The document discusses plant tissues and structures. It describes the three principal organs of seed plants as roots, stems, and leaves. Roots absorb water and nutrients and anchor the plant, stems provide structure and transport nutrients, and leaves perform photosynthesis. The three main tissue systems are dermal, vascular, and ground tissues. Vascular tissue contains specialized xylem and phloem cells that transport water and nutrients. New plant cells are produced by meristematic tissue located at root and stem tips through mitosis.

1. Biology
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2. 23–1 Specialized Tissues
in Plants
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3. 23–1 Specialized Tissues in Plants Seed Plant Structure
Seed Plant Structure
What are the three principal organs and
tissues of seed plants?
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4. 23–1 Specialized Tissues in Plants Seed Plant Structure
The three principal organs of seed plants
are roots, stems, and leaves.
These organs perform functions such as the
transport of nutrients, protection, and
coordination of plant activities.
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5. 23–1 Specialized Tissues in Plants Seed Plant Structure
Roots:
• absorb water and dissolved nutrients.
• anchor plants in the ground.
• protect the plant from harmful soil bacteria and
fungi.
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6. 23–1 Specialized Tissues in Plants Seed Plant Structure
Stems provide:
• a support system for the plant body.
• a transport system that carries nutrients.
• a defense system that protects the plant
against predators and disease.
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7. 23–1 Specialized Tissues in Plants Seed Plant Structure
Leaves:
• are a plant’s main photosynthetic systems.
• increase the amount of sunlight plants absorb.
Adjustable pores conserve water and let oxygen and
carbon dioxide enter and exit the leaf.
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8. 23–1 Specialized Tissues in Plants Plant Tissue Systems
What are the three main tissue systems of
plants?
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9. 23–1 Specialized Tissues in Plants Plant Tissue Systems
Plants consist of three main tissue
systems:
• dermal tissue
• vascular tissue
• ground tissue
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10. 23–1 Specialized Tissues in Plants Seed Plant Structure
Leaf
Stem
Root
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11. 23–1 Specialized Tissues in Plants Dermal Tissue
Dermal Tissue
The outer covering of a plant consists of epidermal
cells.
Epidermal cells make up dermal tissue.
The outer surfaces of epidermal cells are covered
with a thick waxy layer, known as the cuticle. The
cuticle protects the plant against water loss and
injury.
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12. 23–1 Specialized Tissues in Plants Dermal Tissue
Some epidermal cells have projections called
trichomes, that help protect the leaf and also give it a
fuzzy appearance.
In roots, dermal tissue includes root hair cells that
provide a large amount of surface area and aid in
water absorption.
On the underside of leaves, dermal tissue contains
guard cells, which regulate water loss and gas
exchange.
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13. 23–1 Specialized Tissues in Plants Vascular Tissue
Vascular Tissue
Vascular tissue forms a transport system that moves
water and nutrients throughout the plant.
Vascular tissue is made up of xylem, a water-
conducting tissue, and phloem, a food-conducting
tissue.
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14. 23–1 Specialized Tissues in Plants Vascular Tissue
What specialized cells make up vascular
tissue?
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15. 23–1 Specialized Tissues in Plants Vascular Tissue
Vascular Tissue
Vascular tissue contains several types of
specialized cells.
• Xylem consists of tracheids and vessel
elements.
• Phloem consists of sieve tube elements
and companion cells.
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16. 23–1 Specialized Tissues in Plants Vascular Tissue
Cross Section of a Stem
Tracheid Companion cell
Vessel element Sieve tube element
Xylem Phloem
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17. 23–1 Specialized Tissues in Plants Vascular Tissue
Xylem
All seed plants have
tracheids.
Tracheids are
long, narrow cells that Tracheid
are impermeable to
water. They are
Vessel element
pierced by openings
that connect
neighboring cells to
one another.
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18. 23–1 Specialized Tissues in Plants Vascular Tissue
Angiosperms also have
vessel elements.
Vessel elements form a
continuous tube through
which water can move.
Tracheid
Vessel element
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19. 23–1 Specialized Tissues in Plants Vascular Tissue
Phloem
Phloem contains
sieve tube elements
and companion cells.
Companion cell
Sieve tube
elements are Sieve tube element
phloem cells joined
end-to-end to form
sieve tubes.
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20. 23–1 Specialized Tissues in Plants Vascular Tissue
The end walls of
sieve tube elements
have many small
holes.
Sugars and other Companion cell
foods can move
through these holes Sieve tube element
from one adjacent
cell to another.
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21. 23–1 Specialized Tissues in Plants Vascular Tissue
Companion cells are
phloem cells that
surround sieve tube
elements.
Companion cells Companion cell
support the phloem
Sieve tube element
cells and aid in the
movement of
substances in and out
of the phloem.
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22. 23–1 Specialized Tissues in Plants Ground Tissue
Ground Tissue
Cells that lie between dermal and vascular tissues
make up the ground tissues.
The three kinds of ground tissue are:
• parenchyma
• collenchyma
• sclerenchyma
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23. 23–1 Specialized Tissues in Plants Ground Tissue
Parenchyma cells have thin walls and large
central vacuoles surrounded by a thin layer of
cytoplasm.
Collenchyma cells have strong, flexible cell
walls that help support larger plants.
Sclerenchyma cells have extremely thick, rigid
cell walls that make ground tissue tough and
strong.
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24. 23–1 Specialized Tissues in Plants Plant Growth and
Meristematic Tissue
Plant Growth and Meristematic Tissue
In most plants, new cells are produced at the tips
of the roots and stems.
These cells are produced in meristems.
A meristem is a cluster of tissue that is
responsible for continuing growth throughout a
plant's lifetime.
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25. 23–1 Specialized Tissues in Plants Plant Growth and
Meristematic Tissue
The new cells produced in meristematic tissue are
undifferentiated.
As the cells develop into mature cells, they
differentiate.
Differentiation is the process in which cells become
specialized in structure.
As the cells differentiate, they produce
dermal, ground, and vascular tissue.
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26. 23–1 Specialized Tissues in Plants Plant Growth and
Meristematic Tissue
Near the tip of each growing stem and root is an
apical meristem.
An apical meristem is a group of undifferentiated
cells that divide to produce increased length of stems
and roots.
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27. 23–1 Specialized Tissues in Plants Plant Growth and Meristemat
Tissue
How does meristematic tissue differ from
other plant tissue?
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28. 23–1 Specialized Tissues in Plants Plant Growth and Meristemat
Tissue
Meristematic tissue is the only plant tissue
that produces new cells by mitosis.
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29. 23–1
Continue to: Click to Launch:
- or -
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30. 23–1
The principle organs of seed plants are
a. reproductive organs and photosynthetic
organs.
b. stems, leaves, and flowers.
c. roots, vessels, and cones.
d. leaves, stems, and roots.
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31. 23–1
Phloem cells that surround sieve tube elements
are called
a. epidermal cells.
b. cuticle cells.
c. companion cells.
d. vessel elements.
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32. 23–1
Which type of ground tissue has thin cell walls
and large central vacuoles?
a. parenchyma
b. collenchyma
c. sclerenchyma
d. tracheids
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33. 23–1
Cells that can differentiate into many plant
tissues are found in
a. the vascular cylinder.
b. dermal tissue.
c. meristematic tissue.
d. ground tissue.
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34. 23–1
When cells in the apical meristem first
develop, they are
a. highly specialized and divide often.
b. unspecialized and divide rarely.
c. highly specialized and divide rarely.
d. unspecialized and divide often.
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