Presented at the South Sound Science Symposium, September 2016

1. Updates(on(toxicology(of(urban(
stormwater(runoff(to(salmon(
South(Sound(Science(Symposium(Sep(20,(2016(
Dr.(Jenifer(McIntyre(| (School(of(the(Environment (| (WSU(Puyallup(Research(Extension(Center(

2. 2(
Puget(Sound(Stormwater(Science(Team(
Nat(Scholz(
Julann(Spromberg(
David(Baldwin(
John(Incardona(
James(Cameron(
Jessica(Lundin(
Cathy(Laetz(
Jana(Labenia(
Barb(French(
Jay(Davis(
Ken(King(
Jen(McIntyre(
John(Stark(
Emma(Mudrock(
Jill(Wetzel(

3. 3(
Research(PARTNERS(&(SUPPORTERS(

4. 4(
Coho(preXspawn(mortality(is(widespread((
( ( ( (&(recurrent(in(urban(creeks(
Longfellow)Creek,)2003) Des)Moines)Creek,)2004)
Longfellow)Creek,)2005) Longfellow)Creek,)2012)
63%
84%
67%
72%

5. Three studies, Three life stages

6. Adult coho pre-spawn mortality study 2015
• What(is(the(pathophysiology(of(
coho(preXspawn(mortality?(
• Hematology,(blood(chemistry(
• Are(other(salmon(spawners(as(
sensi[ve(as(coho?(
• Coho(vs(chum(
Goals(of(2015(Field(Season(

7. 7(
Fewer(thrombocytes(
(coagula[on(response)(
More(immature(RBCs(
(hypoxia)(
More(WBCs(
(immune(response)(
NEW(DATA:(Blood(cells(in(
(coho(exposed(to(runoff(

8. 8(
iSTAT(pointXofXcare((
(blood(analyzer(

9. 9(
Arterial(blood(gas(analysis (
((
Diagnosis:(Metabolic(acidosis(
Arterial(blood(

10. 10(
Arterial(blood((
(chemistry(analysis(( ((
Increased)blood)cells)and/
or)decreased)plasma)
• Diuresis((
• Heart(failure((
• Kidney(failure(Hypoxia(Hypoxia(
Anaerobic)cellular)
respiraBon)
Hyponatremia)

11. • Behavioural(
• Increased(gilling(
• Surface(gaping(
• Hematological(
• !(HCT((Higher(RBC(counts(/(cell(swelling)(
• Metabolic(acidosis((low(pH,(low(bicarb,(base(deficit)(
• Lactate(produc[on((anaerobic(cellular(respira[on)(
Evidence for Hypoxia in Adult Coho

12. 12(
Types(of(hypoxia(
Hypoxia)Type) Caused)by)
Hypoxic( Insufficient(O2(in(environment(
e.g.,(low(dissolved(oxygen(
Anemic( Insufficient(RBC(or(Hb(
e.g.,(nitrate(poisoning(X(methemoglobinemia(
Stagnant( Insufficient(blood(flow(
e.g.,(cardiovascular(failure,(hypotension((
Histotoxic( Tissues(cannot(access/use(O2(
e.g.,(metabolic(poisons(
2016((
Field(Season(

13. Run(Timing:(OctXDec(
Adult(Coho(Salmon(
Run([ming:(NovXJan(
Adult(Chum(Salmon(
Are other salmon as sensitive as coho?

14. Coho and chum exposures 2015
coho(
coho(
chum(
chum(
coho(
coho(
chum(
chum(
coho(
coho(
chum(
chum(
coho(
coho(
chum(
chum(
Each(storm:(
• 4(coho(control(
• 4(coho(runoff(
• 4(chum(control(
• 4(chum(runoff(
Total(of(5(storms(
SubXlethal(endpoints:(
• Blood,([ssues((chemistry(+(qPCR)(
• Monitored(temp,(DO,(pH,(conduc[vity(every(30(min(
• Fish(behavior(assessed(every(30(min(star[ng(at(1(h(
• Euthanized(if(showing(symptoms(
• Control(sacrificed(for(every(runoff(fish(
• Max(exposure(4(h(

15. 10.30.2015 (Coho(salmon ( (Runoff(2(h(
Are other salmon as vulnerable as coho?

16. 10.30.2015 (Chum(salmon ( (Runoff(4(h(
Are other salmon as vulnerable as coho?

17. Are chum as vulnerable as coho?
0(
1(
2(
3(
4(
5(
Coho( Chum(
Control(
Runoff(
Chum(did(not(develop(preXspawn(mortality(behavioral(symptoms(
surfacing(
Symptom)Severity)(0K5))at)4)h)
immobile(
rolling(
normal(
mild(
medium(
lethargy(

18. Coho and chum in Pipers Creek (2006)

19. 0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
13-Nov
15-Nov
17-Nov
19-Nov
21-Nov
23-Nov
25-Nov
27-Nov
29-Nov
1-Dec
3-Dec
5-Dec
7-Dec
9-Dec
11-Dec
13-Dec
15-Dec
17-Dec
19-Dec
21-Dec
)))))Episodic)exposure)of)coho)embryos)

20. 1 stack / treatment
3 trays / stack
9 cups / tray
100 eggs / cup
Control50% 100% 100% Filtered
4 treatments
Background: Flowing clean water
Exposures: 48 h recirculated runoff
10%
Episodic exposure of coho embryos

21. Coho(Embryo(Sampling(Summary(
50%)
Runoff)
100%)
Runoff)
100%)Runoff)
Filtered)
Control)
Storm(Events( 15( 15( 15( 0(
Degree(Days((C)( 511( 503( 503( 520(
DD(from(Control( X9( X17( X17( 0(
Study Duration: 64 days
Sampling Events: 7
Cups sampled per event: 3
Individuals/cup sampled: 10

22. 0"
2"
4"
6"
8"
10"
12"
11/23/15"
11/30/15"
12/7/15"
12/14/15"
12/21/15"
12/28/15"
1/4/16"
1/11/16"
1/18/16"
1/25/16"
Embryo(Exposure(Temperature(Profile(
Well(water(~10(C(
Temperature((deg(C)(

23. Fer[lized(
11/23/15(
Exposures(
• Low(mortality(prior(
to(hatching(
• High(mortality(
following(hatching(
• Bioreten[on(filtra[on(
prevented(mortality(
Coho(Embryo(Survival(
• 1/21(storm(runoff(
uniquely(toxic?(
• Chorion(protec[ng(
embryo?(
• Developmental([ming(
e.g.,(organ/enzyme(
onXline(to(metabolize(
to(more(toxic(waste?(

24. Coho(Embryos:(Episodic(Exposure(to(Runoff(
Bioreten[on(filtra[on(prevented(mortality(

25. Coho(Embryo(Sublethal(Effects(of(Runoff(
Filtered RunoffUnfiltered Runoff
Embryo)Metric) 12/15) 12/22) 12/29) 1/5) 1/12) 1/19) 1/26)
Length( same( same( small( small( same( small( small(
Eye(Area( same( same( small( same( same( same( small(
Survival( same( same( same( same( same( same( LOW(

26. Embryo episodic exposure summary
50X100%(Runoff(
(
• Smaller(eyes(and(developmental(delay(
• High(mortality(for(exposures(postXhatch(
(
100%(Filtered(
(
• Some(indica[on(of(slight(eye(effect(
• No(mortality(vs(controls(

27. Embryo episodic exposure
Why(were(sublethal(effects(not(more(
severe?(
(
• Missed(a(cri[cal(devo(window?(
• Episodic(exposure(to(high(strength(
runoff(not(as(damaging(as(chronic(
exposure(to(low(strength(runoff?(
(
Why(the(intense(mortality(at(hatch?(
• Chorion(protec[ng(embryo?(
• Developmental([ming(e.g.,(organ/
enzyme(onXline(to(metabolize(to(more(
toxic(waste?(

28. 28(
O.#kisutch#
Juvenile(coho(salmon(
SensiBvity)of)juvenile)salmon?)

29. 29(
Juvenile(coho(very(sensi[ve(
SensiBvity)of)juvenile)coho?)

30. Embryo episodic exposure summary
Stage(4:(Loss(of(equilibrium(

31. 31(
Juvenile(coho(vs(Chinook(salmon?( ((
Coho(are(by(far(more(sensi[ve(

32. 32(Coho(are(by(far(more(sensi[ve(to(urban(runoff(
Juvenile(chum(vs(Chinook(vs(coho(salmon? (
((

33. Juvenile salmon physiology
Pooled(venous(blood(within(replicates(
As(with(adults,(blood(was(hyponatremic(and(concentrated(

34. Upcoming projects runoff impacts to salmon
Rela[ve(species(sensi[vity(
• Tes[ng(addi[onal(species((O.#mykiss)(
Coho(preXspawn(mortality(
• Uncover(primary(source(of(hypoxia(
• Phenotypic(anchoring(of(physiology(to(behaviour(in(
coho(
• Valida[ng(juvenile(salmon(as(a(model(of(adult(preX
spawn(mortality(