1. Lucene for Solr
Developers
NFJS - Boston, September 2011
Presented by Erik Hatcher
erik.hatcher@lucidimagination.com
Lucid Imagination
http://www.lucidimagination.com

2. About me...
• Co-author, "Lucene in Action" (and "Java
Development with Ant" / "Ant in Action"
once upon a time)
• "Apache guy" - Lucene/Solr committer;
member of Lucene PMC, member of
Apache Software Foundation
• Co-founder, evangelist, trainer, coder @
Lucid Imagination

3. About Lucid Imagination...
• Lucid Imagination provides commercial-grade
support, training, high-level consulting and value-
added software for Lucene and Solr.
• We make Lucene ‘enterprise-ready’ by offering:
• Free, certified, distributions and downloads.
• Support, training, and consulting.
• LucidWorks Enterprise, a commercial search
platform built on top of Solr.

4. What is Lucene?
• An open source search library (not an application)
• 100% Java
• Continuously improved and tuned over more than
10 years
• Compact, portable index representation
• Programmable text analyzers, spell checking and
highlighting
• Not a crawler or a text extraction tool

5. Inverted Index
• Lucene stores input data in what is known as an
inverted index
• In an inverted index each indexed term points to a
list of documents that contain the term
• Similar to the index provided at the end of a book
• In this case "inverted" simply means the list of terms
point to documents
• It is much faster to find a term in an index, than to
scan all the documents

6. Inverted Index Example

7. Segments and Merging
• A Lucene index is a collection of one or more sub-indexes
called segments
• Each segment is a fully independent index
• A multi-way merge algorithm is used to periodically merge
segments
• New segments are created when an IndexWriter flushes new
documents and pending deletes to disk
• Trying for a balance between large-scale performance vs. small-
scale updates
• Optimization merges all segments into one

8. Segments and Merging

9. Segments
• When a document is deleted it still exists
in an index segment until that segment is
merged
• At certain trigger points, these Documents
are flushed to the Directory
• Can be forced by calling commit
• Segments are periodically merged

10. IndexSearcher

11. Adding new documents

12. Commit

13. Committed and
Warmed

14. Lucene Scoring
• Lucene uses a similarity scoring formula to rank results by measuring the
similarity between a query and the documents that match the query. The
factors that form the scoring formula are:
• Term Frequency: tf (t in d). How often the term occurs in the document.
• Inverse Document Frequency: idf (t). A measure of how rare the term is in
the whole collection. One over the number of times the term appears in
the collection.
• Terms that are rare throughout the entire collection score higher.

15. Coord and Norms
• Coord: The coordination factor, coord (q, d).
Boosts documents that match more of the
search terms than other documents.
• If 4 of 4 terms match coord = 4/4
• If 3 of 4 terms match coord = 3/4
• Length Normalization - Adjust the score based
on length of fields in the document.
• shorter fields that match get a boost

16. Scoring Factors (cont)
• Boost: (t.field in d). A way to boost a field
or a whole document above others.
• Query Norm: (q). Normalization value
for a query, given the sum of the squared
weights of each of the query terms.
• You will often hear the Lucene scoring
simply referred to as
TF·IDF.

17. Explanation
• Lucene has a feature called Explanation
• Solr uses the debugQuery parameter to
retrieve scoring explanations
0.2987913 = (MATCH) fieldWeight(text:lucen in 688), product of:
1.4142135 = tf(termFreq(text:lucen)=2)
9.014501 = idf(docFreq=3, maxDocs=12098)
0.0234375 = fieldNorm(field=text, doc=688)

18. Lucene Core
• IndexWriter
• Directory
• IndexReader, IndexSearcher
• analysis: Analyzer, TokenStream,
Tokenizer,TokenFilter
• Query

19. Solr Architecture

20. Customizing - Don't do it!
• Unless you need to.
• In other words... ensure you've given the built-in
capabilities a try, asked on the e-mail list, and
spelunked into at least Solr's code a bit to make
some sense of the situation.
• But we're here to roll up our sleeves, because we
need to...

21. But first...
• Look at Lucene and/or Solr source code as
appropriate
• Carefully read javadocs and wiki pages - lots of tips
there
• And, hey, search for what you're trying to do...
• Google, of course
• But try out LucidFind and other Lucene ecosystem
specific search systems -
http://www.lucidimagination.com/search/

22. Extension points
• Tokenizer, TokenFilter, • QParser
CharFilter
• DataImportHandler
• SearchComponent hooks
• RequestHandler • data sources
• ResponseWriter • entity processors
• FieldType • transformers
• Similarity • several others

23. Factories
• FooFactory (most) everywhere.
Sometimes there's BarPlugin style
• for sake of discussion... let's just skip the
"factory" part
• In Solr, Factories and Plugins are used by
configuration loading to parameterize and
construct

24. "Installing" plugins
• Compile .java to .class, JAR it up
• Put JAR files in either:
• <solr-home>/lib
• a shared lib when using multicore
• anywhere, and register location in
solrconfig.xml
• Hook in plugins as appropriate

25. Multicore sharedLib
<solr sharedLib="/usr/local/solr/customlib"
persistent="true">
<cores adminPath="/admin/cores">
<core instanceDir="core1" name="core1"/>
<core instanceDir="core2" name="core2"/>
</cores>
</solr>

26. Plugins via
solrconfig.xml
• <lib dir="/path/to/your/custom/jars" />

27. Analysis
• CharFilter
• Tokenizer
• TokenFilter

28. Primer
• Tokens, Terms
• Attributes: Type, Payloads, Offsets,
Positions, Term Vectors
• part of the picture:

29. Version
• enum:
• Version.LUCENE_31,
Version.LUCENE_32, etc
• Version.onOrAfter(Version other)

30. CharFilter
• extend BaseCharFilter
• enables pre-tokenization filtering/morphing
of incoming field value
• only affects tokenization, not stored value
• Built-in CharFilters: HTMLStripCharFilter,
PatternReplaceCharFilter, and
MappingCharFilter

31. Tokenizer
• common to extend CharTokenizer
• implement -
• protected abstract boolean isTokenChar(int c);
• optionally override -
• protected int normalize(int c)
• extend Tokenizer directly for finer control
• Popular built-in Tokenizers include: WhitespaceTokenizer,
StandardTokenizer, PatternTokenizer, KeywordTokenizer,
ICUTokenizer

32. TokenFilter
• a TokenStream whose input is another
TokenStream
• Popular TokenFilters include:
LowerCaseFilter, CommonGramsFilter,
SnowballFilter, StopFilter,
WordDelimiterFilter

33. Lucene's analysis APIs
• tricky business, what with Attributes
(Source/Factory's), State, characters, code
points,Version, etc...
• Test!!!
• BaseTokenStreamTestCase
• Look at Lucene and Solr's test cases

34. Solr's Analysis Tools
• Admin analysis tool
• Field analysis request handler
• DEMO

35. Query Parsing
• String -> org.apache.lucene.search.Query

36. QParserPlugin
public abstract class QParserPlugin
implements NamedListInitializedPlugin {
public abstract QParser createParser(
String qstr,
SolrParams localParams,
SolrParams params,
SolrQueryRequest req);
}

37. QParser
public abstract class QParser {
public abstract Query parse()
throws ParseException;
}

38. Built-in QParsers
from QParserPlugin.java
/** internal use - name to class mappings of builtin parsers */
public static final Object[] standardPlugins = {
LuceneQParserPlugin.NAME, LuceneQParserPlugin.class,
OldLuceneQParserPlugin.NAME, OldLuceneQParserPlugin.class,
FunctionQParserPlugin.NAME, FunctionQParserPlugin.class,
PrefixQParserPlugin.NAME, PrefixQParserPlugin.class,
BoostQParserPlugin.NAME, BoostQParserPlugin.class,
DisMaxQParserPlugin.NAME, DisMaxQParserPlugin.class,
ExtendedDismaxQParserPlugin.NAME, ExtendedDismaxQParserPlugin.class,
FieldQParserPlugin.NAME, FieldQParserPlugin.class,
RawQParserPlugin.NAME, RawQParserPlugin.class,
TermQParserPlugin.NAME, TermQParserPlugin.class,
NestedQParserPlugin.NAME, NestedQParserPlugin.class,
FunctionRangeQParserPlugin.NAME, FunctionRangeQParserPlugin.class,
SpatialFilterQParserPlugin.NAME, SpatialFilterQParserPlugin.class,
SpatialBoxQParserPlugin.NAME, SpatialBoxQParserPlugin.class,
JoinQParserPlugin.NAME, JoinQParserPlugin.class,
};

39. Local Parameters
• {!qparser_name param=value}expression
• or
• {!qparser_name param=value v=expression}
• Can substitute $references from request
parameters

40. Param Substitution
solrconfig.xml
<requestHandler name="/document"
class="solr.SearchHandler">
<lst name="invariants">
<str name="q">{!term f=id v=$id}</str>
</lst>
</requestHandler>
Solr request
http://localhost:8983/solr/document?id=FOO37

41. Custom QParser
• Implement a QParserPlugin that creates your
custom QParser
• Register in solrconfig.xml
• <queryParser name="myparser"
class="com.mycompany.MyQParserPlugin"/>

42. Update Processor
• Responsible for handling these commands:
• add/update
• delete
• commit
• merge indexes

43. Built-in Update
Processors
• RunUpdateProcessor
• Actually performs the operations, such as
adding the documents to the index
• LogUpdateProcessor
• Logs each operation
• SignatureUpdateProcessor
• duplicate detection and optionally rejection

44. UIMA Update
Processor
• UIMA - Unstructured Information Management
Architecture - http://uima.apache.org/
• Enables UIMA components to augment
documents
• Entity extraction, automated categorization,
language detection, etc
• "contrib" plugin
• http://wiki.apache.org/solr/SolrUIMA

45. Update Processor
Chain
• UpdateProcessor's sequence into a chain
• Each processor can abort the entire update
or hand processing to next processor in
the chain
• Chains, of update processor factories, are
specified in solrconfig.xml
• Update requests can specify an
update.processor parameter

46. Default update
processor chain
From SolrCore.java
// construct the default chain
UpdateRequestProcessorFactory[] factories =
new UpdateRequestProcessorFactory[]{
new RunUpdateProcessorFactory(),
new LogUpdateProcessorFactory()
};
Note: these steps have been swapped on trunk recently

47. Example Update
Processor
• What are the best facets to show for a particular
query? Wouldn't it be nice to see the distribution of
document "attributes" represented across a result
set?
• Learned this trick from the Smithsonian, who were
doing it manually - add an indexed field containing the
field names of the interesting other fields on the
document.
• Facet on that field "of field names" initially, then
request facets on the top values returned.

48. Config for custom
update processor
<updateRequestProcessorChain name="fields_used" default="true">
<processor class="solr.processor.FieldsUsedUpdateProcessorFactory">
<str name="fieldsUsedFieldName">attribute_fields</str>
<str name="fieldNameRegex">.*_attribute</str>
</processor>
<processor class="solr.LogUpdateProcessorFactory" />
<processor class="solr.RunUpdateProcessorFactory" />
</updateRequestProcessorChain>

49. FieldsUsedUpdateProcessorFactory
public class FieldsUsedUpdateProcessorFactory extends UpdateRequestProcessorFactory {
private String fieldsUsedFieldName;
private Pattern fieldNamePattern;
public UpdateRequestProcessor getInstance(SolrQueryRequest req, SolrQueryResponse rsp,
UpdateRequestProcessor next) {
return new FieldsUsedUpdateProcessor(req, rsp, this, next);
}
// ... next slide ...
}

50. FieldsUsedUpdateProcessorFactory
@Override
public void init(NamedList args) {
if (args == null) return;
SolrParams params = SolrParams.toSolrParams(args);
fieldsUsedFieldName = params.get("fieldsUsedFieldName");
if (fieldsUsedFieldName == null) {
throw new SolrException
(SolrException.ErrorCode.SERVER_ERROR,
"fieldsUsedFieldName must be specified");
}
// TODO check that fieldsUsedFieldName is a valid field name and multiValued
String fieldNameRegex = params.get("fieldNameRegex");
if (fieldNameRegex == null) {
throw new SolrException
(SolrException.ErrorCode.SERVER_ERROR,
"fieldNameRegex must be specified");
}
fieldNamePattern = Pattern.compile(fieldNameRegex);
super.init(args);
}

51. class FieldsUsedUpdateProcessor extends UpdateRequestProcessor {
public FieldsUsedUpdateProcessor(SolrQueryRequest req,
SolrQueryResponse rsp,
FieldsUsedUpdateProcessorFactory factory,
UpdateRequestProcessor next) {
super(next);
}
@Override
public void processAdd(AddUpdateCommand cmd) throws IOException {
SolrInputDocument doc = cmd.getSolrInputDocument();
Collection<String> incomingFieldNames = doc.getFieldNames();
Iterator<String> iterator = incomingFieldNames.iterator();
ArrayList<String> usedFields = new ArrayList<String>();
while (iterator.hasNext()) {
String f = iterator.next();
if (fieldNamePattern.matcher(f).matches()) {
usedFields.add(f);
}
}
doc.addField(fieldsUsedFieldName, usedFields.toArray());
super.processAdd(cmd);
}
}

52. FieldsUsedUpdateProcessor
in action
schema.xml
<dynamicField name="*_attribute" type="string" indexed="true" stored="true" multiValued="true"/>
Add some documents
solr.add([{:id=>1, :name => "Big Blue Shoes", :size_attribute => 'L', :color_attribute => 'Blue'},
{:id=>2, :name => "Cool Gizmo", :memory_attribute => "16GB", :color_attribute => 'White'}])
solr.commit
Facet on attribute_fields
- http://localhost:8983/solr/select?q=*:*&facet=on&facet.field=attribute_fields&wt=json&indent=on
"facet_fields":{
"attribute_fields":[
"color_attribute",2,
"memory_attribute",1,
"size_attribute",1]}

53. Search Components
• Built-in: Clustering, Debug, Facet, Highlight,
MoreLikeThis, Query, QueryElevation,
SpellCheck, Stats, TermVector, Terms
• Non-distributed API:
• prepare(ResponseBuilder rb)
• process(ResponseBuilder rb)

54. Example - auto facet
select
• It sure would be nice if you could have Solr automatically
select field(s) for faceting based dynamically off the
profile of the results. For example, you're indexing
disparate types of products, all with varying attributes
(color, size - like for apparel, memory_size - for
electronics, subject - for books, etc), and a user searches
for "ipod" where most products match products with
color and memory_size attributes... let's automatically
facet on those fields.
• https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SOLR-2641

55. AutoFacetSelection
Component
• Too much code for a slide, let's take a look in
an IDE...
• Basically -
• process() gets autofacet.field and autofacet.n
request params, facets on field, takes top N
values, sets those as facet.field's
• Gotcha - need to call rb.setNeedDocSet
(true) in prepare() as faceting needs it

56. SearchComponent
config
<searchComponent name="autofacet"
class="solr.AutoFacetSelectionComponent"/>
<requestHandler name="/searchplus"
class="solr.SearchHandler">
<arr name="components">
<str>query</str>
<str>autofacet</str>
<str>facet</str>
<str>debug</str>
</arr>
</requestHandler>

57. autofacet success
http://localhost:8983/solr/searchplus
?q=*:*&facet=on&autofacet.field=attribute_fields&wt=json&indent=on
{
"response":{"numFound":2,"start":0,"docs":[
{
"size_attribute":["L"],
"color_attribute":["Blue"],
"name":"Big Blue Shoes",
"id":"1",
"attribute_fields":["size_attribute",
"color_attribute"]},
{
"color_attribute":["White"],
"name":"Cool Gizmo",
"memory_attribute":["16GB"],
"id":"2",
"attribute_fields":["color_attribute",
"memory_attribute"]}]
},
"facet_counts":{
"facet_queries":{},
"facet_fields":{
"color_attribute":[
"Blue",1,
"White",1],
"memory_attribute":[
"16GB",1]}}}

58. Distributed-aware
SearchComponents
• SearchComponent has a few distributed mode
methods:
• distributedProcess(ResponseBuilder)
• modifyRequest(ResponseBuilder rb,
SearchComponent who, ShardRequest sreq)
• handleResponses(ResponseBuilder rb,
ShardRequest sreq)
• finishStage(ResponseBuilder rb)

59. Testing
• AbstractSolrTestCase
• SolrTestCaseJ4
• SolrMeter
• http://code.google.com/p/solrmeter/

60. For more information...
• http://www.lucidimagination.com
• LucidFind
• search Lucene ecosystem: mailing lists, wikis, JIRA, etc
• http://search.lucidimagination.com
• Getting started with LucidWorks Enterprise:
• http://www.lucidimagination.com/products/
lucidworks-search-platform/enterprise
• http://lucene.apache.org/solr - wiki, e-mail lists

61. Thank You!