Mahesh bhupati group (pdf)

CURRENT ISSUES IN INTERNATIONAL AND OFFSHORE BANKING HE20

ABSTRACT

Economic globalization is an unavoidable trend. Financial liberalization to integrate into the international
financial community is an aspect of globalization. Many Middle-East countries had begun this process with
a view to attract capital for economic development. The unexpected onset of the recent global financial
crisis made these countries reassess the state of their financial systems as well as the pace and the
sequence of financial liberalization. Due to its geographical location and increasing economic
interdependence, Middle-East countries could not avoid the impact of the global financial crisis. This study
looks at assessment of the strategic planning among Middle-East financial institutions is facing and
identifies the impact of financial crisis in Middle-East countries. Practical solutions for overcoming the global
financial crisis are outlined.

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SCOPE OF THE STUDY

Financial institutions in the Middle East are being urged to implement strategic planning fast as a means to
combat the global slump and ensure survival in the face of intense regional competition. This study can be
divided in three categories. First it focus on the strategic planning among the middle east countries, second
the impact of the global financial crisis over the middle east financial institutions and the last part is the
strategies that followed to overcome the impact of the crisis. The impact has been classified in few sectors
to differentiate the problems that the countries facing in all terms. According to the impact mentioned, the
steps to overcome to impacts are determined. After that, there are a brief discussion about the impact of
the global financial crisis to the Middle East countries and the findings/strategies on how to overcome the
impact of the global financial crisis to the Middle East financial institutions. As there are some risk taken to
overcome the impact of the global financial crisis to the Middle East countries, so it cause for some
disadvantages for the countries.

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OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

This paper intends to study about the strategic planning among Middle-East financial institutions is facing
and overcoming the impact of global financial crisis.

The first section of the study will analyze the impact of the global financial crisis towards Middle
East financial institutions.
The second section of the study will present about the strategic planning used among the Middle
East financial institutions.

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INTRODUCTION

I.) Impact of the global financial crisis in Middle east financial institutions

Global financial crisis give a variety impact to the Middle East financial institutions. Around in the 10th
century the Middle east economic was economically advanced region of the world and it will be measured
by standard of living, technology, agricultural productivity and others. This scenario has been changed in
2007 and the early part of 2008, rising oil prices lined the coffers of major exporters like Saudi Arabia, the
United Arab Emirates, Iran, Kuwait, and Iraq. The first impact of global financial crisis is reduces of oil
prices and global liquidity shortages. Basically, most of the GCC country faces with decline in oil prices and
production, as well as by liquidity shortages in global financial markets. The direct impact from U.S.
subprime assets, however, was limited, given a relatively low direct exposure of GCC commercial banks to
these assets. Oil market developments affected government finances and external positions directly, but
they also had an indirect impact on banking and corporate liquidity and funding costs as speculative capital
inflows reversed and investor confidence in the GCC declined. This will together with global liquidity
shortages, course a sudden fall in asset prices and weakened financial systems’ balance sheets, prompting
governments’ intervention in the financial sector.
The second impact was Pressures on bank funding and liquidity led to tight credit conditions. The
turnaround of speculative short-term inflows linked to exchange rate speculation, combined with global
deleveraging and widening emerging market spreads, resulted in significant liquidity pressures and
increased funding costs. Commercial banks drew down their reserves with central banks, and short-term
interest rates spiked sharply, although temporarily. Timely response by the authorities, including through
the infusion of liquidity and deposit guarantees, helped stabilize interest rates and liquidity conditions.
Next is Changes in the fund investment strategies. Due to the global financial crisis in Middle East
financial institutions the investors have been change their investment strategies. In the other hand, some
funds are opting for more conservative strategies, such as SAMA (Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency), the
Saudi Sovereign Wealth Fund Institute. Those countries are traditionally focused on financial markets in
Europe and the U.S. are turning their attentions towards other markets - in Arab countries and emerging
ones, as well as towards direct investments. For example, in 10 January 2009 the Abu Dhabi Investment
Company announced to create four investment funds in the Middle East and North Africa.
Last but not least were repercussions for stock markets and the Arab financial system. The huge
losses recorded by both supreme wealth funds and private Arab capital in financial markets in the United

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Kingdom and the United States meant that the stock market crash in September 2008 affected the majority
of the Middle Eastern stock markets. After the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers was announced, on
September 15th 2008, the Saudi Arabian stock market fell by 6.5%, Doha 7%, Kuwait 3% and Abu Dhabi
4.35%.Certain markets, such as Kuwait, had to close for a number of days to avoid outbreaks of panic.
Over the last year, falls in these Gulf stock markets have followed a parallel path to those in Europe and
North America and are strongly linked.

II.) Lessons learn from the global financial crisis towards middle east financial
institutions
Now let us see what are the lessons did Middle East countries learns from the global financial crisis? First
for the political leadership the lessons are Lack of regulation is as bad as over-regulation. Although they
believe governments should not regulate free market choices, they also believe investors should regulate to
protect investors against conflict of interests and negligence by investment bankers. Regulations should
also ensure full transparency and disclosures and should effectively penalize violators. To be more specific,
investment banking firms who knowingly sold investments to their clients and later betted against them
without informing the same clients; those who invested in fraudulent funds without proper due diligence on
behalf of their clients; and rating agencies that miss-rated subprime junk derivatives as grade A assets.
Second was Insanity is defined as doing the same thing and expecting different results. Hiring the
same people who got us into the economic recession in the first place or hiring those who did not foresee
the financial crisis to design the recovery policies is not the right solution. Most of the economic advisors
did not see the crisis until it was too late and some of them participated in the policies that led to the crisis
in the first place.
Third was the country pay a big price not only for their wrong economic policies, but also for wrong
foreign policies. Countries that allow foreign lobbies, special interest groups or extreme nationalist
movements to dominate their foreign policies by becoming active participants in international conflicts will
end up creating more enemies and wasting their valuable resources in defending their own security.
Countries that try to spread their ideologies by force, be it religion, socialism, capitalism, democracy or
something else, will be overwhelmed by the human and economic cost of conflicts. Those countries will lag
behind other countries that are focusing on developing their economies and advancing their interests via
global partnerships and trade.

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As an overall the lesson should be strengthen strategic thinking by place more emphasis on
scenario planning, trends analysis and client/ market listening. Institute strategic planning cycle make the
process more regular and important inside the organization. Make a stronger connection to resource
allocation by ensure that strategic plans allocate resources and connect to budgets. Increase leadership
engagement: more visibility and direct involvement in the strategic planning process by senior leaders.
Improve strategic action: enhance operational execution through better change and performance
management as well as overall communications.

III.) Define strategic planning
Strategic planning is an organization's process of defining its strategy,or direction, and making decisions on
allocating its resources to pursue this strategy. In order to determine the direction of the organization, it is
necessary to understand its current position and the possible avenues through which it can pursue a
particular course of action. Generally, strategic planning deals with at least one of three key questions.
"What do we do”? , For whom do we do it?" "How do we excel?”. The linkage between global financial crisis
and Middle East are institutions that used strategic planning to make critical decisions were better able to
pursue growth opportunities during the crisis. Institutions that relied on strategic planning during the crisis
are more confident about their prospects for near-term growth. Institutions employing a regular strategic
planning process and cycle were more prepared for the economic crisis. Institutions that involve the entire
executive team in strategic planning expect revenue growth over the next 12 months.

The recovery of oil importers in MENA will depend crucially on their key markets, especially the
European Union (EU) and the GCC countries. The feeble recovery expected in the Euro zone will drag
down growth in the near term, particularly the growth of those with strong links to EU markets. Growth of oil
importers is expected to decelerate slightly to 4.5 percent in 2010.Trade is recovering, with export revenue
of oil importers expected to grow by 7.7 percent in 2010, after contracting by 13 percent in 2009.
Remittance ﬂows are expected to grow by 1.3 percent in 2010, albeit this pace is much slower than the one
observed during the pre crisis years. The crisis has not led to any major reform reversals, except perhaps a
slowing of food and energy subsidy reforms, which have generally been very slow to progress. Some
countries have steamed ahead with the reforms started prior to the crisis. These include the ﬁnancial sector
reform in Egypt and trade integration in Tunisia For the circumstances as mention above, the GCC
countries used a long-term growth planning on the recovery of the financial crisis such as formation of Gulf

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Cooperation Council, Steadily Increase Oil Production, and Maintain a long-term demand for oil at the
expense of alternative energies.

LITERATURE REVIEW

The world doomed to recession in the year 2008, and what are the causes of these unlikely event; well as it
is the global financial crisis that hit on the globalized world which has originated in The United States and
extended to the rest of the world in 2008 led to massive destruction of economy. According to;
Ramadhan.M and Naseeb.A 2009 in their Journal the Global Financial Crisis: Causes and Solutions; the
likely events of the crisis tend to be caused by Imbalance in World Trade, Consumption Pattern in the U.S,
Excessive deregulation of financial market, and the dominant role of the U.S dollars. The first clear sign that
the US housing bubble was bursting, the mid-2007 crisis in the sub-prime mortgage market (stemming from
the significant increase in defaults), transmitted losses to a whole set of securitized financial products such
as mortgage-backed securities (Lin, Senior Vice President and Chief Economist The World Bank; 2008).
Hence, the lack of supervision of the financial markets has caused the mortgage bubble motivated an
abruption of crisis which led to indebtedness or bankruptcy among the banks in U.S and throughout the
world. Therefore the Middle-East financial institution is not left behind in this mounting crisis.

The Impact of Global Financial Crisis to the Middle-East Countries’ Financial Institution

The impact in Middle East is said to be not impulsive, according to Kouame. A 2009, the Acting Chief
Economist for the MENA Region in an interview of Q&A of the global financial crisis and MENA he stated
that; Although financial systems in MENA countries have not been highly vulnerable to the crisis so far due
to their limited integration with global financial institutions, the impact of the global recession on the real
economy can be significant in many MENA countries. As a whole, the MENA region is projected to grow at
3.3% in 2009 down from 5.5% in 2008. This is a significant mark down. However, MENA is expected to be
less impacted by the global recession than most other developing regions, notably Eastern Europe &
Central Asia, and East Asia & Pacific. Regarding the impact of the global financial crisis, (Larbi .H 2009)
from the Quarterly Publication - The World Bank Middle East Department has clarified that one common
factor among Middle-East countries was that the initial impact of the global financial crisis on their financial
systems was muted. Habibi.N 2009 articulates that in terms of integration into global financial markets, the
Middle East falls behind all other emerging-market regions other than Africa; but although a lower level of
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financial integration is a disadvantage under normal circumstances, it can protect an emerging region when
the global economy sinks into a severe financial crisis. Subsequently, he also further clarifies that Middle-
East region is affected by global economic conditions through fluctuations in the oil market. The global
crisis sharply reduced the flow of foreign investment into real estate; as a result, the uptrend in real estate
prices in the Middle East, which had lasted for several years, came to an end in 2008. This development
put severe pressure on real estate construction firms and encouraged sell-offs in regional stock markets. In
turn, the end of real estate speculation sharply increased mortgage defaults, and as a result many listed
commercial banks came under financial distress. To adhere the impacts of the crisis on the Middle East
countries financial institution; the introduction of Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) is crucial because there
are huge number of countries of Middle East is participating in the council. Meaning to say, if the crisis
affects GCC it distresses the ME-countries itself. GCC is a political and economic union of the Arab states
bordering the Persian Gulf and located on or near the Arabian Peninsula, namely Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman,
Qatar, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, Jordan and Morocco. Therefore the first massive impact
would be fall of oil prices in late 2008, leaving many oil exporters struggling under the weight of debt they
had assumed during oil's run-up. In Middle Eastern countries without major crude supplies, the crisis posed
a threat more humanitarian in nature: It challenged their abilities to pay off international debts and strained
international aid institutions. Thus in the article of Khamis .M & Senhadji.A 2010; they anticipated that the
global economic crisis took hold, the GCC countries were affected through trade and financial channels. By
the second half of 2008, GCC government finances and external positions were directly affected by the
decline in oil prices and demand. At the same time, GCC countries underwent reversals of speculative
capital inflows experienced in 2007 and early 2008. These developments tightened liquidity conditions and
affected investor confidence, and were further exacerbated by Lehman’s collapse in September 2008 and
the ensuing global liquidity shortages and deleveraging. GCC financial sector imbalances came to the fore,
especially in the United Arab Emirates (U.A.E.), Kuwait, and Bahrain, given these countries’ close linkages
with global equity and credit markets. There are several categories of impact on the financial institution of
Middle East classified in the article of (Rocha.R et al 2011); such as Impact on Regional Equity and Bond
Markets, Impact on Regional Banking Systems, and Impact on Islamic and Conventional Banks.

• Impact on Regional Equity and Bond Markets

MENA stock markets reacted to the global financial crisis with a lag in comparison to markets in high-
income and other emerging economies: as a result of high oil prices, they held up better than markets

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elsewhere until the third quarter of 2008. However, both the GCC and non-GCC stock markets crashed
with other stock markets around the world during the worldwide panic in the fourth quarter of 2008,
following the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers. The fall of stock prices in the GCC was more pronounced,
reflecting the burst of the real estate bubble and the sub region’s greater openness relative to other parts of
the region. The impact of the global financial crisis on the region’s sovereign debt broadly mirrored global
trends, with a sharp spike in credit spreads as a reaction to the Lehman bankruptcy and a rapid decline as
the panic subsided.

• Impact on Regional Banking Systems

In the run-up to the financial crisis, credit growth had been on an upward trend in all three MENA
subregions. The GCC credit expansion has caused a large component of real estate lending and in some
countries increasing reliance on foreign funding; which seem to accelerate during most of 2008, in contrast
with trends in other regions. With the collapse of asset and commodity prices and the freezing of financial
markets, the crisis reached emerging economies and led to a sharp slowdown in lending in virtually all
MENA countries, especially those in the GCC. The very sharp credit slowdown in the GCC reflected not
only reduced oil inflows but also restricted access to foreign borrowing and domestic banks’ curtailing of
real estate lending. The prompt and forceful reaction by the GCC authorities included fiscal stimulus,
monetary easing, and exceptional measures to support the financial sector (Khamis and Senhadji 2010).
Apart from credit growth being affected, the Resiliency of banking sector is also being disturbed. Standard
indicators of banking system soundness and the lack of systemic consequences underscore the resiliency
of MENA banking sectors to the global financial crisis. Banking systems in GCC countries were highly
capitalized in the precrisis years, and capitalization increased further in 2009. The regional political crisis
and the unwinding of countercyclical measures will test the resiliency of emerging MENA banking sectors.
There has been significant disruption in economic activity in countries experiencing long protests and
turmoil. These disruptions will lead to reduced lending activity and deteriorating asset quality and
profitability of banks, to different degrees across countries.

• Impact on Islamic and Conventional Banks

The financing activities of Islamic banks are tied more closely to real economic activities, Islamic banks
avoided direct exposure to exotic and toxic financial derivative products and Islamic banks in general kept a
larger proportion of their assets in liquid form. As the global financial crisis turned into a global economic

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crisis, Islamic banks and financial institutions started to be indirectly affected. The business model of many
Islamic banks—which relied on murabaha financing and invested predominantly in the real estate sector
and in the previously growing equity markets—has been facing higher risks (Ali 2011).

Strategic Planning Among Middle East Countries to Overcome The Crisis.

Speciously, as the research by;(World Bank Regional Economic Update 2011) stated that by the end of
2010, countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) had largely recovered from the global financial
crisis, and growth rates were expected to reach pre-crisis levels in 2011. Therefore, how would this be
possible without the proper strategic planning to endure the risk from the overwhelming crisis? According to
Larbi (2009), while the impact of the crisis of Middle East financial systems has been limited so far, going
forward, one cannot exclude a significant impact on the real economy. How countries’ real economies are
impacted and how they can mitigate the impact will depend in part on initial conditions. In particular, fiscal
and current account balances, as well as debt level, play an important role in shaping countries’ ability to
mitigate the impact of the crisis. According to Reinikka (2010); the impact of the 2008–09 global financial
and economic crises varied substantially among three country groupings in the Middle East and North
Africa (MENA): the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), developing oil exporters, and oil importers.
Henceforth, this section will identify and state the strategic planning structure that has been practiced by
the Middle East countries in order to combat the crisis.

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1. Strategic Planning in the GCC(Gulf Cooperation Council) countries: Oil Exporting
Countries;
Formation of Gulf Cooperation Council

The Gulf Cooperation Council is known as a Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf and it was
found in 26 May 1981.The GCC was established in order to promote coordination between member states
in all fields to achieve unity. (Wikipedia) Basically, the original Council comprised the 630-million-acre
(2,500,000 km²) Persian Gulf states of the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Qatar and
Kuwait. The unified economic agreement between the countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council was
signed on 11 November 1981 in Abu Dhabi. These countries are often referred to as The GCC States. The
objective of this council was to formulate similar regulations in variety of fields like economy, finance, trade,
tourism and other. Besides that, they also involve in fostering scientific and technical progress in industry,
mining, agriculture, water and others.(Sheikh Mohammad Bin Rashid Al Moktoum).Other countries in the
Middle East, in particular the countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), are more closely tied to the
global economy and their performance is more directly affected by world economic conditions.

The GCC countries list of nations or member states is Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia,
and UAE. The full name is Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (CCASG) and also referred
to as the Arab Gulf Cooperation Council (AGCC). GCC countries have a significant economic dependence
on oil export as Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Abu Dhabi in the UAE in particular. Qatar has a large natural gas
industry; Oman and Bahrain have much less dependence on oil. The GCC oil exporters were hardest hit
because the crisis affected them directly through two different channels: (a) a negative terms-of-trade
shock associated with the drop in oil prices; and (b) a financial shock, which destabilized overextended
domestic banks and led to the bursting of a real estate bubble (Reinikka, 2010). Eventually, as the GCC
countries comprises a large influence on the Middle East regional economy, this section will cover briefly
about the strategic plan which has been practiced by this countries to cope the impact of the crisis. The
governments of the GCC states are dealing with the consequences of the crisis in a number of strategic
plans:

a) Implement expansionary fiscal policy (Winckler, 2010):
This policy has three goals:
• To maintain the economic activity level

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GCC Countries Economic expansion
Qatar The 2009-10 budgets, is expected to be the largest ever because
Qatar has intended to launch large-scale infrastructure projects
such as construction of the New Doha International Airport and
the Sidra Hospital, expansion of the Ruwais port, large-scale
road-building, expansion of drainage systems, and improvements
in educational and vocational facilities.
Inclusively, in 2010, more than $229 billion worth of projects were
planned or under way in Qatar alone.
Oman In year 2009 the budget spiked 10.8% higher than 2008; although
there is sharp decline in governments revenues.
Saudi Arabia Saudi capital spending for 2009 is also projected to be 36 percent
higher than in 2008 and includes $7 billion for a railway linking
Damman and Jeddah through Riyadh.
Reserves requirement for banks has been lowered from 13
percent to 7 percent, $2-3 billion has been injected into banks in
the form of dollar deposits, all bank deposits have been
guaranteed, and the government has allocated an additional $2.7
billion in credit to low income citizens having problems accessing
loans

According to Winckler (2010), each of the GCC countries without exception has adopted
extraordinary measures in order to restore confidence and to stabilize the financial sector, among
them, cutting interest rates, providing bank deposit guarantees, reducing requirements on bank
deposits, and introducing new credit facilities in order to strengthen bank liquidity. The Persian Gulf
governments have also injected capital into private banks to encourage them to lend more to the
private sector.

• To create new job opportunities for the national workforce
Apparently, to reduce the unemployment rate in GCC countries radical approach has been taken
such as diversifying job opportunity for the national workforce. Therefore, in the case of Saudi

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Arabia as example; in April 2009, the Saudi Human Resources Development Fund offered to pay
half of the first year's salary in advance for Saudis who were newly hired by private firms.
Previously, it had paid a 50 percent bonus after the completion of the employee's first year on the
job. Furthermore, the aim of the advanced payment was to tempt companies to increase the
number of employed nationals since getting credit from banks had become more difficult since the
onset of the financial crisis. Saudi authorities also strengthened the inspection regime for private
companies' adherence to the government-mandated quotas for national employees (Arab News
2010).

• To prepare for the end of the crisis.
The practice of the expansionary fiscal policy has innate good benefits. Despite considerable
damage to the GCC economies resulting from the global crisis, the situation in these countries was
and still is much more favorable than that of the rest of the world's economies. It appears that
timely responses by the GCC governments to the worldwide financial crisis brought about stability
in their economies when most other worldwide economies were still shaken by it (Iradian, 2009).
Since the second quarter of 2009, the Persian Gulf economies have gradually returned to solid
growth.

b) Steadily Increase Oil Production Capacity (Winckler,2010)
To begin with, in order to curb the situation in which the decrease in demand for oil at the start of
crisis the Middle East countries has implement to reduce the oil production at first and then
gradually increase the production later when the crisis muted. GCC countries tried to continue
demand for oil as the world's primary energy source at the expense of tracking alternative energy
sources. Increasing oil production spare capacity in order to sustain moderate prices for the long-
run was another measure adopted by many GCC members. There were two goals for this
increase:
• Stable and moderate oil prices constitute a major tool for global economic recovery
• Maintain a long-term demand for oil at the expense of alternative energies.

In mid-2009, the Saudi Arabian crude production capacity amounted to 12.5 million b/d, more than
4 million b/d above its production scale in early 2010 (see Table 1). Since the peak of oil prices in mid-

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2008, the Saudi authorities have consistently emphasized both their huge proven oil reserves and
spare production capacity in an effort to convince oil consumers not to switch to alternative energy
sources. The Kuwaiti government is currently acting to increase its oil production capacity to 4 million
b/d until 2020. Maintaining the level of the current global oil demand is viewed as insurance for long-
term governmental revenues, also enabling the GCC governments to maintain high expenditure levels.

Conclusively, according to Reinikka (2010) the Gulf countries are leading the regional recovery as
oil prices have rebounded, and the GCC financial sector is stabilizing. Growth in the GCC countries is
projected at 4.4 percent in 2010—a remarkable comeback. The recovery in the GCC countries is
expected to have a positive impact on other MENA countries, mainly through increased flows of
remittances and FDI.

Table 1: Oil Production in GCC States, 2000-10 (thousands of b/d)

Country 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010**

Saudi Arabia 8,404 8,031 7,634 8,410 8,897 9,353 9,112 8,651 9,261 8,250 8,240

UAE 2,368 2,276 2,082 2,248 2,344 2,378 2,540 2,504 2,681 2,413 2,414
Kuwait 2,079 1,998 1,894 2,136 2,289 2,529 2,535 2,465 2,586 2,350 2,350
Qatar 737 714 679 676 755 766 821 807 924 927 1,020
Oman 970 960 897 819 780 774 738 710 757 813 855
Bahrain* 190 190 190 240 209 187 185 180 180 180 180

Total 14,748 14,169 13,376 14,529 15,274 15,987 15,931 15,317 16,389 14,933 15,059

* Including Bahrain's share of Abu Sa'afa oilfield.
** Jan.-Mar. average.
Source: EIA, International Petroleum Monthly, June 2010, table 1.1; ESCWA data.

2. Strategic Planning in the Other Developing Oil Exporting Countries:

Eventually, the developing oil exporting countries in the region are Algeria, Iran, Syria, and Yemen. As
identified in Global Economic Prospects (June 2011), these countries form a group of economies troubled

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by political protest and/or forms of repression on the part of authorities over a range of intensity (from most
severe in Yemen and Syria, to concealed popular dissatisfaction in Iran, and to a lesser degree in Algeria).
Furthermore, the growth for the aggregate of oil exporters immersed from 2.2 percent in 2009 to 1.4
percent in 2010. Gains across the group ranged from 1 percent in Iran to 3.3 percent in Algeria, with
Yemen an exception, as the coming online of an LNG train boosted growth to 8 percent in the year (Global
Economic Prospects, June 2011). Developing oil exporters were hurt less than GCC oil exporters as they
felt the impact of the crisis only through the oil channel (Figure 1). Hence, due to the limited integration of
their banking sectors into global financial markets, developing oil exporters felt the impact of the crisis
mostly through the negative oil price shock (WORLD BANK MENA REGION – A REGIONAL ECONOMIC
UPDATE, APRIL 2010).The financial sectors of developing oil exporters were not affected by the global
financial crisis due to the underlying government guarantees and the fact that the banking sectors in these
countries have remained isolated from global financial markets. Credit growth was much lower prior to the
crisis in the developing oil exporters than in the GCC countries, and therefore these countries experienced
only a moderate decline.

Figure1: Real GDP Growth Rates

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a) Steadily Increase Oil Production Capacity (Winckler,2010)
Due to the crisis; for the oil-exporting MENA countries, the slower economic growth is partly due to a
decision by OPEC to reduce its oil output by 2.2 million barrels per day (7.5% of the cartels total oil output
in December 2008), effective January 2009. Habibi (2009), state that the implementation of this decision
led to a reduction in the value of Arab oil exporters’ oil sector GDP in real terms. Outwardly, the developing
oil exporters has also practice the similar strategic planning towards the crisis whereby steadily increase
the oil production to avoid any losses. Hence, global demand for oil started growing in the fourth quarter of
2009 after falling for five consecutive quarters. The strong rebound was due to the rapid recovery in
emerging markets, most notably Asia, and improvements in global financial conditions. US demand for oil
has started growing too (WORLD BANK MENA REGION – A REGIONAL ECONOMIC UPDATE, APRIL
2010). This growth acceleration is faster than that expected for developing oil exporters, and in glaring
contrast to the slight deceleration anticipated for oil importers in 2010 as illustrated in Figure 2.

Figure 2: Expected growth rate changes relative to previous year (percentage point change)

3. Strategic Planning Among Oil Importing Countries

As opposed in the study of Reinikka (2010); the oil-importing MENA countries were hurt mostly by the
secondary effects of the crisis on trade, remittances, and foreign direct investment (FDI). Growth of
MENA’s oil importing countries decelerated from 6.8 percent in 2008 to 4.8 percent in 2009, mostly

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because of the secondary effects of the crisis on trade and remittances, and in some cases because of its
negative effect on FDI (Figure3). Key non-oil sectors such as services and tourism remained relatively
resilient, while the decline in oil and other commodity prices limited the deterioration of their external
balances. Stimulus packages in the Arab Republic of Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, and Tunisia also helped
soften the deceleration in growth (Reinikka 2010).
Figure 3: Growth in remittances (% change)

a) Diversification of policies (strategic planning)

Subsequently, the plan to overcome the crisis in the oil importers region they have used various
policies. According to (WORLD BANK MENA REGION – A REGIONAL ECONOMIC UPDATE, APRIL
2010- recovering the crisis); as the crisis unfolded only Jordan, Morocco and Tunisia had to introduce
different types of financial support measures. Hence, i.e.: Tunisia and Morocco introduced liquidity
support, while Jordan offered deposit guarantees, and monetary easing. Moreover, in other oil
importing countries, the policy responses focused on mitigating the impact on the real economy. Egypt
and Tunisia passed fiscal stimulus packages geared toward job-creating infrastructure investments.
Morocco implemented measures to help firms cope with the decline of external demand including
guarantees of working capital loans, easing of regulation, and debt rescheduling facilities. Meanwhile,
the recovery of oil importers in MENA will depend momentously on their key markets, especially the
European Union (EU) and the GCC countries. Therefore, delicate recovery expected in the Eurozone
will drag down growth in the near term, particularly the growth of those with strong links to EU markets.
Growth of oil importers is expected to slow down slightly to 4.5 percent in 2010. In addition the trade is
recovering, with export revenue of oil importers expected to grow by 7.7 percent in 2010, after
contracting by 13 percent in 2009. Remittance flows are expected to grow by 1.3 percent in 2010, albeit
this pace is much slower than the one observed during the pre-crisis years (Reinikka, 2010).

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4. Working Together Towards Recovery And Improved Crisis Resilience
Another; strategic approach of Middle East countries to combat the crisis is to cooperate with higher
authorities and accepting wide range of helping hand from other institution. Well, according the (WORLD
BANK MENA REGION – A REGIONAL ECONOMIC UPDATE, APRIL 2010- recovering the crisis); during
the past year, the World Bank Group responded actively to the economic downturn in the MENA region and
tailored this support to the needs of the countries. Consequently, in Iraq, where the fall in oil prices severely
affected public finances, the World Bank provided financial support through a development policy loan,
working closely with the International Monetary Fund. Furthermore, as in the oil importing MENA countries,
such as Egypt, Jordan, Morocco and Tunisia, the World Bank has been providing technical support through
diagnostics work as well as quick-disbursing financial support through several development policy
operations focusing on financial sector, public sector reforms, and trade integration. These operations also
help build crisis resilience for the future. In the GCC countries, the short-term response of the World Bank
Group was to step up economic and financial monitoring and engage in strategic reimbursable technical
assistance. IFC’s Global Trade Finance Program has helped businesses, especially small ones, access
trade finance, while its Global Trade Liquidity Program has helped infuse liquidity into the trade finance
market. IFC has also helped banks across the MENA region by sharing views and solutions on how to
successfully navigate the crisis, structure robust risk management systems, and train key bank staff on risk
management.

~ 18 ~


DISCUSSION OF THE FINDINGS
As mention earlier in literature review, the Middle East country’s can be divided into three categories .In
includes GCC countries (oil exporting), developing oil exporting countries, and oil importing countries.
Furthermore we will be discussing in detail about the strategies that have been used to overcome the
global financial crisis and do some justification. Firstly, author (Wincker, 2010) mention about the
implementation of expansionary fiscal policy. In our point of view this strategy was successful and effective
because when the Middle East countries plan to spend more, it will increase the revenue of the country. For
example in the 2009-10 budgets, is expected to be the largest ever because Qatar has intended to launch
large-scale infrastructure projects such as construction of the New Doha International Airport and the Sidra
Hospital, expansion of the Ruwais port, large-scale road-building, expansion of drainage systems, and
improvements in educational and vocational facilities. This indicates that it could be one of the portions
of gross domestic product of the country. In addition, when the revenue is increased the growth of GDP will
increase. Because, one of the policy aim is to maintain and stable the economic level. The fiscal policies
also, help the GCC, measures to help ease inter-bank lending rates and add new regulations to their stock
markets.

The other aim of this policy is to create new job opportunities for the national workforce. Based on
the Arabic News (2010), in April 2009, the Saudi Human Resources Development Fund offered to pay half
of the first year's salary in advance for Saudis who were newly hired by private firms. Previously, it had paid
a 50 percent bonus after the completion of the employee's first year on the job. Furthermore, the aim of the
advanced payment was to tempt companies to increase the number of employed nationals since getting
credit from banks had become more difficult since the onset of the financial crisis. From here what they
want to critic is to reduce the unemployment rate in GCC countries they must be offer job to their country
people. When, there is too much foreign or other country workers in GCC countries, it will lead to so much
of cash outflow for the country that will give negative impact. It also increases the unemployment rate in the
country.

After years of decline in unemployment among Gulf nationals due to the strategy of labour market
“nationalization” through citizen quotas in private sector employment, the lay-off threat reversed the trend.
Private sector employees, considered at a disadvantage relative to their peers in secured public sector
positions, held their governments responsible for securing their jobs. This situation forced governments to
diversify their policy response and introduce labour market policies. However, diverse trends converged to

~ 19 ~


contain rising labour governance issues. Saudi officials issued protectionist “anti-foreign” statements,
denouncing the employment of foreigners at the expense of “unemployed national[s]” but with no practical
strings attached. Kuwait has drafted a progressive new labour law that practically equates in terms of
benefits citizens and foreigners but maintains the “sponsorship scheme.”

Meanwhile, the author (Wincker,2010) mention that, in order to curb the situation in which the
decrease in demand for oil at the start of crisis the Middle East countries has implement to reduce the oil
production at first and then gradually increase the production later when the crisis muted. This strategy is
used in GCC countries. In our point of view, this strategy will be useful to steadily increase oil production
capacity to ensure the financial resources needed to maintain the entire system. This also helps to continue
demand for oil as the world's primary energy source at the expense of pursuing alternative energy sources.
In other way, oil production was a main source of income for the GCC countries to survive.

Based on the Global Economic Prospects (June 2011), the developing oil exporting countries in the
region are Algeria, Iran, Syria, and Yemen these countries form a group of economies troubled by political
protest and/or forms of repression on the part of authorities over a range of intensity (from most severe in
Yemen and Syria, to concealed popular dissatisfaction in Iran, and to a lesser degree in Algeria).To avoid
this crisis, author suggest that, for steadily increase oil production capacity (Winckler,2010). Due to the
crisis; for the oil-exporting MENA countries, the slower economic growth is partly due to a decision by
OPEC to reduce its oil output by 2.2 million barrels per day (7.5% of the cartels total oil output in December
2008), effective January 2009.However, economic growth has been constrained by anaemic credit growth,
which has started inching higher only recently, and by the fact that the four GCC members of OPEC have
restrained output of crude oil to support oil prices, in the face of large stock overhang and rising non-OPEC
supply.
Moreover, author Reinikka (2010) identified that the oil-importing countries were hurt mostly by the
secondary effects of the crisis on trade, remittances, and foreign direct investment. To cure this crisis, the
author suggested to apply diversification policies and working together recovery and improved crisis
resilience. The policy has been used are focused on mitigating the impact on the real economy. This
strategy will be effective because by applying it, the other oil importers will know how to reduce the crisis by
getting guidance of the big authorities. In addition to easing liquidity constraints on banks and firms, so far
the response has focused on mitigating the short-term impact of the crisis on the real economy, although
some measures including tax cuts and investment expenditure would promote sustained growth. In Tunisia

~ 20 ~


and Morocco, fiscal stimulus through increased current expenditures included measures to support private
consumption, in the form of public sector wage increases, and measures to help SMEs cope with the
decline of external demand, including guarantees of working capital loans, easing of regulation, and debt
rescheduling facilities. Assistance to firms, irrespective of size, was provided in Egypt through transfers
supporting exporters, industrial zones in the Delta region, and logistic areas for internal trade. Stimulus
through capital expenditure increases went into job-creating infrastructure investments in Egypt and
Tunisia. In addition, Egypt increased investments in rural and social sectors.
A range of tax measures were introduced in Egypt, including cuts in customs duties on selected
industrial inputs and capital goods, temporary suspension of the sales tax on selected capital goods,
introduction of import tariffs on steel, and imposition of anti-dumping duties on sugar to protect domestic
production. Djibouti and Lebanon registered only minor declines in growth during the same period, with
both economies growing at 5 and 8 percent, respectively, in 2009. Lebanon grew at a much faster pace
than other oil importers with GCC links, reflecting a post-conflict recovery boom aided by strength in certain
sectors – tourism and real estate – and vibrant private investment. Policy interventions in Lebanon helped
fuel the post-conflict recovery boom, but strained further the fiscal outlook. Public sector wages increased,
and a daily compensation fee was introduced for low-income public school students. Other policies were
introduced to ensure access to finance, including subsidized interest rates extended to all sectors, except
construction and trade, and strengthen macroeconomic fundamentals such as an increase in international
reserves.

~ 21 ~


LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

Although the study has reached its aims, there were some unavoidable limitations. First because of the
time limit, we can’t find some important information for our third strategic planning, which are oil importers
countries affected by foreign direct investment trade and remittances. An additional there was lack of
sources for that part. Second, the students’ overloaded work, to some extent, might affect the correlation
between students’ motivation in learning current issue subject because they were required to take part in
many studies at the same time. Finally, the slow network might discourage participants’ interests and
motivation in joining peer feedback activities.

~ 22 ~


CONCLUSION

The global economic crisis which began in the second half of 2008 impacted Middle East economies
through several transmission channels. The flow of foreign investment into the region diminished; the crude
oil market experienced a significant price correction after having reached record-high levels as of mid-2008;
international tourism to Middle Eastern destinations declined; and there was a reduction in global demand
for the region’s non-oil exports. Depending on their exposure to each of these transmission channels,
different Middle East countries were impacted differently by the crisis. Most governments are taking action
to address the vulnerabilities identified in their economies. For example, GCC countries intervened early to
support their banking systems and stock markets. They did so by easing monetary policy, securing the
banking system’s liabilities (including through deposit guarantees), and by injecting fresh capital where
necessary. Saudi Arabia, for example, has announced a substantial investment spending plan and
provided capital to Saudi Credit Bank to secure credits to low income households. Among G-20 countries,
Saudi Arabia’s fiscal stimulus package is the largest as a share of GDP. Kuwait is discussing a
stabilization package. Egypt has announced a fiscal stimulus package geared toward job-creating
infrastructure investment.

Besides that, the World Bank doing help to the global financial crisis impacted countries. The World
Bank Group is responding on a number of fronts. The World Bank group will remain close to their clients to
gain a good understanding of the crisis implications for each country. The World Bank’s knowledge
resources are being mobilized to support their client countries in efforts to monitor economic and social
development, review scenarios and policy options, design policy responses, and implement reforms in
these critical times. Middle East countries will continue to play a major role in knowledge creation and
sharing by raising the effectiveness of our analytic, advisory, and capacity enhancing services and
strengthening our adaptation and learning.

Apparently, if this global financial crisis occurs in future, we have to know what kind of the
precaution steps should be taken to avoid this crisis. Because this crisis was give a good lesson and
overview the impact that we will be face. Rather than that, government and other authorities have to play a
crucial task to make the Middle East countries economy being stable.

~ 23 ~


REFERENCES

Ali, S. 2011. “Islamic Banking in the MENA Region.”Background paper for this book, World Bank,
Washington, DC.

Bank, T. W. (2010). Sustaining the Recovery in Times of Uncertainty.

Creane, S., Goyal, R., Mobarak, A., & Sab, R. (2010). Measuring Financial Development in the Middle East
and North Africa: A New Database. International Monetary Fund Journals.

Habibi, N. (2009). The Impact of the Global Economic Crisis on Arab Countries:A Year-End Assessment.
Middle East Brief.

Khamis, M., & Senhadji, A. (2010). Impact of the Global Financial Crisis on the Gulf Cooperation Council
Countries and Challenges Ahead.

Khamis, M., & Senhadji, A 2010b. Impact of the Global Financial Crisis on the Gulf

Cooperation: Crisis and Challenges Ahead: An Update. Washington, DC: International Monetary
Fund

Larbi, H. (2009). The Financial Crisis: Impact on the Middle East. The World Bank Middle East Department.

Leenders, R. (2007). 'Regional Conflict Formations': Is the Middle East Next? Third World Quarterly.

Lin, J. Y. (2008). The Impact of the Financial Crisis in Devoloping Countries. The Institute of Chartered
Accountants of Sri Lanka.

Maroun, N., & Azour, J. (n.d.). One Year After The GCC Region's Post Crisis Prosspects.

Motaghi, L., Carey, K., & Gourdon, J. (January, 2011). Sustaining The Recovery and Looking Beyond.

Middle East and North Africa. (June 2011). Global Economic Prospects June 2011: RegionalAnnex.

(October 2010). chapter 2: Country and Regional Perspectives. International Monetary Fund:World
economic outlook: Recovery, Risk, and Rebalancing.

Ramadhan, M., & Naseeb, A. (2008). The Global Financial Crisis: Causes and Solution.

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Reinikka, R. (2010). A Handbook on the Future of Economic Policy in the Developing World. In O. C.
GIUGALE, The Day After Tommorow.

Rocha, R. R., Arvai, Z., & Farazi, S. (2011). A Road Map for the Middle East and North Africa. Financial
Access and Stability.

Winckler, O. (2010). Can the GCC Weather the Economic Meltdown? MIDDLE EAST QUARTERLY
SUMMER 2010.

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