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Chapter 4
Network Interface Cards &
Computer Hardware

Networking Concepts – Eric Vanderburg ©2005
Transmission Types
 Serial

– linear
 Parallel – many pieces at same
time

Networking Concepts – Eric
Vanderburg ©2005
Bus









ISA (Industry Standard Architecture)
EISA (Extended Industry Standard Architecture)
MCA (Micro Channel Architecture) - Proprietary
VLB (VESA Local Bus) – Long ISA with extra connectors, hard to
adapt to new technology (Pentium), 1 or 2 cards supported
PCI (Peripheral Component Interface)
PCI-X (PCI Express)
PCMCIA (Personal Computer Memory Card International
Association)
AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port)





Attached to Northbridge directly
Dedicated bandwidth, no sharing
Connected to memory, possible to share memory
Frame Buffer memory on card


VRAM (Video RAM) – Dual Ported, read & write

Networking Concepts – Eric
Vanderburg ©2005
Bus
Bus Type

Bus Width
(bits)

Clock Speed Transfer Rate
(Mbps)
(MHz)

ISA

8-16

8

8-16

EISA

16-32

8

16-32

MCA

16-32

5-66

10-266

VLB

32

33

133

PCI

32-64

33-66

533

AGP

32-64

66

533-2048

PCI-X

32-64

66-533

2560-10480

PCMCIA

16-32

33

6-12

Networking Concepts – Eric
Transfer Rate = Bus Width * Clock Speed /8
Vanderburg ©2005
More about bus
 CPU

Bus

 FSB

(Front Side Bus) - Northbridge
 100, 133, 166, 200, 800, 1000MHz
 Clock Multiplier
 FSB

must be faster than I/O Bus or FSB
is bottleneck.
 Early

AGP
 Some PCI-X implimentations
Networking Concepts – Eric
Vanderburg ©2005
External Technologies
 Serial
 Parallel
 USB
 1.0

– 12Mbps
 2.0 – 480Mbps
 Firewire

(IEEE 1394)

 400Mbps
 1394b

– 3200Mbps
Networking Concepts – Eric
Vanderburg ©2005
Other Hardware
 CPU

 Hard

 Motherboard
 RAM
 Graphics

Card
 Sound Card
 Modem

Drive
 Optical Drive
 Backup Drive
 TV Tuner
 DVD Decoder
 Controller Card

Networking Concepts – Eric
Vanderburg ©2005
Hard Drives


Types






IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics)
SCSI (Small Computer System Interface)
SATA (Serial Advanced Technology Attachment)

ATA Types








ATA: Known also as IDE, supports one or two hard drives, a 16-bit interface
and PIO modes 0, 1 and 2.
ATA-2: Supports faster PIO modes (3 and 4) and multiword DMA modes (1
and 2). Also supports logical block addressing (LBA) and block transfers.
ATA-2 is marketed as Fast ATA and Enhanced IDE (EIDE).
ATA-3: Minor revision to ATA-2.
Ultra-ATA: Also called Ultra-DMA, ATA-33, and DMA-33, supports multiword
DMA mode 3 running at 33 MBps.
ATA/66: A version of ATA proposed by Quantum Corporation, and supported
by Intel, that doubles ATA's throughput to 66 MBps.
ATA/100: An updated version of ATA/66 that increases data transfer rates to
100 MBps

Networking Concepts – Eric
Vanderburg ©2005
Booting
 See

in class handout

Networking Concepts – Eric
Vanderburg ©2005
Configuration
 IRQ

(Interrupt Request Line)
 I/O Port
 Memory Address
 DMA channel
 Driver
NDIS (Network Device Interface Specification),
allows use of multiple protocols
 WDM (Win32 Driver Model), Windows
 ODI (Open Datalink Interface) – Apple, Novell


Networking Concepts – Eric
Vanderburg ©2005
More Features
 Shared

Adapter Memory
 Shared System Memory (Shared Memory)


UMA (Unified Memory Architecture)

 Bus

Mastering - Take control of bus to transfer
data from RAM
 RAM Buffering - RAM for buffering of incoming
data
 On board processor
Networking Concepts – Eric
Vanderburg ©2005
Optional NIC Features
 IPSec

chip & circuitry

 QOS
 WOL

(Wake On LAN)
 Promiscuous Mode

Networking Concepts – Eric
Vanderburg ©2005
Graphics Card – Video Card
 Memory
 Computations
 Frame

for the GPU

Buffer

 Monochrome

text – 2k/frame
 1600x1200 32bit color – 6Mb/frame
 GPU

(Graphics Processing Unit)
 RAMDAC (Random Access Memory DigitalAnalog Converter)
Networking Concepts – Eric
Vanderburg ©2005
Graphics Port Types


DB-15






MDA (Monochrome Display Adapter) 720x350
CGA (Color Graphics Adapter) 640x200
EGA (Enhanced Graphics Adapter) 640x480
SVGA (Super VGA) 800x600
XGA (Extended Graphics Array) 1024x768
VGA (Video Graphics Array) – General Term now for DB-15

DVI (Digital Video Interface)







DVI-D (Digital) – LCD or Plasma
DVI-A (Analog) – CRT or HDTV
DVI-I (Integrated Digital/Analog)
Data sent by TMDS (Transition Minimized Differential
Signaling)
Single-link – One TDMS, max res 1920 x 1280
Dual-link – Two TDMS
Networking Concepts – Eric
Vanderburg ©2005
Bottleneck
 Any

system or network is only as fast as
it’s weakest component
 There will always be a bottleneck but
upgrades should be focused on the
bottleneck in order to improve
performance.

Networking Concepts – Eric
Vanderburg ©2005
Tweaking
 Pagefile
 Overclocking
 Defragmentation
 Updates
 Drivers
 BIOS

 Processor

Scheduling
 Anti-Spyware
Networking Concepts – Eric
Vanderburg ©2005
Book corrections
 ISA

clock speed is 8MHz not 10MHz
(pg. 128)

Networking Concepts – Eric
Vanderburg ©2005

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Networking Concepts Lesson 04 - Hardware - Eric Vanderburg

  • 1. Chapter 4 Network Interface Cards & Computer Hardware Networking Concepts – Eric Vanderburg ©2005
  • 2. Transmission Types  Serial – linear  Parallel – many pieces at same time Networking Concepts – Eric Vanderburg ©2005
  • 3. Bus         ISA (Industry Standard Architecture) EISA (Extended Industry Standard Architecture) MCA (Micro Channel Architecture) - Proprietary VLB (VESA Local Bus) – Long ISA with extra connectors, hard to adapt to new technology (Pentium), 1 or 2 cards supported PCI (Peripheral Component Interface) PCI-X (PCI Express) PCMCIA (Personal Computer Memory Card International Association) AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port)     Attached to Northbridge directly Dedicated bandwidth, no sharing Connected to memory, possible to share memory Frame Buffer memory on card  VRAM (Video RAM) – Dual Ported, read & write Networking Concepts – Eric Vanderburg ©2005
  • 4. Bus Bus Type Bus Width (bits) Clock Speed Transfer Rate (Mbps) (MHz) ISA 8-16 8 8-16 EISA 16-32 8 16-32 MCA 16-32 5-66 10-266 VLB 32 33 133 PCI 32-64 33-66 533 AGP 32-64 66 533-2048 PCI-X 32-64 66-533 2560-10480 PCMCIA 16-32 33 6-12 Networking Concepts – Eric Transfer Rate = Bus Width * Clock Speed /8 Vanderburg ©2005
  • 5. More about bus  CPU Bus  FSB (Front Side Bus) - Northbridge  100, 133, 166, 200, 800, 1000MHz  Clock Multiplier  FSB must be faster than I/O Bus or FSB is bottleneck.  Early AGP  Some PCI-X implimentations Networking Concepts – Eric Vanderburg ©2005
  • 6. External Technologies  Serial  Parallel  USB  1.0 – 12Mbps  2.0 – 480Mbps  Firewire (IEEE 1394)  400Mbps  1394b – 3200Mbps Networking Concepts – Eric Vanderburg ©2005
  • 7. Other Hardware  CPU  Hard  Motherboard  RAM  Graphics Card  Sound Card  Modem Drive  Optical Drive  Backup Drive  TV Tuner  DVD Decoder  Controller Card Networking Concepts – Eric Vanderburg ©2005
  • 8. Hard Drives  Types     IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) SATA (Serial Advanced Technology Attachment) ATA Types       ATA: Known also as IDE, supports one or two hard drives, a 16-bit interface and PIO modes 0, 1 and 2. ATA-2: Supports faster PIO modes (3 and 4) and multiword DMA modes (1 and 2). Also supports logical block addressing (LBA) and block transfers. ATA-2 is marketed as Fast ATA and Enhanced IDE (EIDE). ATA-3: Minor revision to ATA-2. Ultra-ATA: Also called Ultra-DMA, ATA-33, and DMA-33, supports multiword DMA mode 3 running at 33 MBps. ATA/66: A version of ATA proposed by Quantum Corporation, and supported by Intel, that doubles ATA's throughput to 66 MBps. ATA/100: An updated version of ATA/66 that increases data transfer rates to 100 MBps Networking Concepts – Eric Vanderburg ©2005
  • 9. Booting  See in class handout Networking Concepts – Eric Vanderburg ©2005
  • 10. Configuration  IRQ (Interrupt Request Line)  I/O Port  Memory Address  DMA channel  Driver NDIS (Network Device Interface Specification), allows use of multiple protocols  WDM (Win32 Driver Model), Windows  ODI (Open Datalink Interface) – Apple, Novell  Networking Concepts – Eric Vanderburg ©2005
  • 11. More Features  Shared Adapter Memory  Shared System Memory (Shared Memory)  UMA (Unified Memory Architecture)  Bus Mastering - Take control of bus to transfer data from RAM  RAM Buffering - RAM for buffering of incoming data  On board processor Networking Concepts – Eric Vanderburg ©2005
  • 12. Optional NIC Features  IPSec chip & circuitry  QOS  WOL (Wake On LAN)  Promiscuous Mode Networking Concepts – Eric Vanderburg ©2005
  • 13. Graphics Card – Video Card  Memory  Computations  Frame for the GPU Buffer  Monochrome text – 2k/frame  1600x1200 32bit color – 6Mb/frame  GPU (Graphics Processing Unit)  RAMDAC (Random Access Memory DigitalAnalog Converter) Networking Concepts – Eric Vanderburg ©2005
  • 14. Graphics Port Types  DB-15    MDA (Monochrome Display Adapter) 720x350 CGA (Color Graphics Adapter) 640x200 EGA (Enhanced Graphics Adapter) 640x480 SVGA (Super VGA) 800x600 XGA (Extended Graphics Array) 1024x768 VGA (Video Graphics Array) – General Term now for DB-15 DVI (Digital Video Interface)       DVI-D (Digital) – LCD or Plasma DVI-A (Analog) – CRT or HDTV DVI-I (Integrated Digital/Analog) Data sent by TMDS (Transition Minimized Differential Signaling) Single-link – One TDMS, max res 1920 x 1280 Dual-link – Two TDMS Networking Concepts – Eric Vanderburg ©2005
  • 15. Bottleneck  Any system or network is only as fast as it’s weakest component  There will always be a bottleneck but upgrades should be focused on the bottleneck in order to improve performance. Networking Concepts – Eric Vanderburg ©2005
  • 16. Tweaking  Pagefile  Overclocking  Defragmentation  Updates  Drivers  BIOS  Processor Scheduling  Anti-Spyware Networking Concepts – Eric Vanderburg ©2005
  • 17. Book corrections  ISA clock speed is 8MHz not 10MHz (pg. 128) Networking Concepts – Eric Vanderburg ©2005