Conservation for big cats

BIG CAT CONSERVATION
Protect land where big cats live (habitats)
Make laws against poaching, poisoning, trapping, inbreeding, private ownership (any
country)
Fund animal sanctuaries (large acreage for big cats to roam)
Write state legislators to pass laws protecting big cats
Keep counts (survey) of animals with GPS/collars
Identify and monitor high priority animal populations on which immediate conservation
efforts should be focused
Regional planning of animal reserves to foster ecological connectivity between protective
areas through restorative inputs with integrated land-use planning
Make and sign petitions regarding big cat conservation
Ban tourism to the reserves to give lions and tigers chances of survival
Have law enforcement, wildlife monitoring, and community involvement
Government set up a task force to tackle rampant wildlife crime and stamp out poaching
and cross-border encroachment
Wildlife conservation groups and big cat specialists need adequate resources to monitor
reserves and enforce anti-poaching laws
Increase crackdown on illegal poaching
Increase protection and guarding of reserves including a reduction in illegal fires, logging,
hunting of the big cats’ prey species
Create more reserves, including the joining together of existing reserves

Bio-diversity - A Crisis
Everyday bio-diversity is being lost at up to 1,000 times the natural rate. Some of the
threats for this crisis are; extinction of individual species, habitat destruction, land
conversion for agriculture and development, climate change, pollution and the spread of
invasive species. Some of the most threatening invasive species can happen deliberately or
unintentionally, for example, by organisms ―hitch-hiking‖ in containers, ships, cars or soil.
Habitat loss and degradation affects 86% of all threatened birds, 86% of the threatened
mammals assessed and 88% of the threatened amphibians.
The abundance of all species declined by 40% between 1970-2000.
Over the past decade alone, nearly 60 million hectares (231,661 sq. mi.) of primary forest
(including old-growth trees that provide the basis of many forest ecosystems) have been
lost.
―We humans continue to drive species extinct at up to 1,000 times the natural rate, which
is undermining the stability of ecosystems across the planet and thereby threatening our
own well-being.
13 million hectares (50,193 sq. mi.) of the world’s forests are lost due to deforestation each
year.
To reduce the direct pressures on bio-diversity/promote sustainable use the goal is either
halving or bringing close to zero the rate of loss, degradation and fragmentation of natural
habitats.

August 11 2010
WCS (Wildlife Conservation Society) conducted Uganda’s first ever carnivore survey. The
country’s lions have declined by almost 40 percent in less than a decade. Only 415 of the
big cats remain in the network of national parks. In the largest of them all, Murchison Falls
N.P., just 132 remain.
ICUN Red List of Threatened Species - Wild cat species are gradually becoming extinct!
Lion-Vulnerable, Tiger-Endangered (Cites Appen I), Sumatran Tiger-Critical, Leopard-Near
Threatened (Cites Appen I), Jaguar-Near Threatened (Cites Appen I), Cheetah-Vulnerable
(Cites Appen I-Asia only)
Appendix I lists species that are the most endangered among CITES-listed animals and
plants They are threatened with extinction and CITES prohibits international trade in
specimens of these species except when the purpose of the import is not commercial, for
instance for scientific research. In these exceptional cases, trade may take place provided
it is authorized by the granting of both an import permit and an export permit (or re-export
certificate).

Threats To Big Cats
Uncontrolled human population growth in those countries where the majority of wild cat
species live erodes wild cat habitat. We should not live side by side with wild cats. It is a
totally impractical arrangement with no solution.
A great threat to wild cat species particularly the tiger is Chinese medicine. The ingredients
for it are actual body parts of tigers and other rare animals. Substitutes are available but
not always used. The Bengal tiger is endangered and protected under CITES Convention (a
ban of body parts), but there is a lack of commitment to enforcement.
Tiger and lion bones being used to make wine in China. Brewers are importing lion bones
from South Africa as a legally obtainable and cheaper substitute for tiger bones. Merchants
are mostly getting their supplies under government permit from hunting farms on which
captive-bred lions are released to be shot as trophies.
February 2 2010
World’s top predators have been gunned down, poisoned, speared, and decimated across
their habitats. Even where large areas of habitat are protected, top predators are often
missing. Predators are vital to ecosystems, control pops of prey animals, control smaller
predators, protect river banks from erosion and provide nutrient hot spots. Top predators
are indispensable to a working ecosystem and sit at an apex of an ecosystem’s food chain.
Tigers are on the edge of extinction, classified as Endangered by IUCN Red List. Two of the
six surviving subspecies of tiger are considered Critically Endangered. Tiger populations are
dropping in both India and Russia.
Other top predators on the edge of extinction:
The Amur leopard, the Indo Chinese tiger, the Arabian leopard, the Javan leopard, and the
Asiatic cheetah could all vanish during this century. In some parts of the world, populations
of large mammalian carnivores have dropped a staggering 95-99 percent!
The decline in surviving trees and the loss of particular species of plants due to predator
loss can have varied impacts on the ecosystem, affecting everything from erosion to fire.

Conservation For Amur Leopard
There are only a few Amur leopards remaining in the wild due to logging, farming, building
and poaching. 20-30 in Russia, 10 in China. Amur leopard suffers daily risks from: poaching
(and poaching of their prey, like deer), forest-fires which reduce their habitat, enraged
farmers when livestock killed by tigers and leopards.
There still exist large tracts of forest which are ideal leopard habitat. If these areas are
protected from logging companies there is a chance to increase wild leopard numbers.
However, the Amur leopard lost 80% of its range in the 13 years from 1970-1983 and logging
isn’t the only threat to the Amur leopard habitat.

Conservation For Leopards and Cheetahs
AfriCat Foundation runs the largest cheetah and leopard rescue-and-release program in the
world.
In the last 17 years over 1000 of these predators have been rescued with over 85% being
released back into the wild.
Namibia is situated along the South West coast of Africa and covers an area of 321,500 sq.
mi. All regions of Namibia are populated with wildlife, including large carnivores, although
population numbers vary dramatically in different parts of the country.
Namibia is home to approximately 25% of the world's cheetah population of which 90% live
on farmland. Namibia's other large carnivores, namely, leopards, lions, wild dogs and brown
and spotted hyenas, are not believed to consist of such large percentages of the world's
population.
AfriCat is active throughout Namibia. The organization operates from 2 locations, one on
Okonjima in central Namibia, near the town of Otjiwarongo and the second, known as
AfriCat North, from Kaross, bordering Etosha National Park.

Conservation For Cheetahs
Cheetahs are more numerous in Namibia than anywhere else. This could change as 95% of
them are found outside of protected reserves on commercial livestock farmlands. In
Namibia, wildlife belong to the landowner.
The goal is to secure the long-term survival of the cheetah and its ecosystem through multi-
disciplined, integrated programs in research, conservation and education. This research
aims are to provide the baseline data and long-term studies necessary to understand factors
affecting the cheetah’s survival on these farmlands and to develop policies and programs to
sustain Namibian cheetah populations.

Conservation For Lions
September 3, 2009 - Wildlife Direct and Born Free Foundation joined in the official launch
of the Pride of Kenya campaign at the Nairobi Natl Pk. To this campaign Wildlife Direct’s
call is to have all carbofurans-especially Furadan, a lethal agricultural pesticide that is
behind the death of 75 lions in the last 4 years-banned in Kenya.
2,100 lions remaining in Kenya.
Kenya’s lion population is declining at an alarming pace and climate change, habitat
destruction and conflict with humans have been the key drivers for this precipitous fall in
numbers.
August 17, 2009 - Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) says Kenya’s lion population has been
declining by an average 100 animals per year in the last 7 years and now stands at a little
over 2,000 individuals. In the 1970s there were about 30,000 lions in Kenya. This decline
rate means lions will become extinct in Kenya in just 2 decades.
Africa has lost 180,000 lions in the past 30 years alone due to habitat loss, hunting and
killing using poisons. That is a decline of 90% of the lion population.
Hunting Farms Around The Country
During June and July every year, an international event in South Africa offers football fans
the opportunity to bag wild animals on many of the game ranches for two decades.
Ranch owners and hunting operators are pocketing from trophy hunting, especially of lions.
They are gaining foreign currency, especially U.S. dollars.
Some cases it comes down to canned hunting the practice whereby animals bred in
captivity get released into enclosed areas of a limited size where their trust of humans
makes them easy targets. Some hunters use bows and arrows to kill their prey. In some
cases the animals are drugged, making them sitting targets to the naive hunters who are
urged to ―shoot shoot!‖ as the helpless creatures are about to escape. In this way the
hunters are assured of satisfaction and the operators of their money.
The Growing Trade Of Lion Bones
Merchants are mostly getting their supplies under government permit from hunting farms on
which captive-bred lions are released to be shot as trophies (see hunting farms above). As
the trade grows, it could lead to already endangered lion populations in the wild getting
poached for their bones.
Another worry is that it could serve as further encouragement to the commercial lion-
breeding industry which the government is trying to curb because of the bad image it
creates of a country that has tourism, particularly nature tourism, as its fastest growing
industry.
This trend added with animal species in South Africa being under threat from poachers
cashing in on enduring, primitive beliefs that the physical attributes of animals can be
acquired by ingesting their body parts.

Taking Action To Save The Lion
There are 20,000 lions. Lions have been shot, speared, trapped, and poisoned. Their
habitats have been chopped up, introduced diseases. Humans are swamping them by our
sheer numbers. The 20,000 lions cling to the last remaining habitat our 7 billion people
have not yet got to.
This tragic loss of lions is an emergency and need to TAKE ACTION NOW!!!! Otherwise we
will tragically witness the extinction of wild lions by 2020. This extinction of lions will cause
a cascade of ecological impacts. The first impact would be an increase in some of the lion's
prey, such as wildebeest and buffalo, which will also become less alert and less active in
the absence of a fearsome predator. These larger, more stagnant populations of herbivores
could overgraze their habitat, leading to soil erosion that in turn causes poor water quality
downstream and aids the invasion of weeds and exotic plant species. Finally the bloated
populations of prey could collapse as the degraded habitat can no longer support them.
There would be economic and social costs to people too. In Ghana, for example, when fish
stocks declined and men turned to meat poaching to feed their families, they wiped out the
competition for game, lions, and started chipping away at wildlife populations. As a result
of the disappearance of predators, baboons got bolder and their numbers exploded. In turn,
these bolder and more numerous baboons started raiding crop farms and attacking farmers.
Research indicates that if big cats were no longer featured on that dream safari, far fewer
people would come to Africa. Without the $80 billion annual revenue stream communities
and some governments would start failing and poverty would increase. The biggest task we
have is convincing people that those killer cats are lovable and important. This is especially
difficult convincing people living on the edge in lion country who understandably find it
difficult to be tolerant of 400-pound predators that burst out at a herd of buffalo, or cattle,
at 35 mph and collide with a bone-breaking force. It is hard for these people to enjoy lions
the way others do. It is like telling them you need to lose the odd family member, cow or
forfiet your livelihood.
Trophy hunting needs to be banned, especially when the target is one of the last 4,500 male
lions on Earth with high-powered rifles merely to serve the pleasure of ego, sport, and
power.
Each year an average of about 500 lion trophies or skins enter the United States from
trophy hunting in Africa. This is not sustainable. Because male lions operate in coalitions of
2 or 3, each male lion that is shot leaves the remaining male outmatched in the next
territorial fight, and he is expelled. There is no future for expelled lions. So one licence
effectively kills 2 males. At the same time his 8 females (on average) and their 24 cubs are
left without defenders. The new alpha males are genetically wired to kill all cubs and start
the breeding again with their genes. So one license is really cleaning out between 20 and 30
lions each time – example: 500 licenses effectively kill lions at an enormous rate!

Conservation For Asiatic Lions
359 left in wild (GirNatlPk) April 2010
A five yearly concensus at April 2010 will show there is a population of 400 in the park ICUN
Red List of threatened species - there are approximately 175 mature individuals. 34 animals
were reported killed in 2007 (Jackson 2008)
72 have died in the past 2 years.
Asiatic lions occupies the Gir Forest sanctuary in north east India, in the state of Gujarat.
The Saurashtra region of Gujarat is the only abode of Asiatic lions today. Red List - this
isolated population extends beyond the boundaries of the sanctuary (617 sq mi in area -
1,986 mi ). This area is a dry teak forest.
With the entire wild population of Asiatic lions confined to just one area, that population is
highly vulnerable to any kind of biological, climactic or man-made catastrophe. A major
disaster within the Gir PA could wipe out the entire subspecies at a stroke. Likewise a
disease outbreak could decimate the lion population. Without the possibility of
translocation the Gir lion population is at risk.

Conservation For Tigers
1990s, 3,500 tiger population. However their numbers have dropped 90% in the past
hundred years. 2008 census held by Government of India revealed that the tiger population
dropped to 1,411.
At the turn of the 19th century, the tiger population in India about 45,000. 1972, only
1,827.
Fewer than 3,500 tigers remain in the wild, of which only about 1,000 are breeding
females. There are about 42 tiger source sites, which are sites that contain breeding
populations of tigers and have the potential to seed the recovery of tigers across wider
landscapes.
India is the most important country for tigers with 18 source sites. Sumatra, 8 source sites,
Russia Far East, 6 source sites.
These sites have law enforcement, wildlife monitoring, community involvement, and other
factors. Much of these are provided by range state governments, supplemented by
international support. About $35 million is needed to intensify proven methods of
protection and monitoring on the ground.
A key goal for us is to help identify the most efficient path forward so countries can achieve
their global bio-diversity conservation objectives. In spite of decades of effort by
conservationist, tigers continue to be threatened by over hunting of both tigers and their
prey, and by loss and fragmentation of habitat. Much of the decline is being driven by the
demand for tiger body parts used in traditional medicines.
Wildlife conservation and habitat protection are the key to the endangered tiger’s survival.
Economical and political circumstances within many of the tiger countries also require
attention and international support. One of the most threat to tigers is the damand and
market for tiger parts in traditional Chinese medicine. Also, tiger farms are another drastic
threat to tigers.
Global Tiger Forum of Range States brings together representatives from 14 remaining tiger
range-countries to develop regional strategies to save the tiger. Their vital efforts are to
reduce the demand for tiger parts and strengthen protected-area laws for wildlife
conservation and protection which remains at the heart of the strategy to save the tiger in
the wild!
Strategy
Identify and monitor high priority tiger populations on which immediate conservation
efforts should be focused.
Tiger to survive in the wild: large area of habitat with sufficient water to drink, animals to
eat, vegetative cover for hunting. Optimal tiger habitat includes a core area of at least 386
sq. mi. that is free from most human activities.
Scientists can locate key tiger populations by surveying habitats that meet the long-term
ecological requirements of tigers. Specialists must also improve research methods of
gathering vital information on tiger behavior and ecology for the development of long-term
solutions.

Conservation For Tigers Contd
Strategy Contd
Manage key tiger habitat for the protection of tigers. On-the-ground protection is essential
to protect tigers from poachers seeking tiger parts for the profitable market in traditional
Chinese medicine. Enforcement officers, park guards, and staff need to be hired, funded,
organized, trained, equipped and legally en-powered to protect the tiger from illegal
hunters, day and night.
Develop community-based sustainable development and conservation programs. Individual
rural households whose livelihoods depend on use of the forests where tigers live, is
essential to sustain an effective tiger conservation strategy.
Educational conservation programs are needed to inform, empower and inspire local
communities to participate in the protection of the tiger. Educate consumers around the
world that conservation efforts at home help reduce the demand for natural resources
abroad.
Captive Breeding
Conservation groups and tiger specialists are researching tiger nutrition, health, and
reproduction and zoo facilities and management so that zoo tigers will breed future
generations of healthy cubs.
Captive-breeding programs such as GASP (Global Animal Survival Plan) are a part of making
sure there is captive-breeding to maintain a reservoir of genetic material on tigers.
Zoos provide insurance against such long-term threats as genetic deterioration that could
affect the small populations of tigers left in fragmented reserves.
Wildlife conservation groups and tiger specialists need adequate resources to monitor
reserves and enforce anti-poaching laws.
Preservationist Approach For Tigers
Regional planning of Tiger Reserves to foster ecological connectivity between protective
areas through restorative inputs with integrated land-use planning.
The management plan of a Tiger Reserve needs to be integrated in larger regional
maintenance plans.

September 20, 2010
Tigers In Bhutan
Wild tigers have been filmed in the mountains of Bhutan. A high-altitude sanctuary could
provide a refuge for the endangered tiger and act as a wildlife ―corridor‖.
With hidden cameras, a BBC Natural history team recorded in several months, a male and
female at 2.49 miles above sea level. A height previously thought to be too high for the
jungle animals to inhabit. This film was the first evidence the tigers could live and breed in
mountains.
Footage shows the female tiger lactating while the male appears to be marking its territory.
This suggests the tigers are not just passing through the area. The tigers’ behavior suggests
they are breeding and that there must now be cubs somewhere on this mountain.
Villagers told BBC team that tiger tracks have been seen in the area. Earlier this year, a
WWF survey team found a 4.2 inch-wide tiger print, suggesting a male tiger weighing more
than 440 pounds and about 9.8 feet in length.
Conservationists believe this sparsely populated, high-altitude habitat is relatively
unthreatened by human development and could provide a ―tiger corridor‖ that would link
animals in other parts of Asia. There is pressure on tigers’ habitats from all sides. Yet we
now know they can live and breed at this altitude which is a safer habitat for them. Bhutan
was the missing link in this ―tiger corridor‖.
There still is a long way to go to save the tiger. Bhutan has a tiger population of about 120-
150 animals. We need to study and save wildlife by creating a series of ecological corridors.
Putting An End To Tiger Poaching
WWF is working with TRAFFIC to curb the trade in tiger parts and products, so that this
trade is no longer driving poaching and threatening wild tigers.
Our longer-term strategic activities include:
- Closing markets for tiger parts and products both in and outside tiger range countries,
focusing on trade-routes, processors, and consumers
- Closing all existing tiger farms, especially in China, Vietnam, Indonesia and Thailand
- Preventing any legal commercialization of dead tiger body parts
- Ensuring all tiger range countries have fully CITES-compliant national legislation and fully
implement such legislation as well as other CITES Resolutions and Decisions on tigers and
Asian big cats

Putting An End To Tiger Poaching contd
- Establishing trans-boundary customs posts to foster international cooperation and liaison,
focusing on the Russia/China, China/Vietnam, India/Myanmar, Bangladesh/Myanmar and
India/Bangladesh borders
- Establishing and coordinating intelligence networks and ensuring intelligence-based law
enforcement in strategic locations, including Southeast Asia (particularly Malaysia and
Thailand), Sumatran landscapes, and the Greater Mekong Landscape (Thailand, Laos,
Cambodia, Vietnam)
- Developing the first phase of a Global Tiger Trade Information System for overall enhanced
enforcement effectiveness through better trade-route hot spot detection.
Conserving Tiger Habitats
WWF is working to restore tiger populations and distributions to at least 20% of their former
range in 13 priority landscapes. This involves:
- Recovering tiger and prey populations through better management of protected areas and
engaging a wider range of local stake holders in anti-poaching measures
- Managing tiger habitat, including restoration and management of corridors between core
areas through land-uses compatible with tiger conservation
- Creating additional or expanding existing protected areas to support viable, breeding tiger
populations, and link them with habitat corridors
- Engaging business, industry, and development groups to support tiger conservation and
adopt environmentally sensitive approaches that avoid negative impacts on habitat and
tiger populations
- Performing economic valuations of the ecological services and sustainable use of natural
resources derived from tiger landscapes to mainstream tigers and tiger conservation-
related values into development planning process and policy formulation
- Strengthening community engagement in: habitat management and tiger conservation by
providing economic incentives; multi-stakeholder forums to discuss, mediate, and resolve
conservation issues such as land and natural resource management; revenue sharing;
community-led anti-poaching strategies; and human wildlife conflict
- Using innovative wildlife research and monitoring techniques to learn more about the
tiger and prey biology in order to improve tiger conservation approaches, reduce conflict,
and prioritize interventions
- Establishing sustainable funding mechanisms to support tiger conservation, including from
philanthropic funding, carbon financing, and government grants
Making Tigers A Political Priority
WWF is working to mainstream tiger conservation into national and regional economic and
development plans.
We are working with a number of influential groups in tiger range states – including
governments, regional coalition, and international and multilateral institutions – to:
- Integrate tiger habitats into land-use plans as a legitimate category so that project and
development processes will treat them as conservation areas during project planning, and
employ the World Bank's 'tiger filter'
- Ensure ongoing discussions on tiger conservation into strategic engagements and
developmental dialogues with governments at national, regional and local levels
- Get endorsement of trans-boundary agreements at highest levels of governments to
address tiger landscape conservation, anti-poaching, and international trade of tiger parts
- Help to develop and capitalize a region-wide Trust Fund for tiger conservation

Color Codes For The Future Prospects For Tigers In Each Landscape:
GREEN The prospects for tigers are good; numbers are stable or increasing; conservation
efforts are succeeding.
YELLOW Prospects for tigers are fair; numbers are stable but are increasingly threatened;
significant conservation challenges lie ahead.
RED Prospects for tigers are poor; Tiger numbers are declining; major threats are growing
and, if not addressed, will continue to drive tiger numbers down.
Western Ghats
There are around 200 tigers in the Western Ghats. The tigers habitat is mountainous
forests. There are also Asian elephants, sloth bears, lion-tailed macaques, and langur
monkeys.
Many of the big cats move between territories in the Western Ghats, making interconnected
habitats key to their survival. The area is also rich in tiger prey such as deer, wild pigs, and
wild cattle.
The Western Ghats offers one of the best hopes for conserving this endangered species,
because of such a relatively large population of tigers in one spot.
In 2009, the WCS (Wildlife Conservation Society)-India program helped to develop a new
software program allowing researchers to quickly identify an individual tiger from its
unique stripe pattern and may also locate the origin of tigers from skins confiscated from
poachers. Techniques like these can be used to survey tiger populations across their
remaining range in Asia. The software that converts camera photographs into 3-D models
based on each tiger’s unique stripe pattern is enabling scientists to quickly identify
individual tigers. WCS conservationists keep tabs on tigers by employing a new fecal DNA
sampling technique. Tiger scat is collected and provides researchers with unique DNA
signatures allowing them to accurately and non-invasively identify individual tigers, and
estimate tiger populations.
With 30 million people living in the region, habitat loss and fragmentation pose the most
serious danger and threat to tigers, as farmland and roads expand across the wilderness,
and livestock compete with tigers for space.
In Western Ghats, tigers are benefiting from increased support from the Government of
India, and the State Governments, sustained conservation measures, local advocacy, and a
continuing WCS commitment to securing their future in the wild. As a result, the outlook for
tigers in this landscape look good.

Russia and China - Sikhote-Alin and Changbaishan Trans-boundary Landscapes
Together, these landscapes cover 164,093 sq. mi., represent the most biologically diverse
ecosystems in Northern Asia, and are home to the last populations of wild Siberian Tigers.
Recent data indicates numbers are declining, and in some places, potentially sharply.
Tigers regularly cross from Russia into China, where they are heavily impacted by poaching
of prey and other threats.
WCS’s 17-year long Siberian Tiger Project across the Russian landscape has enabled
conservationists to plan and manage the landscape for tigers inside and outside of
protected areas and build local ecosystem understanding. WCS launched efforts to recover
viable tiger populations in China and engage in discussions to establish trans-boundary
reserves that connect tiger populations in Russia and China. Unfortunately, despite
numerous successes, recent signs show that Siberian Tigers are once again under increased
threat. Policy changes in Russia have decreased enforcement, and poaching of both tigers
and their prey appear to be increasing.

Change In Forest Cover Of China Map

Cambodia - Eastern Plains Landscape
This landscape is 5,792 sq. mi. mix of semi-evergreen and deciduous forest. Years of war
and strife in the region have decimated what once was a thriving wildlife population. Tigers
have suffered from the loss of their prey and targeted poaching. They are likely down to
fewer than 10 individuals. After 10 years of the Royal Government of Cambodia and WCS
collaborating, recently they culminated in the designation of the Seima Protection Forest
(SPF), which covers more than 11,000 sq. mi. of Cambodia’s eastern border shared with
Vietnam. Seima, a former logging concession the size of Yosemite National Park, protects
not only tigers but also threatened primates and elephants.
The long-term prospects for tigers in the Eastern Plains are dire because of their low
numbers. Yet large areas of habitat remain, prey is recovering and if breeding tigers still
exist, a long-term recovery for the population may still be possible. WCS is working with
the Cambodian government on enforcement and land-use planning at the community and
provincial levels.
Tiger landscapes in the Greater Mekong
The Eastern Plains still has very high forest cover, and the nature of the Dry Forests habitat
makes it ideal for large ungulate and other prey species populations such as wild cattle,
deer, and pig. An adult tiger needs about 50 medium-sized animals each year to survive, so
large populations of prey are needed to supply enough food to ensure the tiger population
can recover. This is exactly what the Cambodian government and WWF are focusing on now
in the protected areas.

Number Of Tigers in Palamau Tiger Reserve in Jharkhand
The number of big cats in the Maoist-infested Palamau Tiger Reserve in Jharkhand has
declined from 17 to 6, confirmed by research carried out through scat analysis. The scat
analysis by the Hyderabad-based Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology has confirmed
the presence of 6 tigers only in the tiger reserve. Scat analysis is an examination of the
faeces of animals done in order to determine their biological and genetic details. Census in
2007 confirmed the presence of 17 tigers in the reserve spread over an area of 1,026 sq.
km. In Jharkhand's Palamau district (described by the National Tiger Conservation Authority
as a low-density tiger reserve).
The actual number of big cats might be more since the analysis had not been done on the
basis of exhaustive samples.
They had sent about 15 to 20 scat samples apart from general observation data from areas
in different ranges in the reserve to the Dehradun-based Wildlife Institute of India.
The presence of Maoists in the area posed problems for free movement of forest personnel
due to which proper monitoring could not be carried out in the interiors of the reserve.
90 percent of the field staff consists of local people who somehow manage to visit the
interior ranges.
The Palamau tiger reserve has 7 ranges – Betla, Garu east and west, Chhipadohar east and
west, Baresnar and Kutku, while Mahuadar is outside its area.

The St. Petersburg Tiger Summit of World Leaders
A Challenge and an Opportunity to Save Wildlife for Human Well Being
Hosted by Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin and actively promoted by World Bank Group
President Robert Zoellick, world leaders will assemble in St. Petersburg, Russia, to forge
national and international commitments to double the number of tigers in the next 12
years. At the same time, global supporters and financiers will commit to providing the
incremental resources to support this critical, urgent program.
Asia’s most iconic animal faces imminent extinction in the wild. In the past century, tiger
numbers plummeted from 100,000 to about 3,500, and continue to fall. Tiger habitat has
declined by 40 percent in the last ten years alone. In an egregious illegal wildlife trade,
criminals earn huge profits selling tiger parts, taking advantage of poor people living around
tiger reserves to recruit poachers. People hunt the prey tigers need to survive. Adverse
human activities, including infrastructure development without concern for wildlife and
nature, has fragmented the tiger’s habitat and threatens to take it all. We must ―stop the
bleeding‖ now before the wild tiger’s extinction become inevitable.

Wild tigers give a face to the larger crisis of biodiversity loss in Asia and around the world—
a crisis that threatens human well being as much as it does declining wildlife and wild
lands. Tiger landscapes are pockets of deep poverty, and the poor have the most to lose
when they are destroyed. These landscapes provide vast and undervalued ecological
services such as watershed protection and the genetic base for food security and
pharmaceuticals, as well as carbon sequestration, helping to mitigate climate change.
To address this looming crisis, the World Bank, the Global Environmental Facility, the
Smithsonian Institution, and other partners launched the Global Tiger Initiative (GTI)
1
in
June 2008. The World Bank led this effort because it is committed to balancing economic
development with nature conservation and environmental protection, and tigers are at the
very heart of the matter in many parts of Asia. The World Bank is also using its convening
power to strengthen political will for tiger conservation and influence public policy in
support of strong national leadership on this agenda.
Since then, the GTI has become an alliance of governments, including all 13 tiger range
countries (TRCs)
2
, international organizations, and civil society. The alliance was deepened
at a global workshop in Nepal in October 2009, which led to the First Asian Ministerial
Conference on Tiger Conservation in Thailand in January 2010 and is now taking us to the
Tiger Summit. These milestones are a result of all 13 TRCs and the international community
working together for the first time on a cooperative platform, sharing knowledge and
experience and developing a collaborative program.
What must be done to save tigers? The Global Tiger Recovery Program (GTRP) being
developed for launch at the Tiger Summit will support two type of actions: (i) scaling up
practices already proven effective in one or more TRC that need wider policy support and,
usually, resources; and (ii) new transnational actions that enhance the effectiveness of
individual TRCs’ actions. Taken together, the GTRP will aim to achieve the agreed global
goal of doubling wild tiger populations by 2022, the next Year of the Tiger. The GTRP will be
built from a foundation of robust National Tiger Recovery Programs that will selectively aim
to scale up, as appropriate for each TRC, proven practices grouped in four themes:
Landscape Management: The most critical essential remaining tiger habitat—areas where
wild tigers breed—will be made inviolate to human activities. Core areas will be connected
by green corridors and surrounded by well managed buffer zones. Principles of ―Smart
Green Infrastructure‖ will be applied to make infrastructure development outside of core
areas tiger friendly.
Technology for Wildlife: Technology-backed management monitoring systems and forensic
science capabilities, as well as performance incentives ,will be introduced into tiger
reserve management to control poaching of tigers and prey and reduce encroachment on
tiger habitat.
Community Engagement: Alternative livelihood programs, such as community-managed
ecotourism, will be introduced in communities around tiger reserves as incentives for
turning poachers into protectors and gaining widespread local support for tiger
conservation. Systems to fairly compensate people for injury and economic loss from wild
tigers will be implemented, along with education programs to give people the tools
necessary to minimize tiger depredations.
Cooperative Management of International Landscapes: A special focus on critical tiger
landscapes that cross borders will be introduced. Promising trans-boundary landscapes are
those between India and Nepal, China and the Russian Far East, and Malaysia, Thailand, and
Vietnam.
1
See Global Tiger Initiative
2
Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Russian
Federation, Thailand, and Vietnam.

In addition, the GTRP will support global action on new frontiers in a bid to fundamentally
change the current dynamic threatening the extinction of the wild tiger. Key among these
are:
Create an effective and technologically savvy institutional architecture to help TRCs
eliminate the huge illegal wildlife trade, focusing on effective interdiction and on wildlife
law enforcement capacity building. The GTRP will support the International Consortium to
Combat Wildlife Crime being formed by INTERPOL, UN Office on Drugs and Crime, World
Customs Organization, CITES Secretariat, and the World Bank.
Persuade people to stop consuming tigers through a well designed, hard-hitting global
awareness campaign to stigmatize using tiger parts and products as medicine, food, and
adornment.
Enhance the professional capacity of policy makers and practitioners for effective tiger
and wildlife conservation in TRCs, building on the foundation laid by the recently
established Smithsonian Institution- and World Bank-led Global Conservation and
Development Network.
Develop sustainable long-term financing mechanisms for conservation, including schemes
for payment for ecosystem services, biodiversity offsets from infrastructure development,
resources from REDD+ carbon markets, and creation of a new market platform to recognize
and monetize the value of wildlife.

Logic Framework For Tigers

Tiger Habitats

Conservation For Amur (Siberian) Tiger
In the early 20th century, the Amur tiger was almost driven to extinction, as expanding
human settlements, habitat loss and poaching wiped out this biggest of cats from over 90%
of its range.
By the 1940s just 20 to 30 individuals survived in the wild.
A ban on hunting and remarkable conservation effort slowly helped the Amur tiger recover.
Today, up to 500 are thought to survive in the wild, while 421 cats are kept in captivity.
Nuclear DNA that was sampled within the scat samples of an estimated 95 individuals found
throughout the Amur tiger’s range, likely constituting up to 20% of the remaining
population.
The study sampled the amount of variation with the DNA from more tigers, across a broader
geographic than any previous research.
Census population size of Amur tigers is closer to 500 individuals, but the population is
behaving like a size of 27 to 35 individuals. That’s the lowest genetic diversity ever
recorded for a population of tigers.
The effective population size is lower than the census size. The remaining Amur tigers are
segregated into two populations that rarely intermingle.
Some of the tigers cross the divide of which two groups are separated by a development
corridor between Vladivostok and Ussurisk. This reduces the effective size of the wild
population further. There is little sharing of genes across the development corridor. It
seems Amur tigers are residing in two fairly independent populations on either side of the
development corridor, further lowering the effective size for each from 26 to 28 for
Sikhote-Alin and 2.8 to 11 for Southwest Primorye.
More work needs to be done to open up this barrier segregating the tigers. If this does’nt
happen the smallest group will continue to dwindle.
The captive program has done a good job of preserving the genetic diversity of the
subspecies. Since it is known which individuals possess which gen variants, managers will be
able to selectively breed to help preserve the unique and rare gene variants. This variation
may be used to re-infuse the wild population sometime in the future if reintroduction
strategies are deemed warranted.
The Amur Tiger Programme (TATP)
Amur Tiger Programme to research the Amur tiger in Russia's Far East is an independent
project carried out as part of the Russian Academy of Sciences' ongoing expedition to study
animals that have been placed on Russia's Red List of Threatened Species and other
particularly important species of animals in Russia.
TATP aims to develop a scientific platform for the conservation of the Amur tiger living in
Russia's Far East.
TATP Programme Objectives for Amur Tiger:
Study distribution range of populations; the number and migration routes and the way these
big cats use their reproductive biology, habitat, feeding patterns and food resources, the
distribution and dynamics of the populations of the main prey species and the tiger's
relationships with rival predators. To gain a more detailed insight into the tigers' ability to
adapt to the ever-changing conditions of the modern environment, scientist need to
research their habitat structure and analyze the long-term trends prevalent in Russia's Far
East forest ecosystems.
Scientists also need to simulate tiger habitats by using geo-information technologies to
predict the Amur tigers' distribution ranges. The programme focuses on the study of the
structural and functional organization of the populations of the main prey species (wild
boars, roe deer, Manchurian deer and sika deer) and those of the main rival predators
(brown bears, Asiatic black bears, wolves); it also aims to research the specifics and the
implications of inter-populations' interaction between 2 species of big cats, namely, the
Amur tiger and the Far Eastern leopard.

Conservation For Amur (Siberian) Tiger
The Amur Tiger Programme (TATP) contd
The existing method of counting tiger populations needs to be revised. Ex: the issue of
creating a state-run information center to store all the information obtained about the
condition of tiger populations and other rare species of animals.
TATP addresses popular science, educational and social issues. Raise awareness among the
people living in the areas near Russia's rare species of animals about the environment and
the animals' behavior.
Tools To Research Amur Tigers
Photo-traps
(the Lif River/Reconix models)
These are cameras used for making observations at a distance. They are located in the
tiaga at fixed intervals along the tigers' likely routes.
Each tiger has a unique coat pattern (like each person's fingerprints). A photo-trap has a
special flash card. Based on data supplied by photo-traps (similar to fingerprint analysis),
scientists make individual cards to enter information on each tiger living in the area.
Photo-traps are installed in order to photograph animals simultaneously from both sides as
this is the only way to make an individual portrait of each predator.
Special Loops
In order to attract a tiger, a special mark is left on a tree under which the loop is installed.
Like all cats, tigers are attracted by the smell of valerian. The trap is carefully concealed
so that the tiger does not detect anything suspicious. It is important that the tiger's front
paw gets caught in the loop, so the tiger won't have a chance to break free from the trap
because it does not have enough room to leap. When the tiger gets caught in the loop, a
transmitter connected to the loop by a special string changes its signal. The snare cable is
attached to an anchor cable through a swivel that allows the captured animal to rotate
freely. This swivel is critical to prevent injury. To avoid injuries, a slide stop is added to the
cable to prevent loop from closing too tightly, and cutting off circulation in the foot.
Air Rifles To Immobilize Tigers
Scientists use air rifles with telescopic sights from the Dan-Inject company to immobilize
tigers that get caught in the loops so that they can carry out research. The special injection
rifle is intended to shoot syringe darts. Gas pressure is adjusted with the help of a special
pressure gauge depending on the shooting distance. It can shoot at an animal at a distance
of up to 40 meters (131 feet). Zoletil and Medetomidin are the drugs which are currently
being used to immobilize all large predators, including tigers. The dose depends on the
animal's weight. The drugs cause the animal to sleep for 30 to 40 minutes. All procedures
relating to immobilization and veterinary checkups of tigers are conducted by expert
veterinarians. The chief veterinarian of the Moscow Zoo, Mikhail Alshinetsky, takes part in
the research.
First, veterinarians perform ultrasounds of all captured animals and take blood tests. Then,
they fasten a satellite-tracked collar around the animal's neck.
Satellite-tracked Collars
Information about the position of the tiger will be transmitted to a computer in real time.
Tigers quickly get used to wearing the transmitter, which is relatively light. The GPS collar's
battery life is about 18 months, after which the collar will automatically unfasten.
Molecular and Genetic Methods
These methods are based on the analysis of the microsatellite parts of nuclear DNA (an
animal's blood and feces are used for this purpose). The structure of these parts of DNA is
unique for each animal. The microsatellite parts of DNA that are used to identify an animal
have different numbers of di- tri- and tetranucleotide (relative mutation-rates of
microsatellite loci) sequences and consequently different lengths.

Conservation For Amur (Siberian) Tigers
Amur Tiger Research In The Ussuri Nature Reserve
Scientists take samples of blood, hair and feces from each captured tiger for further
molecular, genetic and hormone analysis. In addition, all animals get ear marks and start
wearing GPS-Argos collars.
August 31, 2008 – A satellite was fastened around a tigress neck, who they named Serga,
and she was let go. A couple of months on in November, Serga got trapped again. One photo
of Serga, showed a syringe dart with tranquilizer that hit the tigress' ear.
October 20, 2009 – Serga was captured again. Scientists unfastened the collar, which
functioned for exactly 12 months and replaced it with a new one. Serga's cubs had bitten
the satellite antenna off the old collar and the scientists could only track the tigress with
the help of a USW transmitter. The tigress was measured again, her biological samples were
taken and the old collar was replaced with fresh batteries.
The old collar's data on Serga's wanderings through the year: 1,222 locations, 16,500 active
periods and 6 full 24-hour periods (when she has no sleep, no food, no rest, nothing). Data
from the collar provided detailed information about the tigress' migration routes throughout
the past year. Serga ranged in the area covering 900 sq. km. (559 miles). 56% of all
locations were within the
a
Ussuri National Reserve. The tigress also often wandered into
territories in close proximity to human communities, such as villages of Kamenushka and
Mnogoudobnoye.
On October 26, 2009, another tiger was captured in the Ussuri National Reserve. It was
given the name Boxer. The tiger was about 18 months old and weighed 120kg. (264 lbs.).
Scientists suggested that it was one of Serga's 3 cubs. Subsequent genetic tests conducted
at the institute's laboratory have supported the idea that Boxer was Serga's son.
Spring 2009 – a weak 18 month old cub, left along after its mother's death, was captured in
the reserve. It was named Oleg. After a course of rehabilitative therapy in captivity, the
cub was released into the wild on September 16, 2009. It was the first time in recorded
history that an experiment was carried out to release a tiger back into the wild after a
period in captivity.
End of May 2009 – the cub, which weighed 60 kg. (132 lbs.), was taken for rehabilitation to
a spacious enclosure in the forest, where it could regularly chase after sika deer to acquire
hunting skills. Mid-September – the tiger's mild teeth had been replaced with permanent
ones; the tiger had gained 30 kg. (66 lbs.) and had learnt to effectively hunt hoofed
animals.
Today, scientists are already observing a whole group of tigers of different ages wearing
satellite collars. The results of tiger identification by use of photographs from photo-traps,
the results of molecular, genetic and hormone analysis and the traces of the tigers' life
activities are entered into a database compiled by the scientists.
a
Ussuri National Reserve – Situated near Ussurisk city and about 150 km (93 miles) far from Vladivostok.

Ussuri National Reserve, which has been carrying out a program to protect the Amur tiger.

Wildlife Conservation
Important Elements In Wildlife Protection And Control
- Mapping and plotting the relative spatial abundance of wild animals
- Identification of risk factors
- Proximity to risk factors
- Sensitivity categorization
- Crime mapping and immediate action for apprehending the offenders based on
effective networking and communication
Wildlife Habitat And Population Evaluation System
- Mapping, data acquisition and GIS modeling
- Field data collection and validation
Data maintenance, Dissemination and Use

TIGER HISTORIC CURRENT RANGE MAP
TIGER FOREVER SITES MAP TIGER POPULATIONS MAP

CHEETAH RANGE MAP
ASIAC CHEETAH PROJECT SITES MAP

JAGUAR CONSERVATION UNITS AND CORRIDORS MAP
JAGUAR CONSERVATION CONCERNS MAP

Resource Sites
Bio-Diversity A Crisis
http://www.iucnredlist.org/news/biodiversity-crisis
http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20101013e1.html
Tiger Bones For Chinese medicine/Tiger And Lion Bones To Make Wine In China
http://www.tehelka.com/story_main30.asp?filename=Ne120507Stalking_the.asp
Conservation For Amur Leopard
http://wildlifebook.info/2010/02/wildlifesaving-the-critically-endangered-amur-leopard/
Conservation For Leopards and Cheetahs
http://www.africat.org/
Conservation For Lions
http://baraza.wildlifedirect.org/category/lions/page/2/
Hunting Farms Around The Country
http://blogs.nationalgeographic.com/blogs/news/chiefeditor/2010/06/south-africa-lion-
hunting-scandal.html
The Growing Trade Of Lion Bones
http://blogs.nationalgeographic.com/blogs/news/chiefeditor/2010/07/lion-bone-wine-
threatens-big-cats.html
Taking Action To Save The Lion
http://www.defenders.org/newsroom/defenders_magazine/fall_2010/can_we_save_lions.p
hp
Conservation For Asiatic Lion
http://www.pictures-of-cats.org/asiatic-lion.html#Threats_and_Conservation
Conservation For Cheetahs
http://www.yourgoodnature.com/project.php?orgid=18&projid=5
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Tiger
http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2010/sep/20/wild-tigers-bbc-bhutan
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/09/100914171323.htm
http://www.tigersincrisis.com/habitat_protection.htm
http://wwf.ca/conservation/species/tigers/what_wwf_is_doing/
Preservationist Approach For Tigers
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Tiger
Color Codes Of Tiger Landscape Prospects
Western Ghats, Russia And China-Sikhote-Alin and Changbaishan Trans-boundary Landscapes,
Cambodia - Eastern Plains Landscape
Tiger Report 0210_r4 11.pdf
Number of Tigers in Palamau Tiger Reserve In Jharkhand
http://www.hindustantimes.com/Only-six-tigers-in-Palamau-Reserve/Article1-620254.aspx
http://news.bbc.co.uk/earth/hi/earth_news/newsid_8128000/8128738.stm
The Amur Tiger Programme (TATP)
http://premier.gov.ru/tiger/eng/program/
Wildlife Conservation
Important Elements In Wildlife Protection And Control/
Wildlife Habitat And Population Evaluation System/
Wildlife Bone Trade
http://www.traffic.org/home/2010/9/20/police-in-viet-nam-uncover-wildlife-bone-trade-
network.html

Bio-Diversity A Crisis
http://www.iucnredlist.org/news/biodiversity-crisis
http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20101013e1.html

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