Labelling Requirements and Label Claims for Dietary Supplements and Recommend...
Seminar presentation on HIV at Joseph Ayo Babalola Uni
1. A SEMINAR REPORT ON
HIV AIDS
PRESENTED BY
EKUNDAYO SAMUEL ADEBOWALE
MATRIC NO: 0903010023
DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
JOSEPH AYO BABALOLA UNIVERSITY,
IKEJI-ARAKEJI,
OSUN STATE.
MARCH, 2013
2. OUTLINE
INTRODUCTION.
STRUCTURE, INFECTION AND TRANSMISSION OF HIV
SYMPTOMS, DIAGNOSIS AND PREVENTION.
INTRODUCTION AND ORIGIN AIDS.
PREVALENCE, CAUSE AND SYMPTOMS OF AIDS.
DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF AIDS.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATION.
3. •HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a
Retrovirus that causes AIDS by infecting replicating
in, and killing helper T cells (CD4 cells) of the
immune system it belongs to the family Lenitvirus
•They infect Vital cells of the immune system such
as the helper T cells. (specifically CD4 T cells),
macrophages, and dendritic cells
INTRODUCTION AND ORIGIN OF HIV
5. INFECTION
Viruses such as HIV cannot grow or
reproduce on their own, they need to
infect the cells of a living organism in
order to replicate (make new copies
of themselves).
◦ There are two types of infection
Acute infection (between 2-4 weeks post exposure)
Chronic infection (between 2 weeks and 20 years post
exposure)
6. PLATE 2: Viral particles on a cell surface
SOURCE: Encarta Dictionaries
7. Plate 3: An Immunocompromised patient
Source: www.patient.co.uk
10. Plate 5: Viral rash on skin
Plate 6: Viral rash on tongue
Source: hardinmd.lib.uiowa.ed
11. TESTING FOR HIV
There are various types of HIV test, but
the most commonly used are
The antibody or enzyme-linked
immunodeficient assay or enzyme
immunoassay also known as EIA or
ELISA test - detects HIV antibodies in a
person's blood
STRIP TEST imunochromatographic
strips, the most recent development,
potentially require only one step and
incorporate both antigen and signal
reagent into a nitrocellulose strip
12. Prevention
Preventing sexual transmission of HIV
Preventing transmission of HIV
through blood
Preventing mother to child
transmission of HIV
13. AIDS
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
AIDS is caused by HIV damaging the
immune system cells until the immune
system can no longer fight off other
infections that it would usually be able to
prevent.
It takes around ten years on average for
someone with HIV to develop AIDS.
14. Number of people living with AIDS in 2010
Total 53,700,000
Adults 30,800,000
Women 19,400,000
Children (<15 years) 3,500,000
People newly infected with HIV in 2010
Total 5,600,000
Adults 5,100,000
Children (<15 years) 500,000
AIDS deaths in 2010
Total 7,100,000
Adults 6,700,000
Children (<15 years) 400,000
All figures are estimates
Source: World Health Organization;
Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS)
Table 1: Total AIDS cases around the world as at
15. CAUSES OF AIDS
There are two types of this virus: HIV-1 and
HIV 2, which are the primary cause of AIDS
◦ Inside the body HIV enters cells of the immune
system, especially white blood cells known as T
cells
◦ HIV attack are specialized “helper” T cells known
as CD4 cells. When HIV infects a CD4 cell, it
commandeers the genetic tools within the cell to
manufacture new HIV virus
◦ The loss of CD4 cells endangers health because
these cells help other types of immune cells
respond to invading organisms
16. SYMPTOMS OF AIDS
Flu-like symptoms;
◦ such as; fever, sore throat, headache,
skin rash, tender lymph nodes, and a
vague feeling of discomfort.
Opportunistic infections;
◦ such as; Pneumocystis pneumonia,
tuberculosis, viral opportunistic infections,
cancers, neurological disorders
17. DAIGNOSING AIDS
The diagnosis of AIDS can be made
by counting the CD4 cells, if it falls
below 200 cells per microliter of blood
A diagnosis of AIDS can also be made
without confirmation of CD4 levels if
someone who has no other reason for
immune system damage develops an
opportunistic disease.
19. TREATMENT contd.
Post-exposure prevention;
administering antiretroviral drugs
within 24 hours after exposure to HIV
can protect a person from becoming
infected with the virus
Development of new drugs
Treatment of opportunistic infections;
such asclarithromycin or azithromycin
to prevent Mycobacterium avium
20. Conclusion
HIV test shouldn’t be done using the
immunochromatographic strips.
Rather, the method of assay of viruses
should be used, because the virus
cannot be detected in the window
stage.