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PERSPECTIVES ON
ADAPTIVITY IN INFORMATION
RETRIEVAL INTERACTION
anASIS&T 2010 annual meeting panel
PAIRI
PAIRI
Agenda/Outline
 Adaptivity in IR Interaction
 Four Dimensions
 Pecha-Kucha Presentation and
Timeline
 Audience Interaction!
 Wrapping Up
PAIRI
PRESENTERS
Birger Larsen, Royal School
of LIS, Copenhagen,
Denmark
Marianne Lykke, Aalborg
University, Denmark
Diane Kelly, University of
North Carolina at Chapel
Hill, USA
Peiling Wang, University of
Tennessee, Knoxville,
USA
ModeratorPeter Ingwersen, Royal School
of LIS,Copenhagen, Denmark
PAIRI
ADAPTIVITY in IR INTERACTION
 … requires that IR systems adapt
to users’ situations, and
 … the users adapt to the systems.
PAIRI
SYSTEM ADAPTION to USERS
 … entails dynamic user modeling;
 effective information architecture
founded in practice, and
 enhanced search features, such as
 search integration
 relevance feedback
PAIRI
SEARCHER ADAPTION to
SYSTEMs through INTERACTION
 … entails mental model building of
systems and modification; through
 Learning – leading to
 Knowledge change, such as
 from an anomalous state of knowledge (ASK) towards
a coherent state of knowledge (CSK);
PAIRI
Adaption - Central DIMENSIONS:
through
integration of
information objects
of the Information
Retrieval system to
the current searcher
to context and
practice through
information
architecture
of searchers to the
Information
Retrieval systems
PAIRI
PRESENTATION – PECHA-KUCHA
 Present Introduction – 7 minutes
 First Dimension: 20 slides x 20 seconds (7 min)
 Questions – interaction (10 minutes)
 Second Dimension: 20 slides x 20 sec. (7 min)
 Questions – interaction (10 minutes)
 Third Dimension: 20 slides x 20 sec. (7 min)
 Questions – interaction (10 minutes)
 Fourth Dimension: 20 slides x 20 sec. (7 min)
 Questions – interaction (10 minutes)
10 minutes vivid interaction on additional
audience questions
Wrapping up (5 min)
PAIRI
QUESTIONS ON PAPER SLIPS
 During presentations you may write
questions to the panel (aside from oral
questions!!)
 ’Collectors’ will collect the slips and hand
over to Moderator
 Moderator selects which questions to be
posed during last 10 minutes of interaction
 Moderator knows which questions will be
dealt with by ensuing panellists.
PAIRI
Adaption through…
 …integration of information objects
PAIRI
Adaptivity example: me!
Wrap it up –
this is not
your topic…
PAIRI
Me – again!
Work web page
Images
Bibliography
PAIRI
Different
‘verticals’
PAIRI
How do we handle ‘verticals’ in libraries?
 As separate silos!
User
Catalogue
.
Repositories Databases eJournals
JSTOR
Publisher 1
Publisher 2
eBooks
PAIRI
How to access the silos?
 Information literacy!
 = educate users how to use each system:
 Content, fields, indexing, search operators,
interfaces…
 But…
‘Why do we want to teach
our users to be librarians?’
(Dave Pattern, Library Systems Manager)
United Kingdom Serials Group
2009 Annual conference
PAIRI
Users don’t want silos!
‘Why is Google so easy
and the library so hard?’
(Claire Duddy - student)
United Kingdom Serials Group
2009 Annual conference
PAIRI
Challenge
 Each silo has its own set of metadata
and standards developed for different
purposes
 Very low common denominator…
PAIRI
Solution: Federated search?
(William H. Mischo, 2005)
PAIRI
Solution: Federated search?
 “The jury is still out on federated search systems,
even though more libraries now have them.
There are murmurings that federated search
has lower-than-expected use and may not be
the magic search bullet we were led to believe”
(Tenopir, 2007)
PAIRI
Solution: Integrated search?
 Harvest all of the relevant data sources,
normalize them into a single metadata
schema, and index all of them together in
one large union index
 Add Google-like search box and ranking
 (…a kind of federated search 2.0)
PAIRI
Solution: Integrated search?
 Is being implemented in university and
research libraries as we speak
 University of Huddersfield , UK
 Queens University, Canada
 State and Uni library, Denmark
 …
 Several commercial
products
 Summon by Serial Solutions
 EBSCO Discovery Service
 WorldCat Local
 ExLibris' Primo Central
 III Encore Synergy
 …
PAIRI
Solution: Integrated search?
 But…
 Development handed over to large
commercial vendors
 or giant web search services
(Google; Amazon)
 Where does that leave us as a field,
as practitioners and researchers?
PAIRI
Research opportunities
 There is sooo much we don’t know:
 How to optimise each type of information
object?
 How to integrate information objects?
 How to do relevance feedback in
integrated search?
 How to best involve users in testing?
 etc etc…
PAIRI
Research opportunities
 So, we can study various elements
and details…
 But how to generate real knowledge
of these colossal integrated
systems?
 Larger, more complex than ever
 How to evaluate these scientifically, and not
just rely on vendors?
PAIRI
 Information Retrieval (IR) test
collection
 Purpose: to facilitate studies of
integrating different document types
iSearch test collection
PAIRI
 Three types of documents from
physics
 18,841 book records
 291,244 metadata records, incl. abstract
 143,569 full text articles
iSearch test collection
PAIRI
 65 thoroughly described Information tasks
1. Information need -What are you looking for?
2. Work task context -Why are you looking for this?
3. Knowledge state - Background knowledge of topic?
4. Ideal information -To solve your problem or task?
5. Search terms -Which search term would you use?
 + graded relevance assessments
iSearch test collection
PAIRI
 What can we do with this?
 Study these tasks
 Optimise each document type
 Optimise the integration
 Simulate relevance feedback and interfaces?
 What we can’t do
 Study another domain
 Study real user interaction
iSearch test collection
PAIRI
Adaption through integration
of information objects
 Pertinent issues
 How to design and evaluate systems that
successfully integrate genres, media and
document types?
 Even with shallow data?
 How to generate real knowledge and evaluate
these scientifically?
 Without relying on what vendors offer?
PAIRI
Adaptation of …
 information retrieval (IR) system to the user
PAIRI
TECHNIQUE EXPLICIT-O-SAURUS
PAIRI
USER-MODEL-O-SAUR
PAIRI
TECHNIQUE IMPLICIT-O-SAURUS
PAIRI
PAIRI
Schultz, C. K. (1968). H.P. Luhn: Pioneer of Information Science
(p.32). London, UK: American Documentation Institute.
1950s: Luhn’s Selective
Dissemination of Information
PAIRI
1960s: Salton, Lesk, Rocchio,
Ide and Others
Ide, E. (1967). User interaction with an automated information retrieval system.
In G. Salton (Ed.) Information Storage and Retrieval: Scientific Report No. ISR-12.
PAIRI
Oddy, R. N. (1977). Information retrieval through man-machine dialogue. Journal of
Documentation, 33(1), 1-14.
1970s: Oddy’s Thomas
PAIRI
1980s: USER-MODEL-O-SAUR
Allen, R. B. (1990). User models:Theory,
method, and practice. InternationalJournal
of Man-Machine Studies, 32, 511-543.
Rich, E. (1983). Users are individuals:
Individualizing user models. International
Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 51,
323-338.
“While the term ‘user model’ emphasizes
the information about the person, it is
obvious that a great deal of situational,
task, or environmental information may
be encoded in the model.”
PAIRI
Croft,W. B., &Thompson, R. H. (1987). I3R: A new approach to the design of document
retrieval systems. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 38, 389-404.
1980s: Intelligent IR
PAIRI
Maes, P. (1994). Agents that reduce work and information
overload. CACM, 37(7), 30-40.
1990s: Agents
PAIRI
Maes, P. (1994).Agents that reduce work and
information overload. CACM, 37(7), 30-40.
SYSTEM
USER
PAIRI
Belkin, N. J., Cool,C., Kelly, D., Lin, S.-J., Park, S.Y., Perez-Carballo,J., & Sikora, C. (2001). Iterative
exploration, design and evaluation of support for query reformulation in interactive information retrieval.
Information Processing & Management 37(3), 404-434.
And more relevance feedback
PAIRI
What Caused Explicit-O-Saurus’
Demise?
 Users are unwilling to put forth the effort
required to provide feedback
 Users don’t have the additional cognitive
resources to engage in explicit feedback
PAIRI
2000s: Implicit-O-Saurus
 Click-through
 Dwell time
 Scrolling
 Query Behavior
PAIRI
Users are unwilling to put forth the effort required
to provide feedback.
http://www.pewinternet.org/
http://www.visualeconomics.com/how-the-world-spends-its-time-online_2010-06-16/
REALLY?
PAIRI
http://www.movielens.org/rateMore
http://www.grouplens.org/
2010
In My Own Words
Interests
PAIRI
Users don’t have the additional cognitive resources
to engage in explicit feedback.
 Well, maybe back then …
PAIRI
We need to figure out better ways of eliciting
feedback from users:
 Better questions
 Better measures
 More creative
 More engaging
 More adaptive
Saving Explicit-O-Saurus
PAIRI
http://hunch.com/
PAIRI
Saving Explicit-O-Saurus
Questions
 How can we create better questions and measures?
 How can we make the process creative, engaging
and adaptive?
Objection
 Users are creatures of habit.
 Let’s reintroduceTECHNIQUE
EXPLICIT-O-SAURUS
into the information ecology
 Users will adapt …
PAIRI
Users’ Adaptability in IT
Environment
 Adaptivity is a much needed system
functionality, yes but
 System alone cannot solve all the
interaction problems
 Humans are evolutionary learners
 IT users must / can adapt to the system
PAIRI
Biological View
PAIRI
Psychological View
 Mooers’ Law?
 Satisficing principle
 Today, majority IT users
 Do not really have a choice at one level
 Do have choices at another level
PAIRI
Cognitive View
 Individual differences
 Context/situation-based
 Knowledge
 Skills
 Mental models
 Tacit
PAIRI
Constructivist View
 Problem-based learning
 Social learning
• Observational learning specially relevant to
building IT skills
• Knowledge sharing
• Collective intelligence
PAIRI
Adaptability — What is it?
AdaptAbility is a key
metacompetency
which enables
individuals quickly,
effectively respond
to unexpected
environmental
changes
PAIRI
Adaptability in Contexts
 In workplace: job adaptability
 In multicultural society: cross-cultural
adaptability
 In information environment: IT
adaptability
PAIRI
Measuring Adaptability
 Job Adaptability Inventory (JAI)
 Cross-cultural Adaptability Inventory
(CCAI)
 Boyatzis-Kolb Adaptive Style Inventory
 IT Adaptability – we need instruments
 Adaptability – contributing factors?
PAIRI
Job Adaptability
 Creative problem solving (new …)
 Dealing Uncertainty/unpredictable work
situations
 Learning new tasks, tech, procedures …
 Adapting culturally
 Adapting interpersonally
 Physical factors
PAIRI
Cross-Cultural Adaptability
Inventory (CCAI)
A survey of 50 questions to uncover individuals’
current strengths and weaknesses within four
critical skill areas proven necessary for
effective cross-cultural communication:
 Emotional Resilience
 Flexibility/Openness
 Perceptual Acuity
 Personal Autonomy
PAIRI
Adaptive Style Inventory
• Acting situation
• new
• on time
• Deciding Situation
• two alternatives
• an opportunity
• Thinking
• an idea
• analyzing something
• Valuing
• my feelings
• see the world as the another
person sees it
--Kolb Learning Style Inventory?
PAIRI
IT Adaptive Behaviour
We need systematic research to
understand factors underlying the IT
adaptive behavior
We need instruments to measure IT
adaptability (either adopt existing or
develop new relevant one)
PAIRI
Where do we start?
Adaptive situations
 IT system being updated
 Need a function never used
 New IT system
 “I have used it before, but how do I get to it
now”?
 “The output doesn’t look right”!
 “Where are my files I saw all of them just a
moment ago?! Or, no, I cannot lose them ...”
PAIRI
Adaptive Performance
 User’s context
 IT Environment
 User’s IT competency
 User’s mental model
 The task situation
PAIRI
AdaptAbility vs. LearnAbility
 User adaptability calls for the system’s
learnAbility
 IT system learnability support user’s
adaptAbility
 learnability is an aspect of usability –
rarely studied
PAIRI
ALPHA-IT
A (Adaptability)
with
L (Learnability)
for
P (Personalizing)
&
H (Humanizing)
A (Adaptivity)
in
IT (InformationTechnology)
PAIRI
Personalizing & Humanizing
 Personalizing: Beyond user profiling
 IT knowledge state
 IT competency
 Adaptive style
 Humanizing : Beyond affordances
 Demonstrate/encourage empathy
 Affective responses
PAIRI
IT Affordance
 Specifies the range of possible
actions about an object (physical
or digital)
 Must be visible to the users to be
usable
 Individual differences in perceived
affordances
 When affordances fail users: an
action does not result in an
expected result --?
PAIRI
Building IT Adaptability as
Social Learning
 Sharing learning experience
 Transferring knowledge
 Collecting user problems
 Banking user strategies
PAIRI
Study of User Adaptability & IT
Design
 How do we study users adaptive behavior
in adopting a new system, new
applications, new functions, new …?
 How can personal adaptive behaviors help
system design?
PAIRI
Adaption to context and practice
 Focus on adapting information
architecture (IA)
 Focus on models and methods for
developing tailored information
architecture (IA)
PAIRI
Quick definition of IA (1)
ORGANISATION
SYSTEM
LABEL
SYSTEM
Structural design
Combination of
organisation, labelling,
search and navigation
PAIRI
Quick definition of IA (2)
NAVIGATION
SYSTEM
SEARCH
SYSTEM
PAIRI
Adapting IA
 Organization system, e.g.
 Categories
– tailored to user needs
 Organization
– organized to user perspective
 Labels, e.g.
 Terminology
– jargon, language of youth, basic level
PAIRI
Adapting IA
 Navigation system, e.g.
 Tailored short cuts
 Tailored links
 Tailored recommending,
 Search system, e.g.
 Tailored filters
 Tailored ranking
PAIRI
Adapting IA
PAIRI
System development process
(Rosenfeld & Morville, 2007, 232)
PAIRI
Research process
Context
UsersContent
Methods for data collection: e.g.
interview, workshops, questionnaires,
content analysis, log files
Mission, information behavior, policies,
culture, technology, resources (time,
economy, competences)
Content types, number, genre,
usage, relation to work tasks
Target groups, information behavior,
work tasks, search tasks,
discourses, terminology
(Rosenfeld & Morville, 2007, 233)
PAIRI
Strategy process
(Rosenfeld & Morville, 2007, 269)
PAIRI
System development models
 Plenty of models and approaches:
 User-oriented
 Domain-oriented
 Work-task oriented
 Interaction-oriented
 Participation-oriented
 …
 All believe that we can grasp the context
PAIRI
System development models
 Can we
grasp,
understand,
model the context and practice
– and adapt?
 Are we
“heroes” between
“victims” and “tyrants”?
(Spinuzzi, 2004)
PAIRI
Borger.dk – an example
 Development of organisation system for
Danish Government portal Borger.dk
PAIRI
Borger.dk – an example
 Timeline
 2008 Analysis, development, implementation
 2009 Evaluation: usability tests, online survey
and search log analysis
 2009 Redesign and implementation of
updated version and new features
PAIRI
Borger.dk – design methodology
 Development phrase
 Survey of domain of public digital
communication
 Personas – user needs and behaviour
 Bench marking – related portals and
organisations systems
 Content analysis
 Expert evaluation
 Usability tests - 12 citizens completing 4 tasks
PAIRI
Borger.dk – design methodology
 Evaluation phrase
 Usability tests - 40 citizens completing 4
tasks
 Online survey - 453 self-selected
respondents
 Search log analysis - Google Analytics over
11 month
PAIRI
Borger.dk - redesign
 Information needs
• 75% of needs met by categories
• Miss personal and factual information
 Categories, organization, navigation
• Unclear labels
• Short cuts - to frequent categories and forms
• Cross references
• Prioritized ordering
• Search
• Synonym rings
• Best bets
Marianne Lykke & Brian
KirkegaardLunn
PAIRI
Explanation of difficult concepts
PAIRI
More and tailored cross references
PAIRI
Best bets for important topics
PAIRI
??? Adaption to context ???
 Do “heroes” exist within system design
and adaption?
 What models are feasible to adaption to
context and practice?
 What tools should be developed?
PAIRI
Last round of questions &
Interaction!!
PAPER SLIP QUESTIONS FROM
YOU
PAIRI
WRAPPING UP the PANEL
 Interesting discussions on:
 Design and evaluation of integrated
systems?
 How to avoid re-engineering of
vendor offerings?
 Feasibility of explicit relevance
feedback for systems adaptivity?
PAIRI
WRAPPING UP the PANEL - 2
 Interesting discussions on:
 How does personal adaption behavior
help systems (design)?
 Research methdology and tools
studying adaptive behavior to new ...?
 How to adapt to context and work
practice?
PAIRI
THANK
YOU

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Marianne Lykkes presentation at ASIS&T Conference

  • 1. PERSPECTIVES ON ADAPTIVITY IN INFORMATION RETRIEVAL INTERACTION anASIS&T 2010 annual meeting panel PAIRI
  • 2. PAIRI Agenda/Outline  Adaptivity in IR Interaction  Four Dimensions  Pecha-Kucha Presentation and Timeline  Audience Interaction!  Wrapping Up
  • 3. PAIRI PRESENTERS Birger Larsen, Royal School of LIS, Copenhagen, Denmark Marianne Lykke, Aalborg University, Denmark Diane Kelly, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA Peiling Wang, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA ModeratorPeter Ingwersen, Royal School of LIS,Copenhagen, Denmark
  • 4. PAIRI ADAPTIVITY in IR INTERACTION  … requires that IR systems adapt to users’ situations, and  … the users adapt to the systems.
  • 5. PAIRI SYSTEM ADAPTION to USERS  … entails dynamic user modeling;  effective information architecture founded in practice, and  enhanced search features, such as  search integration  relevance feedback
  • 6. PAIRI SEARCHER ADAPTION to SYSTEMs through INTERACTION  … entails mental model building of systems and modification; through  Learning – leading to  Knowledge change, such as  from an anomalous state of knowledge (ASK) towards a coherent state of knowledge (CSK);
  • 7. PAIRI Adaption - Central DIMENSIONS: through integration of information objects of the Information Retrieval system to the current searcher to context and practice through information architecture of searchers to the Information Retrieval systems
  • 8. PAIRI PRESENTATION – PECHA-KUCHA  Present Introduction – 7 minutes  First Dimension: 20 slides x 20 seconds (7 min)  Questions – interaction (10 minutes)  Second Dimension: 20 slides x 20 sec. (7 min)  Questions – interaction (10 minutes)  Third Dimension: 20 slides x 20 sec. (7 min)  Questions – interaction (10 minutes)  Fourth Dimension: 20 slides x 20 sec. (7 min)  Questions – interaction (10 minutes) 10 minutes vivid interaction on additional audience questions Wrapping up (5 min)
  • 9. PAIRI QUESTIONS ON PAPER SLIPS  During presentations you may write questions to the panel (aside from oral questions!!)  ’Collectors’ will collect the slips and hand over to Moderator  Moderator selects which questions to be posed during last 10 minutes of interaction  Moderator knows which questions will be dealt with by ensuing panellists.
  • 11. PAIRI Adaptivity example: me! Wrap it up – this is not your topic…
  • 12. PAIRI Me – again! Work web page Images Bibliography
  • 14. PAIRI How do we handle ‘verticals’ in libraries?  As separate silos! User Catalogue . Repositories Databases eJournals JSTOR Publisher 1 Publisher 2 eBooks
  • 15. PAIRI How to access the silos?  Information literacy!  = educate users how to use each system:  Content, fields, indexing, search operators, interfaces…  But… ‘Why do we want to teach our users to be librarians?’ (Dave Pattern, Library Systems Manager) United Kingdom Serials Group 2009 Annual conference
  • 16. PAIRI Users don’t want silos! ‘Why is Google so easy and the library so hard?’ (Claire Duddy - student) United Kingdom Serials Group 2009 Annual conference
  • 17. PAIRI Challenge  Each silo has its own set of metadata and standards developed for different purposes  Very low common denominator…
  • 19. PAIRI Solution: Federated search?  “The jury is still out on federated search systems, even though more libraries now have them. There are murmurings that federated search has lower-than-expected use and may not be the magic search bullet we were led to believe” (Tenopir, 2007)
  • 20. PAIRI Solution: Integrated search?  Harvest all of the relevant data sources, normalize them into a single metadata schema, and index all of them together in one large union index  Add Google-like search box and ranking  (…a kind of federated search 2.0)
  • 21. PAIRI Solution: Integrated search?  Is being implemented in university and research libraries as we speak  University of Huddersfield , UK  Queens University, Canada  State and Uni library, Denmark  …  Several commercial products  Summon by Serial Solutions  EBSCO Discovery Service  WorldCat Local  ExLibris' Primo Central  III Encore Synergy  …
  • 22. PAIRI Solution: Integrated search?  But…  Development handed over to large commercial vendors  or giant web search services (Google; Amazon)  Where does that leave us as a field, as practitioners and researchers?
  • 23. PAIRI Research opportunities  There is sooo much we don’t know:  How to optimise each type of information object?  How to integrate information objects?  How to do relevance feedback in integrated search?  How to best involve users in testing?  etc etc…
  • 24. PAIRI Research opportunities  So, we can study various elements and details…  But how to generate real knowledge of these colossal integrated systems?  Larger, more complex than ever  How to evaluate these scientifically, and not just rely on vendors?
  • 25. PAIRI  Information Retrieval (IR) test collection  Purpose: to facilitate studies of integrating different document types iSearch test collection
  • 26. PAIRI  Three types of documents from physics  18,841 book records  291,244 metadata records, incl. abstract  143,569 full text articles iSearch test collection
  • 27. PAIRI  65 thoroughly described Information tasks 1. Information need -What are you looking for? 2. Work task context -Why are you looking for this? 3. Knowledge state - Background knowledge of topic? 4. Ideal information -To solve your problem or task? 5. Search terms -Which search term would you use?  + graded relevance assessments iSearch test collection
  • 28. PAIRI  What can we do with this?  Study these tasks  Optimise each document type  Optimise the integration  Simulate relevance feedback and interfaces?  What we can’t do  Study another domain  Study real user interaction iSearch test collection
  • 29. PAIRI Adaption through integration of information objects  Pertinent issues  How to design and evaluate systems that successfully integrate genres, media and document types?  Even with shallow data?  How to generate real knowledge and evaluate these scientifically?  Without relying on what vendors offer?
  • 30. PAIRI Adaptation of …  information retrieval (IR) system to the user
  • 34. PAIRI
  • 35. PAIRI Schultz, C. K. (1968). H.P. Luhn: Pioneer of Information Science (p.32). London, UK: American Documentation Institute. 1950s: Luhn’s Selective Dissemination of Information
  • 36. PAIRI 1960s: Salton, Lesk, Rocchio, Ide and Others Ide, E. (1967). User interaction with an automated information retrieval system. In G. Salton (Ed.) Information Storage and Retrieval: Scientific Report No. ISR-12.
  • 37. PAIRI Oddy, R. N. (1977). Information retrieval through man-machine dialogue. Journal of Documentation, 33(1), 1-14. 1970s: Oddy’s Thomas
  • 38. PAIRI 1980s: USER-MODEL-O-SAUR Allen, R. B. (1990). User models:Theory, method, and practice. InternationalJournal of Man-Machine Studies, 32, 511-543. Rich, E. (1983). Users are individuals: Individualizing user models. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 51, 323-338. “While the term ‘user model’ emphasizes the information about the person, it is obvious that a great deal of situational, task, or environmental information may be encoded in the model.”
  • 39. PAIRI Croft,W. B., &Thompson, R. H. (1987). I3R: A new approach to the design of document retrieval systems. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 38, 389-404. 1980s: Intelligent IR
  • 40. PAIRI Maes, P. (1994). Agents that reduce work and information overload. CACM, 37(7), 30-40. 1990s: Agents
  • 41. PAIRI Maes, P. (1994).Agents that reduce work and information overload. CACM, 37(7), 30-40. SYSTEM USER
  • 42. PAIRI Belkin, N. J., Cool,C., Kelly, D., Lin, S.-J., Park, S.Y., Perez-Carballo,J., & Sikora, C. (2001). Iterative exploration, design and evaluation of support for query reformulation in interactive information retrieval. Information Processing & Management 37(3), 404-434. And more relevance feedback
  • 43. PAIRI What Caused Explicit-O-Saurus’ Demise?  Users are unwilling to put forth the effort required to provide feedback  Users don’t have the additional cognitive resources to engage in explicit feedback
  • 44. PAIRI 2000s: Implicit-O-Saurus  Click-through  Dwell time  Scrolling  Query Behavior
  • 45. PAIRI Users are unwilling to put forth the effort required to provide feedback. http://www.pewinternet.org/ http://www.visualeconomics.com/how-the-world-spends-its-time-online_2010-06-16/ REALLY?
  • 47. PAIRI Users don’t have the additional cognitive resources to engage in explicit feedback.  Well, maybe back then …
  • 48. PAIRI We need to figure out better ways of eliciting feedback from users:  Better questions  Better measures  More creative  More engaging  More adaptive Saving Explicit-O-Saurus
  • 50. PAIRI Saving Explicit-O-Saurus Questions  How can we create better questions and measures?  How can we make the process creative, engaging and adaptive? Objection  Users are creatures of habit.  Let’s reintroduceTECHNIQUE EXPLICIT-O-SAURUS into the information ecology  Users will adapt …
  • 51. PAIRI Users’ Adaptability in IT Environment  Adaptivity is a much needed system functionality, yes but  System alone cannot solve all the interaction problems  Humans are evolutionary learners  IT users must / can adapt to the system
  • 53. PAIRI Psychological View  Mooers’ Law?  Satisficing principle  Today, majority IT users  Do not really have a choice at one level  Do have choices at another level
  • 54. PAIRI Cognitive View  Individual differences  Context/situation-based  Knowledge  Skills  Mental models  Tacit
  • 55. PAIRI Constructivist View  Problem-based learning  Social learning • Observational learning specially relevant to building IT skills • Knowledge sharing • Collective intelligence
  • 56. PAIRI Adaptability — What is it? AdaptAbility is a key metacompetency which enables individuals quickly, effectively respond to unexpected environmental changes
  • 57. PAIRI Adaptability in Contexts  In workplace: job adaptability  In multicultural society: cross-cultural adaptability  In information environment: IT adaptability
  • 58. PAIRI Measuring Adaptability  Job Adaptability Inventory (JAI)  Cross-cultural Adaptability Inventory (CCAI)  Boyatzis-Kolb Adaptive Style Inventory  IT Adaptability – we need instruments  Adaptability – contributing factors?
  • 59. PAIRI Job Adaptability  Creative problem solving (new …)  Dealing Uncertainty/unpredictable work situations  Learning new tasks, tech, procedures …  Adapting culturally  Adapting interpersonally  Physical factors
  • 60. PAIRI Cross-Cultural Adaptability Inventory (CCAI) A survey of 50 questions to uncover individuals’ current strengths and weaknesses within four critical skill areas proven necessary for effective cross-cultural communication:  Emotional Resilience  Flexibility/Openness  Perceptual Acuity  Personal Autonomy
  • 61. PAIRI Adaptive Style Inventory • Acting situation • new • on time • Deciding Situation • two alternatives • an opportunity • Thinking • an idea • analyzing something • Valuing • my feelings • see the world as the another person sees it --Kolb Learning Style Inventory?
  • 62. PAIRI IT Adaptive Behaviour We need systematic research to understand factors underlying the IT adaptive behavior We need instruments to measure IT adaptability (either adopt existing or develop new relevant one)
  • 63. PAIRI Where do we start? Adaptive situations  IT system being updated  Need a function never used  New IT system  “I have used it before, but how do I get to it now”?  “The output doesn’t look right”!  “Where are my files I saw all of them just a moment ago?! Or, no, I cannot lose them ...”
  • 64. PAIRI Adaptive Performance  User’s context  IT Environment  User’s IT competency  User’s mental model  The task situation
  • 65. PAIRI AdaptAbility vs. LearnAbility  User adaptability calls for the system’s learnAbility  IT system learnability support user’s adaptAbility  learnability is an aspect of usability – rarely studied
  • 66. PAIRI ALPHA-IT A (Adaptability) with L (Learnability) for P (Personalizing) & H (Humanizing) A (Adaptivity) in IT (InformationTechnology)
  • 67. PAIRI Personalizing & Humanizing  Personalizing: Beyond user profiling  IT knowledge state  IT competency  Adaptive style  Humanizing : Beyond affordances  Demonstrate/encourage empathy  Affective responses
  • 68. PAIRI IT Affordance  Specifies the range of possible actions about an object (physical or digital)  Must be visible to the users to be usable  Individual differences in perceived affordances  When affordances fail users: an action does not result in an expected result --?
  • 69. PAIRI Building IT Adaptability as Social Learning  Sharing learning experience  Transferring knowledge  Collecting user problems  Banking user strategies
  • 70. PAIRI Study of User Adaptability & IT Design  How do we study users adaptive behavior in adopting a new system, new applications, new functions, new …?  How can personal adaptive behaviors help system design?
  • 71. PAIRI Adaption to context and practice  Focus on adapting information architecture (IA)  Focus on models and methods for developing tailored information architecture (IA)
  • 72. PAIRI Quick definition of IA (1) ORGANISATION SYSTEM LABEL SYSTEM Structural design Combination of organisation, labelling, search and navigation
  • 73. PAIRI Quick definition of IA (2) NAVIGATION SYSTEM SEARCH SYSTEM
  • 74. PAIRI Adapting IA  Organization system, e.g.  Categories – tailored to user needs  Organization – organized to user perspective  Labels, e.g.  Terminology – jargon, language of youth, basic level
  • 75. PAIRI Adapting IA  Navigation system, e.g.  Tailored short cuts  Tailored links  Tailored recommending,  Search system, e.g.  Tailored filters  Tailored ranking
  • 78. PAIRI Research process Context UsersContent Methods for data collection: e.g. interview, workshops, questionnaires, content analysis, log files Mission, information behavior, policies, culture, technology, resources (time, economy, competences) Content types, number, genre, usage, relation to work tasks Target groups, information behavior, work tasks, search tasks, discourses, terminology (Rosenfeld & Morville, 2007, 233)
  • 79. PAIRI Strategy process (Rosenfeld & Morville, 2007, 269)
  • 80. PAIRI System development models  Plenty of models and approaches:  User-oriented  Domain-oriented  Work-task oriented  Interaction-oriented  Participation-oriented  …  All believe that we can grasp the context
  • 81. PAIRI System development models  Can we grasp, understand, model the context and practice – and adapt?  Are we “heroes” between “victims” and “tyrants”? (Spinuzzi, 2004)
  • 82. PAIRI Borger.dk – an example  Development of organisation system for Danish Government portal Borger.dk
  • 83. PAIRI Borger.dk – an example  Timeline  2008 Analysis, development, implementation  2009 Evaluation: usability tests, online survey and search log analysis  2009 Redesign and implementation of updated version and new features
  • 84. PAIRI Borger.dk – design methodology  Development phrase  Survey of domain of public digital communication  Personas – user needs and behaviour  Bench marking – related portals and organisations systems  Content analysis  Expert evaluation  Usability tests - 12 citizens completing 4 tasks
  • 85. PAIRI Borger.dk – design methodology  Evaluation phrase  Usability tests - 40 citizens completing 4 tasks  Online survey - 453 self-selected respondents  Search log analysis - Google Analytics over 11 month
  • 86. PAIRI Borger.dk - redesign  Information needs • 75% of needs met by categories • Miss personal and factual information  Categories, organization, navigation • Unclear labels • Short cuts - to frequent categories and forms • Cross references • Prioritized ordering • Search • Synonym rings • Best bets Marianne Lykke & Brian KirkegaardLunn
  • 88. PAIRI More and tailored cross references
  • 89. PAIRI Best bets for important topics
  • 90. PAIRI ??? Adaption to context ???  Do “heroes” exist within system design and adaption?  What models are feasible to adaption to context and practice?  What tools should be developed?
  • 91. PAIRI Last round of questions & Interaction!! PAPER SLIP QUESTIONS FROM YOU
  • 92. PAIRI WRAPPING UP the PANEL  Interesting discussions on:  Design and evaluation of integrated systems?  How to avoid re-engineering of vendor offerings?  Feasibility of explicit relevance feedback for systems adaptivity?
  • 93. PAIRI WRAPPING UP the PANEL - 2  Interesting discussions on:  How does personal adaption behavior help systems (design)?  Research methdology and tools studying adaptive behavior to new ...?  How to adapt to context and work practice?