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Sapphires

A brief overview of sapphires and
      the mining techniques.
A Brief Introduction
• Sapphires are precious stones.
• Comes in many colors, Most commonly:
  blue, yellow, pink.
• Variety of the mineral Corundum.
• 9 Hardness.
• Most commonly used in jewelry.
• Other uses are in scientific instruments, high durability
  windows, wrist watch crystals, very thin electronic
  wafers.
• Aluminum Oxide- trace elements of other minerals
  give it its color-
  iron, titanium, chromium, copper, magnesium.
The Logan Sapphire
One of the largest Sapphires found. It was found in Sri Lanka. It is
422.99 carats.
Sapphires come in a variety of colors
Locations of Sapphires
Sapphires can be found in
a number of places.         •   Cambodia
• Burma                     •   China
• Kashmir, India            •   Malawi
• Sri Lanka                 •   Nigeria
• Thailand                  •   Tanzania
• Madagascar                •   Canada
• United States             •   Czech Republic
• Australia                 •   Kenya
• Vietnam                   •   Laos
• Colombia                  •   Pakastan
Locations of Sapphires
• Burmese and Kashmir are the most sought after
• From 1970’s to 2000 Australia was the world’s largest
  producer of Sapphires
• Madagascar is currently the world’s supplier of
  Sapphires
• Sri Lanka has produced the most large sized stones.
• Burma used to be one of the most desirable locations
  for Sapphires, but now few good Sapphires are being
  produced.
• Kashmir Sapphires are know to be the highest quality
  stones, but most mining has stopped. Only sporadic
  mining is done.
Mining Techniques
Traditional Pit Mining:
• An example of pit mining would be when a vertical shaft is
   dug by hand until they have they have reached gem level.
• A makeshift bamboo crane is assembled.
• The crane is used to bring up buckets of soil to be washed
   and sieved.
• This method of mining is very dangerous and back-braking.
• These types of mines tend to collapse or cave in because
   there is nothing supporting the walls of the pit.
• Pit Mining is an inexpensive operation to run but it also
   doesn’t produce a large quantity of stones. Only a few men
   are required to operate the mine.
An example of Traditional Pit Mining
Mining Techniques
Open Pit Mining:
• Is a small operation.
• An area is dug to gem level by machinery.
• Usually about 10 feet down to start.
• After the initial pit is dig everything else is
  done by hand in small sections and sieved.
• This method does not produce a large
  amount of gemstones.
An example of Open Pit Mining
Mining Techniques
Open Cast Mining:
• The work is seasonal
• This type of mining has to be done during the monsoon season, usually
  around May to September.
• Large amounts of water is required to operate the hoses used to wash the
  soil.
• A very large pit has to be dug.
• They use a large rotating drum with pumps and hoses.
• The soil is dug out with machinery and then placed on a rotating drum. The
  drum washes and separates the gravel.
• The gems are removed from the pit and placed on a pulsating jig. The jig is
  used to separates the soil from the gems.
• They try to minimize the environmental impact by refilling parts of the pit
  that have already been mined.
• Gemstone production can vary greatly from day to day mostly depending on
  the area being dug.
An example of Open Cast Mining
Equipment




Rotating Drum               Pulsating Jig
END

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Sapphires

  • 1. Sapphires A brief overview of sapphires and the mining techniques.
  • 2. A Brief Introduction • Sapphires are precious stones. • Comes in many colors, Most commonly: blue, yellow, pink. • Variety of the mineral Corundum. • 9 Hardness. • Most commonly used in jewelry. • Other uses are in scientific instruments, high durability windows, wrist watch crystals, very thin electronic wafers. • Aluminum Oxide- trace elements of other minerals give it its color- iron, titanium, chromium, copper, magnesium.
  • 3. The Logan Sapphire One of the largest Sapphires found. It was found in Sri Lanka. It is 422.99 carats.
  • 4. Sapphires come in a variety of colors
  • 5. Locations of Sapphires Sapphires can be found in a number of places. • Cambodia • Burma • China • Kashmir, India • Malawi • Sri Lanka • Nigeria • Thailand • Tanzania • Madagascar • Canada • United States • Czech Republic • Australia • Kenya • Vietnam • Laos • Colombia • Pakastan
  • 6. Locations of Sapphires • Burmese and Kashmir are the most sought after • From 1970’s to 2000 Australia was the world’s largest producer of Sapphires • Madagascar is currently the world’s supplier of Sapphires • Sri Lanka has produced the most large sized stones. • Burma used to be one of the most desirable locations for Sapphires, but now few good Sapphires are being produced. • Kashmir Sapphires are know to be the highest quality stones, but most mining has stopped. Only sporadic mining is done.
  • 7. Mining Techniques Traditional Pit Mining: • An example of pit mining would be when a vertical shaft is dug by hand until they have they have reached gem level. • A makeshift bamboo crane is assembled. • The crane is used to bring up buckets of soil to be washed and sieved. • This method of mining is very dangerous and back-braking. • These types of mines tend to collapse or cave in because there is nothing supporting the walls of the pit. • Pit Mining is an inexpensive operation to run but it also doesn’t produce a large quantity of stones. Only a few men are required to operate the mine.
  • 8. An example of Traditional Pit Mining
  • 9. Mining Techniques Open Pit Mining: • Is a small operation. • An area is dug to gem level by machinery. • Usually about 10 feet down to start. • After the initial pit is dig everything else is done by hand in small sections and sieved. • This method does not produce a large amount of gemstones.
  • 10. An example of Open Pit Mining
  • 11. Mining Techniques Open Cast Mining: • The work is seasonal • This type of mining has to be done during the monsoon season, usually around May to September. • Large amounts of water is required to operate the hoses used to wash the soil. • A very large pit has to be dug. • They use a large rotating drum with pumps and hoses. • The soil is dug out with machinery and then placed on a rotating drum. The drum washes and separates the gravel. • The gems are removed from the pit and placed on a pulsating jig. The jig is used to separates the soil from the gems. • They try to minimize the environmental impact by refilling parts of the pit that have already been mined. • Gemstone production can vary greatly from day to day mostly depending on the area being dug.
  • 12. An example of Open Cast Mining
  • 13. Equipment Rotating Drum Pulsating Jig
  • 14. END