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DASAR
KEWANGAN
 Alat Dasar Kewangan Mengatasi Kadar
Pengangguran & Meningkatkan Output
(Dasar Kewangan Mengembang)
• Bank pusat akan (↓) dasar
kadar semalaman (OPR).
Oleh itu, bank perdagangan
akan (↓) kadar bunga
semalaman.
• Ini menggalakkn org ramai
meminjam
• Penawaran wang (↑)
• Kadar bunga (↓)
• I (↑) AE (↑) AD (↑)
• Peluang pekerjaan (↑),
pengangguran (↓),
output (↑)
Kadar
bunga
semalaman
• Jumlah aset cadangan yg perlu disimpan di bank
pusat (↓)
• Jumlah rizab dlm bank prdagangan (↑)
• Keupayaan bank prdagangan memberi pinjaman
(↑)
• Penawaran wang(↑)
• Kadar bunga (↓)
• I(↑) AE(↑) AD(↑)
• Peluang pekerjaan (↑), pengangguran (↓),
output (↑)
Menurunkan nisbah rizab
berkanun
• Jumlah aset minimum yang perlu disimpan di
bank perdagangan (↓)
• Jumlah rizab dalam bank perdagangan ()
• Keupayaan bank prdagangan memberi pinjaman
(↑)
• Penawaran wang(↑)
• Kadar bunga (↓)
• I(↑) AE(↑) AD(↑)
• Peluang pekerjaan (↑), pengangguran (↓),
output (↑)
Menurunkan nisbah rizab
tunai
Menurunkan kadar
diskaun/kadar
bank
• Kos meminjam bank
perdagangan drpd bank pusat
(↓)
• Bank perdagangan (↓) kadar
bunga kpd orang ramai
• Ini menggalakkn org ramai
meminjam
• Penawaran wang (↑)
• Kadar bunga (↓)
• I (↑) AE (↑) AD (↑)
• Peluang pekerjaan (↑),
pengangguran (↓),
output (↑)
Operasi pasaran
terbuka (OPT)
• Bank pusat membeli semula
surat jaminan kerajaan drpd
orang ramai. (Semasa
Pengangguran)
• Keupayaan bank perdagangan
memberi pinjaman (↑)
• Penawaran wang (↑)
• Kadar bunga (↓)
• I (↑) AE (↑) AD (↑)
• Peluang pekerjaan (↑),
pengangguran (↓),
output (↑)
1. Kawalan Kredit Terpilih
i. Syarat Margin
• Semasa pengangguran, syarat margin akan (↓).
• Penawaran wang akan (↑).
• Kadar bunga (↓)
• I (↑), AE (↑), Yn (↑), AD (↑)
• Peluang pekerjaan (↑), pengangguran (↓), output (↑)
ii. Kredit Ansuran
• Bayaran pendahuluan minimum (↓) dan tempoh bayaran balik akan
dipanjangkan.
• Pinjaman (↑) dan penawaran wang (↑)
• Kadar bunga (↓)
• I (↑), AE (↑), Yn (↑), AD (↑)
• Peluang pekerjaan (↑), pengangguran (↓), output (↑)
iii. Kawalan ke atas Gadai Janji
• Bank pusat akan melonggarkan syarat-syarat gadai janji untuk
menggalakkan orang ramai membeli rumah atau aset tetap.
• Pinjaman (↑) dan penawaran wang (↑)
• Kadar bunga (↓)
• I (↑), AE (↑), Yn (↑), AD (↑)
• Peluang pekerjaan (↑), pengangguran (↓), output (↑)
2. Pujukan Moral
• Bank pusat meminta bank perdagangan (+) pinjaman kepada
perusahaan kecil dan sederhana (PKS) dengan kadar bunga yang
rendah.
• Pinjaman (↑) dan penawaran wang (↑)
• Kadar bunga (↓)
• I (↑), AE (↑), Yn (↑), AD (↑)
• Peluang pekerjaan (↑), pengangguran (↓), output (↑)

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Dasar kewangan (eko)

  • 1. DASAR KEWANGAN  Alat Dasar Kewangan Mengatasi Kadar Pengangguran & Meningkatkan Output (Dasar Kewangan Mengembang)
  • 2.
  • 3. • Bank pusat akan (↓) dasar kadar semalaman (OPR). Oleh itu, bank perdagangan akan (↓) kadar bunga semalaman. • Ini menggalakkn org ramai meminjam • Penawaran wang (↑) • Kadar bunga (↓) • I (↑) AE (↑) AD (↑) • Peluang pekerjaan (↑), pengangguran (↓), output (↑) Kadar bunga semalaman
  • 4. • Jumlah aset cadangan yg perlu disimpan di bank pusat (↓) • Jumlah rizab dlm bank prdagangan (↑) • Keupayaan bank prdagangan memberi pinjaman (↑) • Penawaran wang(↑) • Kadar bunga (↓) • I(↑) AE(↑) AD(↑) • Peluang pekerjaan (↑), pengangguran (↓), output (↑) Menurunkan nisbah rizab berkanun • Jumlah aset minimum yang perlu disimpan di bank perdagangan (↓) • Jumlah rizab dalam bank perdagangan () • Keupayaan bank prdagangan memberi pinjaman (↑) • Penawaran wang(↑) • Kadar bunga (↓) • I(↑) AE(↑) AD(↑) • Peluang pekerjaan (↑), pengangguran (↓), output (↑) Menurunkan nisbah rizab tunai
  • 5. Menurunkan kadar diskaun/kadar bank • Kos meminjam bank perdagangan drpd bank pusat (↓) • Bank perdagangan (↓) kadar bunga kpd orang ramai • Ini menggalakkn org ramai meminjam • Penawaran wang (↑) • Kadar bunga (↓) • I (↑) AE (↑) AD (↑) • Peluang pekerjaan (↑), pengangguran (↓), output (↑) Operasi pasaran terbuka (OPT) • Bank pusat membeli semula surat jaminan kerajaan drpd orang ramai. (Semasa Pengangguran) • Keupayaan bank perdagangan memberi pinjaman (↑) • Penawaran wang (↑) • Kadar bunga (↓) • I (↑) AE (↑) AD (↑) • Peluang pekerjaan (↑), pengangguran (↓), output (↑)
  • 6. 1. Kawalan Kredit Terpilih i. Syarat Margin • Semasa pengangguran, syarat margin akan (↓). • Penawaran wang akan (↑). • Kadar bunga (↓) • I (↑), AE (↑), Yn (↑), AD (↑) • Peluang pekerjaan (↑), pengangguran (↓), output (↑)
  • 7. ii. Kredit Ansuran • Bayaran pendahuluan minimum (↓) dan tempoh bayaran balik akan dipanjangkan. • Pinjaman (↑) dan penawaran wang (↑) • Kadar bunga (↓) • I (↑), AE (↑), Yn (↑), AD (↑) • Peluang pekerjaan (↑), pengangguran (↓), output (↑) iii. Kawalan ke atas Gadai Janji • Bank pusat akan melonggarkan syarat-syarat gadai janji untuk menggalakkan orang ramai membeli rumah atau aset tetap. • Pinjaman (↑) dan penawaran wang (↑) • Kadar bunga (↓) • I (↑), AE (↑), Yn (↑), AD (↑) • Peluang pekerjaan (↑), pengangguran (↓), output (↑)
  • 8. 2. Pujukan Moral • Bank pusat meminta bank perdagangan (+) pinjaman kepada perusahaan kecil dan sederhana (PKS) dengan kadar bunga yang rendah. • Pinjaman (↑) dan penawaran wang (↑) • Kadar bunga (↓) • I (↑), AE (↑), Yn (↑), AD (↑) • Peluang pekerjaan (↑), pengangguran (↓), output (↑)