planned sales value of 6400
Euro in December estimating the probability of finding sale in this
range at 90% based on 500 Euro of standard deviation for 10 months.
• http://www.dls-deutschland.de/en/startseite.html
• Problem:
• What is the expected solution of the problem?
• What is the method of solving the problem?
• What is the tool to solve the problem?
• Starting the interval estimation
• Answers:
How to build the confidence interval (CI)?
Info: range of sale
Statistics
Interval estimation
Data
• Confidence interval
• Level of confidence (1-) 90%
• Level of significance () 10%
• Standard deviation S(x) 500 Euro
• Degree of freedom (s=n-k) 9
• T-student statictics (t1-, n-1)
• Student’s T-distribution table
• DLS-Trans Ltd. is an international transportation company offering
freight services of:
- bulk cargo (paper, waste paper)
- parcels (courier activities)
- containers (electronics)
On the base of data reported for 17 months , net sale worth of 6400
Euro with 500Euro of std. dev. was planned on Dec. Realized sale
value was 6500 Euro. Estimate the variance significance supposing
the probability of throwing out the H0 hypothesis is 5%.
• Problem:
• What is the expected solution of the problem?
• What is the method of solving the problem?
• What is the tool to solve the problem?
• Starting the interval estimation
• Answers:
How to estimate the significance deviation?
Hypothesis test
Statistical testing
SD
Data
• Student’s T-statistics (standarisation formula)
• Level of significance () 5%
• Standard deviation S(x) 500 Euro
• Degree of freedom (s=n-k) 16
• Student’s T-distribution (t1-, n-1) (from table)
• Student’s T-distribution table
Subject: Six Sigma as a tool of SPC
• 3,4 DPMO – 4,5 
• Confidence level (1-) 99,99932%
• Significance level () 0,00068%
• Six Sigma Wikipedia
Subject: Other tools of SPC
• Wikipedia
• Control chart of Shewhart - ISO 8258:1991
• Process flow diagram
• Ishikawa diagram (cause-efect d., fish-bone d.)
• Pareto diagram
• Check-sheet
• Scatter plot
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  • 2. • In English language Controlling means: (v.) directing, regulating, conducting, veryfying, checking, registering; (n.) authority or ability to manage or direct; also a restraining device, measure, or limit; a curb (Source: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/controlling) •In German language Controlling is also used despite an equivalent Steuern what means to control while Controller (Comptroller) would be named Steuermann, i.e. the helmsman, coxswain (Source: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steuermann)
  • 3. • Controlling is something more then checking, it is a way of process managing, directing or regulating, which idea comes form cybernetics (Source: J. Weber: Einfuhrung in das Controlling. Konzeptionelle Grundlagen. Stuttgart 1991, s. 11). • Managerial duties including directing, regulating or „keeping under control” socio- material processes are properly reflected by the English expression to control (Source: H. Błoch: : Controlling. Rachunkowość zarządcza. Centrum Informacji Menadżera, Warszawa 1992, s. 1)
  • 4. • Controlling is a modern idea of business management including all the management functions (Źródło: Podstawy controllingu. Red. E. Nowak. Akademia Ekonomiczna we Wrocławiu. Wrocław 1996, s. 43.) • The term controlling is often identyfied with the word to check, however it is to narrow, because in fact controlling means a system of business management (Źródło: H. J. Vollmuth: Controlling. Planowanie, kontrola, zarządzanie. Wyd. “Placet”. Warszawa 1993, s. 15)
  • 5. • Controlling is a substitute of management system, which creates and coordinates planning, checking and supplying in information, supporting this way the adaptation and coordination of the whole system (Źródło: P. Horwath: Controlling. Munchen 1994, s. 142.)
  • 6. • Controlling is a company’s system of coordination, and also a process of management (focused on results) in the form of planning, checking and reporting (Source: J. Goliszewski: Controlling - system koordynacji przedsiębiorstwa. “Przegląd Organizacyjny”. Nr 8-9/1990, s. 9.) • Controlling is an idea of surviving at the market based on Profitability, Growth, Development, Economisation, Activity (Source: S. Olech: Nowe metody zarządzania - zarys idei kontrolingu. “Przegląd Organizacji”. Nr 8/1991, s. 28; A. Deyhle, S. Olech: Controlling w przedsiębiorstwie. ODiTK, Gdańsk 1994, s. 6.)
  • 7. branches company department function/field project determining planned data registering obtained data analysis of variations making corrective decisions strategic operative planning organisation managing Pic. Dimensions of controlling Źródło: F. Klenger: Operatives controlling. R. Oldenbourg Verlag 1994, s.11.
  • 8. Description 2008 2009 2010 2011 Sale of goods (%) 100 100 100 100 Direct costs (%), including: 69,77 65,12 61,85 60,44 Materials (%) 52,48 47,62 42,9 42,89 Purchasing costs(%) 0,37 0,41 1 0,9 Work in process (%) 0 0 0 0,03 Direct labour costs (%) 9,64 8,61 9,95 9,83 Charges (%) 0,9 0,79 1,92 0,81 Costs of documentation % 4,52 3,48 3,77 3,6 Others (%) 1,87 4,21 2,31 2,38 Financial margin I (%) 30,23 34,88 38,15 39,56 Overheads (%) 13,79 12,08 12,43 13,17 Financial margin II (%) 16,44 22,8 25,7 26,39
  • 9. Source: Activity diagram [in:] Technical aspects of traceability. E-learning course. ILiM, Poznań 2009, http://elearning.ilim.poznan.pl/mod/scorm/player2.php? a=151&currentorg=ORG-7A8602FE-9841-3860-7B2B-D40AD176E776&scoid=3987
  • 12. Source: Score 9.0 Overview Booklet, p. 3. Http://www.supply-chain.org/galleries/public gallery/SCOR%209.0%20Overview%20Booklet.pdf Supply Chain Operations Reference Model (SCOR) Plan-Source-Make-Deliver-Return
  • 13. HRM
  • 15. Controlling in the intern. econom. processes is a subsystem of planning, measuring, identifying gaps, variance analysing, explaining causes and taking corrective decisions, regarding controlled processes
  • 16. On the base of choosen process/es try to create a system of controlling of the process/es 1. Homework - Assignment
  • 18.
  • 19. http://www.erptips.com/Learn-SAP/SAP-Module-Overviews/Controlling-CO.html SAP Controlling (SAP CO) The purpose of the Controlling (CO) module in SAP is to provide organizations with a method of slicing and dicing data to view costs from an internal management perspective and provide a view of profitability beyond that of basic financial reporting. This allows the organization to create information in a manner that is tailored to their specific business measurements needs. Controlling allows an organization to: Plan and track overhead costs within the company's specific organizational structure. Track costs related to specific projects or events and either capitalize those costs or charge them to appropriate departments upon completion. Perform "Activity Based Costing". Perform Product Costing, measuring production cost and variances. Report profitability by product line, division, or other internal measurement. Report sales and gross profitability by external measures such as market segments or customer groups. Controlling consists of all master data, configuration, and reporting required to analyze both spend and revenues, both within and across organizations. This includes the following master data: Cost Elements - cost and/or revenue accounts Cost Centers - departmental units Profit Centers - business lines, product lines or divisions Internal Orders - projects or events Functional Area - Cost of Sales Accounting Statistical Key Figures - non financial statistics for allocating or measuring financial costs Activity Types - Labor or other activity costs
  • 20.
  • 21. Subject: Planning targets and budgeting (KPI as targets to achieve or keep based on flexible budgeting) • ERGIS-EUROFILMS Co. is the biggest plastics processing company and PVC products manufacturer at Central and Eastern Europe. Ergis offers wide product range including: stretch films, PVC thermoshrink films, insulation, roofing and construction films, PVC compounds, interior and exterior plastic panels, artificial leathers, technical fabrics, PVC-coated fabrics, food wraps and tablecloths, wallpapers. The company is also an important producer of PE- stretch films and PET straps • On the base of the data included at the table 1,2, 3, establish the set of KPI in the forms of targets to achieve or to keep for such product lines as coated fabrics (tab.1), assorted PVC tablecloths (tab.2), PVC compounds (3) • http://www.ergis-eurofilms.eu • Problem: • What is the expected solution of the problem? • What is the method of solving the problem? • What is the tool to solve the problem? • Starting the management accounting • Answers: How to establish the KPI as aims to achieve or to keep? Info as KPI Flexible budgeting Flexible budgeting sheet
  • 22. • Answers Artificial leather We suggest to establish KPI in the form of targets to achieve as follows. The suggested volume should be not less than 450m rolls per year with the lowest price 7 Euro per one roll, what defines the income in the value of 3150 Euro/year, 2250 Euro of margin I, 1950 Euro of margin II and 1150 Euro of the profit finally • In regard to the KPI in the form of targets to keep and not to exceed we suggest to establish unit price in the value of 7 Euro, the variable cost at 900 Euro, the overhead I at 300 Euro and to keep the overhead II at 800 Euro
  • 23. • Assorted PVC tablecloths • We propose to establish the volume to produce and sale not less than 800 coils per year with the lowest unit price of 5 Euro per coil what is connected with the income at 4000 Euro/year, 2800 Euro of margin I, 2200 Euro of margin II and 1400 Euro of the profit finally, as the targets to achieve • Regarding the targets to keep and not to exceed we suggest to establish such KPI as the unit price in the value of 5 Euro, the variable cost at 1200 Euro, the overhead I at 600 Euro and to keep the overhead II at 800 Euro.
  • 24. • PVC compounds • We propose to establish the volume to produce and sale not less than 100 tonnes per year with the lowest unit price of 200 Euro per one tonne what is connected with the income at 20000 Euro/year, 10000 Euro of margin I, 9000 Euro of margin II and 8200 Euro of the profit finally, as the targets to achieve • Regarding the targets to keep and not to exceed we suggest to establish such KPI as the unit price in the value of 220 Euro, the variable cost at 10000 Euro, the overhead I at 1000 Euro and to keep the overhead II at 800 Euro
  • 25. 2. Homework - Assignment Prepare a set of KPI for a chosen company from the List (http://www.paiz.gov.pl/publications/foreign_investo rs_in_poland) based on some examples: • KPI for different branches (http://www.klipfolio.com/resources/kpi- examples) • Volga-Dnepr Group Annual Report (http://www.volga- dnepr.com/en/investor_relations/annual_report/) • Simens Sustaiability Report http://www.siemens.com/sustainability/en/sustain ability/reporting/current-report.htm
  • 26. Subject: Financial contribution analysis as a method for assessing the profitability of products/services • DLS-Trans Ltd. is an international transportation company offering freight services of: - bulk cargo (paper, waste paper) - parcels (courier activities) - containers (electronics) Based on the data contained in the table 1 and 2, determine the hierarchy of profitability of services based on the data contained in Tab.3 (unit contribution) and suggest a set of management decisions • http://www.dls-deutschland.de/en/startseite.html • Problem: • What is the expected solution of the problem? • What is the method of solving the problem? • What is the tool to solve the problem? • Starting the management accounting • Answers: What is the hierar. of profit.,how does it look, how to obtain it? Info on the profit. hierarchy Contribution accounting Contribution accounting sheet
  • 27. Category October Cumulative data planned actual variance planned actual variance parcels 3,52 3,12 -0,40 3,46 3,41 -0,05 Unit contribution I bulk 1,57 1,56 -0,01 1,66 1,61 -0,05 (Euro/1 gross tkm) containers 2,62 2,37 -0,25 2,62 2,63 0,01 sum 7,71 7,05 -0,66 7,74 7,65 -0,09 0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 parcels bulk containers 3.52 1.57 2.62 3.12 1.56 2.37 UNITCONTRIBUTION(Euro/1tkm) planned actual
  • 28. Case: Blue Scope Steel Co. http://www.bluescopesteel.com 0.16 0.02 0.13 -0.09 0.06 0.28 0.04 -0.01 0.09 -0.06 -0.03 0.03 -0.15 -0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 Austral Ind Austral Dis Nzeland Asia Hot America Co America Total 2008 2009
  • 29. 3. Homework – Assignment make the profitability hierarchy of SBU/Divisions • DB Annual Report (Economic Position, p. 110, 111, 198, 206-207) • DHL Annual Report (Economic Position, p. 62)
  • 30. Subject: Analysis of variance (significance) • DLS-Trans Ltd. is an international transportation company offering freight services of: - bulk cargo (paper, waste paper) - parcels (courier activities) - containers (electronics) Estimate the confidence interval for the planned sales value of 6400 Euro in December estimating the probability of finding sale in this range at 90% based on 500 Euro of standard deviation for 10 months. • http://www.dls-deutschland.de/en/startseite.html • Problem: • What is the expected solution of the problem? • What is the method of solving the problem? • What is the tool to solve the problem? • Starting the interval estimation • Answers: How to build the confidence interval (CI)? Info: range of sale Statistics Interval estimation
  • 31. Data • Confidence interval • Level of confidence (1-) 90% • Level of significance () 10% • Standard deviation S(x) 500 Euro • Degree of freedom (s=n-k) 9 • T-student statictics (t1-, n-1) • Student’s T-distribution table
  • 32. • DLS-Trans Ltd. is an international transportation company offering freight services of: - bulk cargo (paper, waste paper) - parcels (courier activities) - containers (electronics) On the base of data reported for 17 months , net sale worth of 6400 Euro with 500Euro of std. dev. was planned on Dec. Realized sale value was 6500 Euro. Estimate the variance significance supposing the probability of throwing out the H0 hypothesis is 5%. • Problem: • What is the expected solution of the problem? • What is the method of solving the problem? • What is the tool to solve the problem? • Starting the interval estimation • Answers: How to estimate the significance deviation? Hypothesis test Statistical testing SD
  • 33. Data • Student’s T-statistics (standarisation formula) • Level of significance () 5% • Standard deviation S(x) 500 Euro • Degree of freedom (s=n-k) 16 • Student’s T-distribution (t1-, n-1) (from table) • Student’s T-distribution table
  • 34. Subject: Six Sigma as a tool of SPC • 3,4 DPMO – 4,5  • Confidence level (1-) 99,99932% • Significance level () 0,00068% • Six Sigma Wikipedia
  • 35. Subject: Other tools of SPC • Wikipedia • Control chart of Shewhart - ISO 8258:1991 • Process flow diagram • Ishikawa diagram (cause-efect d., fish-bone d.) • Pareto diagram • Check-sheet • Scatter plot
  • 36.
  • 37. 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% Udział Udział

Notas do Editor

  1. Source: Activity diagram [in:] Technical aspects of traceability. E-learning course. ILiM, Poznań 2009, http://elearning.ilim.poznan.pl/mod/scorm/player2.php?a=151&currentorg=ORG-7A8602FE-9841-3860-7B2B-D40AD176E776&scoid=3987
  2. W kontekście prowadzonych rozważań, najmniejszym systemem logistyki synergicznej, jest samodzielny bytowo holon składający się z rzeczy, zdarzeń i procesu logistyki synergicznej, znajdujących się w takich relacjach, że zdarzenie lub zdarzenia inicjują lub są wykreowane przez proces logistyki synergicznej, w którym oddziaływujące na siebie rzeczy stają się już innymi rzeczami wywołując jednocześnie wszystkie inne rodzaje efektów synergicznych, o których wcześniej mówiono. W konkluzji zjawisko synergii w logistyce w ujęciu statycznym odwzorowuje struktura systemu logistyki synergicznej w postaci samych rzeczy, zdarzeń oraz łączących ich relacji, natomiast odwzorowanie dynamiczne przebiegu tego zjawiska musi być uzupełnione o proces logistyki synergicznej. Dlatego też, zasadnicza część schematu blokowego ukazującego dynamikę systemu logistyki synergicznej, symbolizuje proces, o takiej samej nazwie, który dokonuje bezpośredniej transformacji efektów synergicznych na wejściu w efekty synergiczne na wyjściu. Prezentowana struktura systemu logistyki synergicznej jest jednocześnie, jak powiedziano, najmniejszą strukturą samodzielną bytowo, będącą nośnikiem wielu cech i relacji, duplikowalną i powtarzalną w tym sensie, że może być łączona w różne konfiguracje funkcjonalne umożliwiające nie tylko oddziaływanie wewnątrzsystemowe, ale także wymianę rzeczy z otoczeniem, a tym samym wyjście poza punkt widzenia pojedynczego systemu logistyki synergicznej. Dzięki tej właściwości istnieje możliwość łączenia się (wejściem i wyjściem) w rozmaicie skonfigurowane mikro, meta lub makrosystemy logistyczne (wydziałów, zakładów, przedsiębiorstw, łańcuchów, sieci, struktur globalnych itp.), w różnych sferach działalności gospodarczej, np. zaopatrzenia, dystrybucji, usług, handlu, produkcji artykułów spożywczych, paliw itd., a w połączeniu z systemami pozagospodarczymi, w struktury społeczne, techniczne, ekosystemy itp. Struktury te postrzegane statycznie jawią się głównie jako układy rzeczy, natomiast w ujęciu dynamicznym znajdują się w procesie ciągłego oddziaływania, w ciągłym ruchu, przekształceniach, zmianach, okresach wzrostu, upadku itp. Prezentowany system logistyki synergicznej stanowi jednocześnie mechanizm przebiegu zjawiska synergii w logistyce, a tym samym mechanizm tworzenia logistyki, jako efektu synergicznego, jednocześnie umożliwiając logistyce kreowanie kolejnych efektów synergicznych. Wykreowanie tych efektów nie stanowi jednak celu samego w sobie. Z uwagi na wspierający (usługowy) charakter logistyki, służą one bowiem za wejście do własnego, jak i innych systemów gospodarczych, obejmując swoim zasięgiem wszystkie oddziaływujące na siebie układy. A zatem, system ten wyjaśnia rolę logistyki, jako czynnika synergizującego procesy gospodarcze oraz pozagospodarcze, decydującego o efektach swoich, jak i innych systemów. Mimo iż powyższe rozumienie roli synergii w logistyce znajduje powszechną akceptację, to wydaje się, że system synergiczny logistyki prezentowany na ekranie obejmuje po części dotychczas nieodkryty jeszcze obszar badawczy. W świetle powyższych rozważań, równie przekonujące jest bowiem stwierdzenie, że logistyka nie tylko tworzy efekty synergiczne, ale że sama także jest efektem synergicznym wielu różnych procesów (produkcyjnych, kadrowych, handlowych, marketingowych, finansowych, inwestycyjnych itd.), po części dlatego, że jednym z nich może być także własny proces logistyczny, np. samozaopatrzenia. Innym przykładem są procesy zarządcze w logistyce, których efektem jest decyzja. Jeśli dotyczy ona własnego systemu wsparcia logistycznego, to stanowi zasilenie informacyjne na jego wejściu w postaci np. decyzji konfigurujących lub rekonfigurujących elementy tego systemu, a uwidaczniające się w postaci efektów synergicznych procesów wykonawczych, zwłaszcza w formie usługi/produktu logistycznego. Podsumowując można stwierdzić, że podobnie, jak logistykę można postrzegać w sensie kreatora efektów synergicznych, tak i jej własną strukturę również można uznać za rezultat synergiczny wielu procesów gospodarczych i pozagospodarczych. Jeśli zatem synergia pełni tak żywotnie istotną rolę w każdym systemie wsparcia logistycznego, to oprócz próby nakreślenia mechanizmu przebiegu zjawiska synergii w logistyce w postaci powyższej koncepcji systemu logistyki synergicznej, należałoby także dokładniej rozpoznać to coś, co ją determinuje, określa, kształtuje itp. A zatem zidentyfikowanie determinantów synergii w logistyce i ich możliwości uwolnienia lub wręcz przeciwnie zablokowania zawartych w nich potencjałów synergii, jest kolejnym punktem badawczym poszerzającym dotychczas zaprezentowaną strukturę i funkcjonowanie systemu logistyki synergicznej.
  3. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Check_sheet_for_motor_assembly.svg
  4. http://www.google.com/imgres?sa=X&hl=pl&biw=1113&bih=570&tbm=isch&tbnid=fgbznOUp_RKUoM:&imgrefurl=http://intermath.coe.uga.edu/dictnary/html/MakingPlots.html&docid=W6-pIu_dP_MjoM&imgurl=http://intermath.coe.uga.edu/dictnary/html/MakingPlots_files/Image52.gif&w=530&h=352&ei=JTe_UtS3NOeNywP61IDIDg&zoom=1&ved=1t:3588,r:52,s:0,i:244&iact=rc&page=4&tbnh=182&tbnw=213&start=44&ndsp=15&tx=119.29998779296875&ty=88.08999633789062