Politics and art 1900 1940 presentation
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A presentation on art movements and their politics in the first half of the 20th Century
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Politics and art 1900 1940 presentation
- 1. ART AND POLITICS IN EARLY 20TH CENTURY EUROPE POLITICS AND SOCIALLY ENGAGED IN ART 1900—1940
- 2. POLITICS IN EARLY 20TH CENTURY ART THESIS • Paintings from the first half of the 20th Century are now among some of the most expensive artworks ever produced, but when they were made their monetary value was not a consideration • The period from 1900 to the start of World War Two saw an explosion of new aesthetics and the birth of several modernist “movements” in European art • To a great extent, this aesthetic turmoil was motivated by the political upheaval of the time – two world wars, a successful socialist revolution in Russia and the rise of fascism in Germany and Italy in response to truncated revolutions in the period 1921 to 1939 • Today, the monetary value of these works is set by market forces – provenance, rarity, reputation and execution – the aesthetic values of the artist are rarely a consideration
- 4. WILLIAM MORRIS – ART NOUVEAU AND SOCIALISM “The greater part of the people have no share in Art—which as things now are must be kept in the hands of a few rich or well-to-do people, who we may fairly say need it less and not more than the laborious workers.” William Morris, Art and Socialism, lecture, to the Leicester Secular Society on January 23rd, 1884 William Morris - wallpaper design
- 5. FAUVISM – 1905—1930S – THE LAST DAYS OF INNOCENCE • Fauvism was an avant garde aesthetic but was not expressly political Corn Poppy, Kees van Dongen, c. 1919. Oil on canvas. Museum of Fine Arts, Houston.
- 6. HENRI MATISSE – OUR FAVOURITE FAUVE “If it took courage to buy a Matisse painting, it took particular bravery to sit for one of his portraits.” Henri Matisse, Woman with a hat, 1905
- 7. GERMAN EXPRESSIONISM 1905—1930S “Prompted by their revulsion against war the Expressionists became pacifists. Their mission was clearly to impress the absolute need for peace on the present and future generations.” Helmut Gruber (critic) 1967 Ernst Kirchner, Portrait of Henry van der Velde between mountains, 1917 woodcut
- 8. CUBISM 1907—1920S • Braque’s work Mandora (left) which is of a deconstructed guitar, painted in 1910, is an example of this early Cubist work
- 9. PICASSO’S GUERNICA – CUBISM AND POLITICAL ENGAGEMENT The set piece of the Exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art - the big "Guernica" - is not a success, it seems to me. It is a big, highly intellectual poster, uninteresting in colour, and having no relation to the political event that was supposed to have provoked it. Wyndham Lewis (critic) 1940
- 10. PICASSO IN THE ART MARKET • In 1956 15 Picasso canvases from his series La Fems d’Alger were sold for $212,000 • In 2015, one painting from this series – Version O – sold at auction for $179 million.
- 11. ITALIAN FUTURISM 1909—1940S The cult of speed, the attraction to violent solutions, the contempt for the masses and at the same time a fascinating appeal to them, the tendency toward a hypnotic domination of crowds, the exaltation of exclusively national feelings, the antipathy toward bureaucracy, all these are emotional attitudes that went from Futurism into Fascism without missing a beat. Giuseppe Prezzolini, 1923 Umberto Boccioni, Unique Forms of Continuity in Space, 1913 (cast 1931), bronze, 43 7/8 x 34 7/8 x 15 3/4" (MoMA)
- 12. FUTURISM – FASCISM’S AESTHETIC “Art, in fact, can be nothing but violence, cruelty, and injustice.” Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, from the Futurist Manifesto, 1909 Gerardo Dottori, Il Duce (1933)
- 13. RUSSIAN FUTURISM – 1910—1920S “The factory has been the wellspring of Bolshevist political ideas; and it has also been the inspiration for Futurist art.” Giuseppe Prezzolini, 1923 Natalia Goncharova, The Cyclist, 1913, oil on canvas
- 14. BEAT THE WHITES WITH THE RED WEDGE Kazar ”Eli” Lissitzky, Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge, 1919, lithographic print
- 15. DADA 1915—1924 “Anarchists and nihilists inhabited the political fringe, and a new breed of artist was starting to attack the very concept of art itself.” Paul Trachtman (critic) 2006
- 16. SURREALISM –1920S—1950S “…true art is unable not to be revolutionary, not to aspire to a complete and radical reconstruction of society. “ Andre Breton, Leon Trotsky and Diego Rivera, Manifesto for an independent revolutionary art, 1938 Andre Breton, African mask, 1948, ink on paper
- 17. SOCIAL REALISM – 1930—1950 (1960S— PRESENT) • Making the working class visible in art • A strong following in the United States • Noel Counihan – an Australian social realist and member of the Communist Party of Australia David Alfaro Sequeros, Birth of Fascism, 1936
- 18. WHAT IS POLITICAL ART? ANTITHESIS • All art is political, even when it’s trying not to be • Political art should speak truth to power • 20th Century political art is now highly collectible and is depoliticized • Some contemporary political artists are treated as celebrities Ai Weiwei, The law of the journey, installation at Sydney Biennale in March 2018 60 metre inflatable raft
- 19. HOW DOES THIS INFLUENCE MY PRACTICE?
- 20. PROPAGAND A – SOCIALLY ENGAGED Marty H, The Deplorbunch, 2018, digital collage
- 21. CUBO- FUTURISM Marty H, The Cubo-futurist battle, 2018, acrylic on canvas
- 22. DADA - COLLAGE Marty H, Art Eats Art, 2020, collage on canvas board
- 23. EXPRESSIONISM Marty H, Self-portrait, 2020, woodcut, ink on paper
Notas do Editor
- 1890—1910 Not very political – last innocent days before the series catastrophes. form follows function Arts and crafts not just fine arts William Morris designed wallpapers are still made today A first edition of a book published by Morris in 1896 sold for $160,000 a few years ago Most people have forgotten Morris’ politics Average price is around $35-40 per metre Original fabric swatches and domestic pieces sell from the mid-hundreds to the low thousands
- Fauvism – from the French “fauv” meaning “wild beast”, was a reaction to the soft palette of Impressionism and favoured bold, unnatural colours and distortion of representation created through loose brush strokes Fauvism was an avant garde aesthetic but was not expressly political
- Woman with a hat sold for 500 francs ($125) It would fetch at least $110 million today Matisse first crossed paths with Picasso in 1906 Georges Braque was associated with the Fauves before teaming up with Picasso to develop Cubism
- Ernst Luudwig Kirchner’s sad, bleak woodcut portraiture captures the spirit of Expressionism Kirchner was a founding member of “Die Brucke” – The Bridge – the most important collective of German Expressionists The Expressionists saw themselves as having a politico-ethical mission to refuse the German authorities during the First World War
- Like Fauvism a few years earlier, Cubism took its name from the reaction of a critic to an early exhibition of works by Picasso and Braque
- Picasso’s Guernica, painted in 1937 for the World Fair in Paris Guernica depicts the April 1937 aerial bombing of the Basque town of Guernika by German planes during the Spanish civil war as a fight between the Spanish bull and a horse, the figures are in anguish Picasso joined the French Communist Party in 1944
- Prezzolini thought the Futurists would eventually be silenced by Mussolini because they opposed Fascist (bourgeois) morality of Church+State
- Russian Futurism was no doubt influenced by Marinetti’s manifesto of Italian Futurism published in 1909, but it is understood as a distinct movement It is sometimes known as “Cubo-Futurism” due to the influence of Picasso
- The red wedge symbolizes the Bolsheviks (communists), who are penetrating and defeating their opponents, the counter-revolutionary White movement, during the post-Revolution civil war
- Dada was born in the First World War as an aesthetic reaction to the carnage, chaos and horror of trench warfare and the first use of chemical weapons “mustard gas”
- Explicitly socialist in outlook, though “dilletantes” according to some critics Breton’s work was very similar to the Cubists, and obviously inspired by Picasso
- The movement began with an attempt to bring the working class into the purview of art as a method of awakening class consciousness. Sequeros was born in 1896 in Mexico and was still working in the early 1960s. He died in 1974. Social Realism was strong in the United States and is still current today, mainly in photography. After Josef Stalin gained full control of the Soviet Union, Social Realism was rebadged as “Soviet Socialist Realism” and became a tool of propaganda and disinformation that masked the degeneration of the Russian revolution
- Directly political art attempts to fuse the aesthetic / style with a social message Early 20th Century political art is depoliticized, and contemporary political art has become “celebrified” A Banksy sold this year for close to $20 million