2. DEFINITION
• A Learning Center is a
self-contained environment
designed to promote individual
or small group learning around
a specific task.
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4. • Learning Centers
may also provide
other services
such as speech
therapy or Braille
reading that help
individuals
overcome
physical
obstacles.
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5. How do Learning Centers differ
from schools?
• They offer more casual environments and
individualized instruction
• they are often created with a few core
services in mind
• their purpose largely is to supplement
existing institutions rather than to compete
with them
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11. PROGRAMMED TUTORING
- One –on-one method of instruction in which
the tutor’s responses are programmed in
advance in the form of carefully structured
printed instructions
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15. DEFINITION:
• also known as “direct instruction”
• its first and foremost advocates
was B. F. Skinner, Edgar Pierce
Professor of Psychology, who has
been using its techniques in
Natural Sciences 114 since 1957
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17. • principles of
programmed
instruction in a
large-group
setting
• groups of 5 to 10
students.
• led through a
lesson by a
teacher,
paraprofessional
or student peer
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18. Critical Features of these lesson
include:
unison
responding
rapid pacing
reinforcement
or correction
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19. Personalized System of
Instruction (PSI)
First described by
Fred Keller in Good
Also known as Bye Teacher -
the “Keller Journal of Applied
Plan” Behavior
Analysis (1968)
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21. Was a pioneer in experimental
psychology.
He taught at Columbia University for 26
years
He died at home, age 97, on February 2,
1996
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22. -- composed of small self-paced modularized
units of instructions where the study guides
direct learners
-- study guides direct learners through the
modules
-- Modules
-- Unit tests - scoring at least a 90%
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23. PSI steps:
• as students complete a unit, they are
tested
• immediate feedback is provided by proctor
with an opportunity to review and re-test
• student move on to new units after they
master previous, prerequisite units, self-
pacing through course
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24. • In PSI units, “live” proctors grade student
tests and provide immediate feedback on
their performance. This one-to-one
support is the key component that makes
the model “personalized.”
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27. PSI Outcomes:
tutored students learn “more” than
lectured students
favour individual pacing and appreciate
individual attention from proctors
attention for gifted/special education most
common, traditionally viewed as too
expensive for average classes
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28. The End
Group members:
Janice Arriesgado
Lovely Grace Gatoc
Princess Mae Livera
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