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Urban Morphology of Dhaka City:
Spatial Dynamics of Growing City and the Urban Core




                             Dr. Farida Nilufar
                    Professor, Department of Architecture
         Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology ( BUET)


                                                                       1
Dhaka :The capital city of Bangladesh




         590 Sq.miles


         54.5 Sq.miles



         26 Sq.miles

        12 Sq.miles

         8 Sq.miles

        1 Sq.mile.

                Before 1610   Pre- Mughal Period
                  1610-1765   Mughal Period
                  1765-1947   British Period

                  1947-1971   Pakista ni Period

                              B ngladesh Period ( DMA Lim it)
                               a
           1971-till now
                              B ngladesh Period ( DMDP/ Rajuk L
                               a                               imit)




    Urban Morphology of Dhaka City: Spatial Dynamics of Growing City and the Urban Core                        2
1
Sir Patrick Geddes advocated that

    "The diagnostic survey . . . seeks to unravel the old city’s labyrinth
       and discern how this has grown up. Though, like all organic
       growths, this may at first seem confused to our modern eyes,
       that have for so long been trained to a mechanical order,
       gradually a higher form of order can be discerned - the order of
       life in development . . . In city planning then, we must constantly
       keep in view the whole city, old and new alike in all its aspects
       and at all its levels. The transition in an Indian city, from narrow
       lanes and earthen dwellings to small streets, great streets and
       buildings of high importance and architectural beauty, forms an
       inseparably interwoven structure. Once this is understood, the
       city plan ceases to appear instead as a great chessboard on
       which the manifold game of life is in active progress".


                                                                                                3
2         Urban Morphology of Dhaka City: Spatial Dynamics of Growing City and the Urban Core
Objectives


    • To explore the evolutionary layering of urban form and meaning
    which Geddes urged to uncovered through historic studies of
    Dhaka

    • To identify the primary spatial patterns existing in Dhaka since
    its inception.

    • To investigate the spatial dynamics of urban growth of Dhaka
    by analyzing the configuration of the urban grid.

    • Try to reveal the fundamental relation between configuration of
    space in an organic city like Dhaka and the way that it functions.



                                                                                           4
3    Urban Morphology of Dhaka City: Spatial Dynamics of Growing City and the Urban Core
Organic Urban Grid of Dhaka
                                                                  • With the passage of time the entire
                                                                  Dhaka grew in a natural way.
                                                                  •Formal Planning and Uncontrolled
                                                                  development side by side.
                                                                  •Some parts are deliberately created
                                                                  by the designers- in a fragmented
                                                                  way.




                                                                     Distinctive morphological ‘clusters’


4   Urban Morphology of Dhaka City: Spatial Dynamics of Growing City and the Urban Core
Old Dhaka – New Dhaka


                                               Two dominant urban patterns are conspicuous within the
                                               successive stages of growth; they are the historical core or
                                               'old Dhaka' and the later development towards the north,
                                               known as 'new Dhaka'.




                                   New Dhaka
        Old Dhaka




                                                        Old Dhaka




                                                                                                   6
5   Urban Morphology of Dhaka City: Spatial Dynamics of Growing City and the Urban Core
Urban Spatial Patterns in Dhaka




Indigenous Historic Structure




New Indigenous Communities -
Informal Layout                                                                        Colonial Interventions -
                                                                                       Civil lines




Planned Schemes -
Geometric Layout
                                                                                                        7
6            Urban Morphology of Dhaka City: Spatial Dynamics of Growing City and the Urban Core
Spatial Dynamics of Growing City:
    pre-Mughal          Mughal                                    Urban core and functional pattern in Dhaka




                 1859




                                 3   0   3   6 Meter




                                                                                                       8
7                Urban Morphology of Dhaka City: Spatial Dynamics of Growing City and the Urban Core
Methodology



                            Urban Grid

                                  Axial Line



                          Spatial Analysis                     (Depthmap programme)

                                               relationship

                           Land use pattern


                                                                                          9
8   Urban Morphology of Dhaka City: Spatial Dynamics of Growing City and the Urban Core
Methodology



                                                   There are three basic conceptions in Space
                                                   Syntax Analysis.


                                                   These are Tools for Configurational Analysis


                                                               a. Axial Line

                                                               b. Convex Space

                                                               c. Isovist, or fields of vision




                                                                                            10
9   Urban Morphology of Dhaka City: Spatial Dynamics of Growing City and the Urban Core
analysis of settlement structure




                                                                                           11
10   Urban Morphology of Dhaka City: Spatial Dynamics of Growing City and the Urban Core
Spatial analysis of urban grid




     Axial Map                       Global Integration                 Local Integration




                                                                                                 12
11         Urban Morphology of Dhaka City: Spatial Dynamics of Growing City and the Urban Core
Bangla
                                                               Bazaar




     Historic Boundary of pre-Mughal Dhaka

                                                                                                  13
12          Urban Morphology of Dhaka City: Spatial Dynamics of Growing City and the Urban Core
Chawk




                                                               Islampur Road
                                                                                    Bangla
                                                                                    Bazaar




     Land use pattern of Mughal Dhaka (1700 )

                                                                                                14
13        Urban Morphology of Dhaka City: Spatial Dynamics of Growing City and the Urban Core
Bangshal Road

                                      Chawk                         Nawabpur Road




                                                 IslampurRoad




                                                                                           15
14   Urban Morphology of Dhaka City: Spatial Dynamics of Growing City and the Urban Core
Ramna

                                                       Dhaka University



     Land use pattern of British Dhaka (1910)

                                                                                 Nawabpur Road




                                                Nawabpur Road
                         Islampur Road




                                                                                                   16
15           Urban Morphology of Dhaka City: Spatial Dynamics of Growing City and the Urban Core
Tejgaon


                                             Dhanmandi




                                                           Ramna        Abdul Gani Road




                                                                               Nawabpur Road




     Land use pattern of Dhaka (1945 )

                                                                                                  17
16          Urban Morphology of Dhaka City: Spatial Dynamics of Growing City and the Urban Core
•Integration core at the physical centre of
     the city
     •Highly integrated lines - within the newer
     parts of Dhaka
     •The global core - a continuous loop
     forming three rings, with a long tail linking
     Motijheel
                                                                         Tejgaon
     •All these provide an evidence of a shift in
     importance from the old city towards the
     newer part                                      Dhanmandi    Green Road
     •Ringy and hollow core which contained
     large pockets of un-built and open areas



                                                            New Market
                                                                                     Motijheel




     Land use pattern of Dhaka (1962 )

                                                                                                  18
17          Urban Morphology of Dhaka City: Spatial Dynamics of Growing City and the Urban Core
Land use pattern of Dhaka (1975 )




                                                                                               19
18       Urban Morphology of Dhaka City: Spatial Dynamics of Growing City and the Urban Core
Land use (1995 )




                                                                                           20
19   Urban Morphology of Dhaka City: Spatial Dynamics of Growing City and the Urban Core
2007 :
     •City has physically extended
     •Extensive internal densification as well
     as linking corridors.
     •Infill developments in the low lying
     areas: Western and Eastern fringes.
     • Due to newer link roads from south to
     north, the integration core has a
     northward pull.
     •There is an indication of two types of
     areas in Dhaka – one is the integrated
     center and the other is segregated
     periphery
     •The physical extension of integration
     core corresponds to the development of
     polycentric functional centers
     •The planned areas, as developed in
     piece meal manner, have greater impact
     form the organic city grid as it engulfs
     the planned areas in course of time


                                                                                                    21
20            Urban Morphology of Dhaka City: Spatial Dynamics of Growing City and the Urban Core
Morphological character of old
                                                             Dhaka:

                                                             •Morphology of Old city is particularly
                                                             distinctive because of the density of its
                                                             built up areas by comparison with the
                                                             looseness of the later developments.

                                                             •Dispersed development outside the old
                                                             core had changed the global character of
                                                             the city.

                                                             •The Old Dhaka is modeled independently
                                                             - Islampur Road revealed as the urban
                                                             core of old Dhaka.

                                                             •The bazaar streets feature as locally
                                                             important segments in the old city over
                                                             time.

                                                             •The old city had its own global, as well
                                                             as local structure, different from that of
                                                             the total city.




                                                   Global Integration cores of Old Dhaka [built-up areas]
                                                                                                    22
21   Urban Morphology of Dhaka City: Spatial Dynamics of Growing City and the Urban Core
•The commercial centre systematically declines in
                                                       importance with each subsequent stage of growth.

                                                       •The global core of the total spatial system of Dhaka at
                                                       different stages identified the functional core, both
                                                       commercial and administrative, of the city in each
                                                       corresponding period.

                                                       •This result is based on the changing character of the
                                                       global integration core at different phases, which is
                                                       always influenced by the pull of the new extensions.
 1953
                          1963




                                                                                                 Existing centers


                                                                                                 Possible Future
                                                                                                 centers




           1973
                                                                  Global Integration core
                                        1995                      2007
                  3   0   3   6 Meter                                                                  23
22      Urban Morphology of Dhaka City: Spatial Dynamics of Growing City and the Urban Core
Conclusion
                                                    •   The essential morphological characteristics of
                                                        four different spatial patterns, that exists in
                                                        Dhaka, needs special attention in terms of
                                                        planning and design.

                                                    •   More over, the linear cores of traditional period
                                                        have changed into ringy and hollow ones which
                                                        contained large pockets of un-built and open
                                                        areas. As compared to more established
                                                        western cities, this might be referred to as a
                                                        condition of unplanned growth in rapidly
                                                        developing cities.

                                                    •   The old part of the city is becoming increasingly
                                                        segregated from the life of the new core day by
                                                        day.

                                                    •    With all it's idiosyncrasies from the established
                                                        planning theories, the harmonious development
                                                        of Dhaka’s land use with its morphological
                                                        transformations is significant. The spatial
                                                        dynamics of Dhaka and its core corresponds to
                                                        a social history which remains as the underlying
                                                        force behind the spontaneous formation of its
                                                        morphological structure.

                                                    •   Although the global core has been more or less
                                                        static for the last two decades, the growth of vast
                                                        developments in all the peripheral areas except
                                                        the south may lead to its beginning to move
                                                        once again in the not too distant future.
                                                                                                              24
23 Urban Morphology of Dhaka City: Spatial Dynamics of Growing City and the Urban Core
25

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Urban Morphology of Dhaka City

  • 1. Urban Morphology of Dhaka City: Spatial Dynamics of Growing City and the Urban Core Dr. Farida Nilufar Professor, Department of Architecture Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology ( BUET) 1
  • 2. Dhaka :The capital city of Bangladesh 590 Sq.miles 54.5 Sq.miles 26 Sq.miles 12 Sq.miles 8 Sq.miles 1 Sq.mile. Before 1610 Pre- Mughal Period 1610-1765 Mughal Period 1765-1947 British Period 1947-1971 Pakista ni Period B ngladesh Period ( DMA Lim it) a 1971-till now B ngladesh Period ( DMDP/ Rajuk L a imit) Urban Morphology of Dhaka City: Spatial Dynamics of Growing City and the Urban Core 2 1
  • 3. Sir Patrick Geddes advocated that "The diagnostic survey . . . seeks to unravel the old city’s labyrinth and discern how this has grown up. Though, like all organic growths, this may at first seem confused to our modern eyes, that have for so long been trained to a mechanical order, gradually a higher form of order can be discerned - the order of life in development . . . In city planning then, we must constantly keep in view the whole city, old and new alike in all its aspects and at all its levels. The transition in an Indian city, from narrow lanes and earthen dwellings to small streets, great streets and buildings of high importance and architectural beauty, forms an inseparably interwoven structure. Once this is understood, the city plan ceases to appear instead as a great chessboard on which the manifold game of life is in active progress". 3 2 Urban Morphology of Dhaka City: Spatial Dynamics of Growing City and the Urban Core
  • 4. Objectives • To explore the evolutionary layering of urban form and meaning which Geddes urged to uncovered through historic studies of Dhaka • To identify the primary spatial patterns existing in Dhaka since its inception. • To investigate the spatial dynamics of urban growth of Dhaka by analyzing the configuration of the urban grid. • Try to reveal the fundamental relation between configuration of space in an organic city like Dhaka and the way that it functions. 4 3 Urban Morphology of Dhaka City: Spatial Dynamics of Growing City and the Urban Core
  • 5. Organic Urban Grid of Dhaka • With the passage of time the entire Dhaka grew in a natural way. •Formal Planning and Uncontrolled development side by side. •Some parts are deliberately created by the designers- in a fragmented way. Distinctive morphological ‘clusters’ 4 Urban Morphology of Dhaka City: Spatial Dynamics of Growing City and the Urban Core
  • 6. Old Dhaka – New Dhaka Two dominant urban patterns are conspicuous within the successive stages of growth; they are the historical core or 'old Dhaka' and the later development towards the north, known as 'new Dhaka'. New Dhaka Old Dhaka Old Dhaka 6 5 Urban Morphology of Dhaka City: Spatial Dynamics of Growing City and the Urban Core
  • 7. Urban Spatial Patterns in Dhaka Indigenous Historic Structure New Indigenous Communities - Informal Layout Colonial Interventions - Civil lines Planned Schemes - Geometric Layout 7 6 Urban Morphology of Dhaka City: Spatial Dynamics of Growing City and the Urban Core
  • 8. Spatial Dynamics of Growing City: pre-Mughal Mughal Urban core and functional pattern in Dhaka 1859 3 0 3 6 Meter 8 7 Urban Morphology of Dhaka City: Spatial Dynamics of Growing City and the Urban Core
  • 9. Methodology Urban Grid Axial Line Spatial Analysis (Depthmap programme) relationship Land use pattern 9 8 Urban Morphology of Dhaka City: Spatial Dynamics of Growing City and the Urban Core
  • 10. Methodology There are three basic conceptions in Space Syntax Analysis. These are Tools for Configurational Analysis a. Axial Line b. Convex Space c. Isovist, or fields of vision 10 9 Urban Morphology of Dhaka City: Spatial Dynamics of Growing City and the Urban Core
  • 11. analysis of settlement structure 11 10 Urban Morphology of Dhaka City: Spatial Dynamics of Growing City and the Urban Core
  • 12. Spatial analysis of urban grid Axial Map Global Integration Local Integration 12 11 Urban Morphology of Dhaka City: Spatial Dynamics of Growing City and the Urban Core
  • 13. Bangla Bazaar Historic Boundary of pre-Mughal Dhaka 13 12 Urban Morphology of Dhaka City: Spatial Dynamics of Growing City and the Urban Core
  • 14. Chawk Islampur Road Bangla Bazaar Land use pattern of Mughal Dhaka (1700 ) 14 13 Urban Morphology of Dhaka City: Spatial Dynamics of Growing City and the Urban Core
  • 15. Bangshal Road Chawk Nawabpur Road IslampurRoad 15 14 Urban Morphology of Dhaka City: Spatial Dynamics of Growing City and the Urban Core
  • 16. Ramna Dhaka University Land use pattern of British Dhaka (1910) Nawabpur Road Nawabpur Road Islampur Road 16 15 Urban Morphology of Dhaka City: Spatial Dynamics of Growing City and the Urban Core
  • 17. Tejgaon Dhanmandi Ramna Abdul Gani Road Nawabpur Road Land use pattern of Dhaka (1945 ) 17 16 Urban Morphology of Dhaka City: Spatial Dynamics of Growing City and the Urban Core
  • 18. •Integration core at the physical centre of the city •Highly integrated lines - within the newer parts of Dhaka •The global core - a continuous loop forming three rings, with a long tail linking Motijheel Tejgaon •All these provide an evidence of a shift in importance from the old city towards the newer part Dhanmandi Green Road •Ringy and hollow core which contained large pockets of un-built and open areas New Market Motijheel Land use pattern of Dhaka (1962 ) 18 17 Urban Morphology of Dhaka City: Spatial Dynamics of Growing City and the Urban Core
  • 19. Land use pattern of Dhaka (1975 ) 19 18 Urban Morphology of Dhaka City: Spatial Dynamics of Growing City and the Urban Core
  • 20. Land use (1995 ) 20 19 Urban Morphology of Dhaka City: Spatial Dynamics of Growing City and the Urban Core
  • 21. 2007 : •City has physically extended •Extensive internal densification as well as linking corridors. •Infill developments in the low lying areas: Western and Eastern fringes. • Due to newer link roads from south to north, the integration core has a northward pull. •There is an indication of two types of areas in Dhaka – one is the integrated center and the other is segregated periphery •The physical extension of integration core corresponds to the development of polycentric functional centers •The planned areas, as developed in piece meal manner, have greater impact form the organic city grid as it engulfs the planned areas in course of time 21 20 Urban Morphology of Dhaka City: Spatial Dynamics of Growing City and the Urban Core
  • 22. Morphological character of old Dhaka: •Morphology of Old city is particularly distinctive because of the density of its built up areas by comparison with the looseness of the later developments. •Dispersed development outside the old core had changed the global character of the city. •The Old Dhaka is modeled independently - Islampur Road revealed as the urban core of old Dhaka. •The bazaar streets feature as locally important segments in the old city over time. •The old city had its own global, as well as local structure, different from that of the total city. Global Integration cores of Old Dhaka [built-up areas] 22 21 Urban Morphology of Dhaka City: Spatial Dynamics of Growing City and the Urban Core
  • 23. •The commercial centre systematically declines in importance with each subsequent stage of growth. •The global core of the total spatial system of Dhaka at different stages identified the functional core, both commercial and administrative, of the city in each corresponding period. •This result is based on the changing character of the global integration core at different phases, which is always influenced by the pull of the new extensions. 1953 1963 Existing centers Possible Future centers 1973 Global Integration core 1995 2007 3 0 3 6 Meter 23 22 Urban Morphology of Dhaka City: Spatial Dynamics of Growing City and the Urban Core
  • 24. Conclusion • The essential morphological characteristics of four different spatial patterns, that exists in Dhaka, needs special attention in terms of planning and design. • More over, the linear cores of traditional period have changed into ringy and hollow ones which contained large pockets of un-built and open areas. As compared to more established western cities, this might be referred to as a condition of unplanned growth in rapidly developing cities. • The old part of the city is becoming increasingly segregated from the life of the new core day by day. • With all it's idiosyncrasies from the established planning theories, the harmonious development of Dhaka’s land use with its morphological transformations is significant. The spatial dynamics of Dhaka and its core corresponds to a social history which remains as the underlying force behind the spontaneous formation of its morphological structure. • Although the global core has been more or less static for the last two decades, the growth of vast developments in all the peripheral areas except the south may lead to its beginning to move once again in the not too distant future. 24 23 Urban Morphology of Dhaka City: Spatial Dynamics of Growing City and the Urban Core
  • 25. 25