Unit III Dynamic Crust Powerpoint

Unit III: The Dynamic Crust, Earthquakes and the Earth’s Interior Review Book pp.47-65 Taken from http://vschsd.org/schools/central/sciencecentral/finellis_web/m1.jpgon 8/15/06

[object Object],[object Object],Animations http://www.pbs.org/wnet/savageearth/animations/index.html

Crust- solid rock outer zone of Earth ,[object Object],[object Object],Some of these changes can be directly observed such as the results of: Taken from http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10h.html on 8/18/06

Earthquakes Taken from http:// cse.ssl.berkeley.edu/img/earthquakes/Railroad.gif on 8/15/06 An apartment building in San Francisco’s Marina District shows heavy damage from a 1989 earthquake. Taken from http:// www.nationalgeographic.com /eye/earthquakes/ images/ earthquakes_intro_image.gif on 8/15/06

Volcanoes Mount St. Helens shortly after the eruption of May 18, 1980 Taken from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcano on 8/15/06 Taken from http://library.advanced.org/17457/volcanoesdb/images/240/v5p42x240.jpg on 8/15/06 Eruption of Mt. Arenal, Costa Rica

Crustal movements along fault zones Both images taken from http://library.thinkquest.org/C003603/english/earthquakes/multimedia.shtml on 8/15/06

Other evidence indicates that parts of the Earth’s crust have been moving to different locations for billions of years.

a) Displaced & Deformed Rock Strata and Fossils ,[object Object]

Tilting ,[object Object],[object Object]

Folded Strata ,[object Object]

b) Displaced Fossils ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Taken from http://orerockon.com/coal_ck5.jpgon 8/18/06

[object Object],[object Object],Marine Fossils on Top of the Andes Mountains. More than 500 giant fossilized oysters were found 3000 meters (about 2 miles) above sea level in Peru in 2001 Taken from http://antiquity.ac.uk/ProjGall/jeck/images/fig1.jpg on 8/18/06

c) Subsidence ,[object Object],Taken from http://geochange.er.usgs.gov/sw/changes/anthropogenic/subside/fig0.jpg on 8/18/06 ,[object Object],Early in the 20th Century, land near the Alviso Marina in Santa Clara, CA, top, sank nearly 13 feet due to overpumping of local groundwater, below Taken from http://www.valleywater.org/media/Alviso_subsidence.jpg on 8/18/06

d) Displaced Strata ,[object Object]

Horizontal Displacement (Faulting) ,[object Object],The fence was offset 2.6 m by the magnitude 8.2 earthquake of April 18, 1906, San Francisco, California, a section of the San Andreas fault. Both images taken from http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/seg/hazard/slideset/10/10_slides.shtml on 8/15/06 Offset of a cement-lined ditch by the Motagua fault resulting from the earthquake of February 4, 1976, in Guatemala.

Vertical Displacement (Faulting) ,[object Object],Taken from http://www.rcep.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/~sato/taiwan/twpics/tw/tw004.JPG on 8/18/06 Collapsed bridge and waterfall created by vertical faulting on river northeast of Fengyuen in Taiwan

Benchmark ,[object Object],Taken from http://www.adirondackjourney.com/images/Great_Range/Benchmark%20on%20Gothics.jpg on 8/18/06 Brass benchmark: Summit of Gothics Mountain in Adirondacks

e) Isostasy ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Photo of baby on waterbed taken from http://thepeacock.com/Spiritual/Photo_of_Baby_Jennifer_on_Waterbed_for_Why_were_we_Born.jpg on 8/18/06 Taken from http:// www.platetectonics.com /book /images/Convection.gif on 8/18/06

Example of Isostasy ,[object Object],Taken from http://tlacaelel.igeofcu.unam.mx/~GeoD/isostasy/figs/isost4.jpg on 8/18/06

Another isostatic example. ,[object Object]

II. Areas of Crustal Activity ,[object Object],[object Object]

Objective #4 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

I. Earthquakes ,[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

II. Earthquake Waves ,[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object]

L waves ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

P waves ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Taken from http://www.lamit.ro/images/earthquake-p-waves-passage.jpg on 8/18/06

S waves ,[object Object],[object Object],Taken from http://www.lamit.ro/images/earthquake-s-waves-passage.jpg on 8/18/06 http://www.thetech.org/exhibits_events/online/quakes/waves/p&s_waves.html

III. Velocities of Waves ,[object Object],Waves rock house animation

[object Object],[object Object],Eureka, CA seismogram of earthquake Elko, NV seismogram of earthquake Both seismograms taken from http://www.sciencecourseware.org/VirtualEarthquake/php/Seismograms.php on 8/18/06 Animation showing waves arriving at seismograph

a) Finding the Distance to an Earthquake’s Epicenter ,[object Object],[object Object],Taken from http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/id/a/a6/Seismogram.gif on 8/18/06

4 Steps for Finding Epicenter Distance ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Let’s Do an Example following the 4 steps ,[object Object]

b) Calculating the Origin Time of an Earthquake ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Let’s Do an Example following the 3 steps ,[object Object]

c) Determining the Exact Location of an Earthquake’s Epicenter ,[object Object],[object Object],Taken from http://www.stkc.go.th/LOEarthScience/OFFLINE/LO504/1_en.htm on 8/18/06 Taken from http://www.worsleyschool.net/science/files/earthquake/epicentre.html on 8/18/06

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Images taken from http://www.worsleyschool.net/science/files/earthquake/epicentre.html on 8/18/06

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Try these exercises on the computer with Virtual Earthquake! Review animation

a) The Modified Mercalli Scale ,[object Object],[object Object],Taken from http://data.gns.cri.nz/geoatlas/images/mercalli.jpg on 8/18/06

Modified Mercalli Scale Continued ,[object Object],[object Object],Taken from http://www.ericandsylvia.com/pictures/2000/11-25-2000/cvt/img_4538.jpg on 8/18/06 The building that has straps on it is supposed to be very earthquake proof, because the straps hold the building suspended on a central cement column. Alaskan tundra in fall foliage Taken from http://www.galleryone.com/images/cook/cook_-_alaska_tundra_in_autumn_glory_denali_highway_central_alaska.jpg on 8/18/06

b) The Richter Scale ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Taken from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richter_scale on 8/18/06 estimate for a 10 km rocky bolide impacting at 25 km/s 1 teraton 10 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake 32 gigatons 9 Anchorage, AK Quake, 1964 5.6 gigatons 8.5 San Francisco, CA Quake, 1906 1 gigaton 8 Landers, CA Quake, 1992 178 megatons 7.5 Largest thermonuclear weapon 32 megatons 7 Northridge quake, 1994 5.6 megatons 6.5 Double Spring Flat, NV Quake, 1994 1 megaton 6 Little Skull Mtn., NV Quake, 1992 178 kilotons 5.5 Nagasaki atomic bomb 32 kiloton 5 Average tornado (total energy) 5.6 kilotons 4.5 Small atomic bomb 1 kiloton 4 Chernobyl nuclear disaster, 1986 178 metric tons 3.5 Massive Ordnance Air Blast bomb 32 metric tons 3 WWII blockbuster bomb 5.6 metric tons 2.5 late WWII conventional bombs 1 metric ton 2 WWII conventional bombs 178 kg (392 lb) 1.5 Construction site blast 32 kg (70 lb) 1 Hand grenade 5.6 kg (12.4 lb) 0.5 Seismic Energy Yield Magnitude Example Approximate TNT for Richter

[object Object],[object Object],Table taken from http://www.factmonster.com/ipka/A0763403.html on 8/18/06 8.5 Feb. 3, 1923 Kamchatka 10. 8.6 Aug. 15, 1950 India-China border 9. 8.7 March 28, 2005 Northern Sumatra, Indonesia 8. 8.7 Feb. 4, 1965 Rat Islands, Aleutian Islands 7. 8.8 Jan. 31, 1906 Off the coast of Ecuador 6. 9.0 Dec. 26, 2004 Off western coast of Sumatra, Indonesia 5. 9.0 Nov. 4, 1952 Kamchatka 4. 9.1 March 9, 1957 Andreanof Islands, Aleutian Islands 3. 9.2 March 28, 1964 3 Prince William Sound, Alaska 2. 9.5 May 22, 1960 Chile 1. Magnitude Date Location

VI. Dangers to Humans from Earthquakes and Volcanoes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

VII. Transmission of Earthquake Waves ,[object Object],[object Object],Taken from http://www.earthscrust.org/earthscrust/science/historic/img/moho.gif on 8/18/06

Difference in P and S Wave Transmission ,[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Taken from http://www.geo.cornell.edu/geology/classes/ Geo101/graphics/seismic_interior.jpgon 8/18/06

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Taken from http://www.astronomynotes.com/solarsys/seismicb.gif on 8/18/06

Objective #10 ,[object Object]

C. Crust & Interior Properties ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

I. Crustal Thickness ,[object Object],[object Object],Taken from http://www.deafhoosiers.com/sci/SOARHIGH/lithosphere/lithosphere.jpg on 8/18/06

II. Crustal Composition ,[object Object],[object Object],Black sand beach of Hawaii Taken from http:// ruby.colorado.edu/~smyth / Research/Images/ Volcanix/Blacksand.jpg on 8/18/06 Granitic beach of Lake Ontario Taken from http:// www.dec.state.ny.us /website/ environmentdec/2006a/greatlakesagreement20106.jpg on 8/18/06

Interior Structure ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Taken from http://earthnet-geonet.ca/images/glossary/mantle.jpgon 8/18/06

Interior Composition ,[object Object],Taken from http://buhlplanetarium3.tripod.com/CSC-Meteorite.JPG on 8/18/06

III. Characteristics of Earth’s Interior ,[object Object]

I. Plate Tectonics Theory ,[object Object]

Continental Drift ,[object Object],Although plate tectonics is a recent idea, it incorporates the earlier idea of Continental Drift put forth by Alfred Wegener in 1915. Photo taken from http://www.uni-marburg.de/profil/Geschichte/wegner on 8/18/06

II. Evidence to Support Idea that Continents Have Moved ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

More Evidence for Continental Movement ,[object Object],[object Object]

III. Evidence to Suggest Sea Floor Spreading ,[object Object],Taken from http://www2.nature.nps.gov/geology/usgsnps/animate/A48.gif on 8/18/06

a) Igneous Ocean Rocks ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Taken from http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/images/seafloor_spreading.gif on 8/18/06

b) Reversal of Magnetic Polarity ,[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Check out this animation!

IV. Lithospheric Plates and Plate Boundaries ,[object Object],Taken from http://www.3villagecsd.k12.ny.us/Murphy/medina/eqs.html on 8/18/06

a) Convergent Plate Boundaries ,[object Object]

Ocean Plate Meets Continental Plate ,[object Object],[object Object]

Ocean Plate Meets Ocean Plate ,[object Object],[object Object]

Continental Plate Meets Continental Plate ,[object Object],[object Object],Now look at the two diagrams of convergent boundaries in your note packet. Which one shows a subduction zone? Label the subduction zone in that diagram.

b) Divergent Plate Boundaries ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],In your note packet, label the parallel ridges formed from the upwelling magma in the divergent boundary diagram.

c) Transform Plate Boundary ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],In your note packet, label the shallow focus earthquakes in the transform diagram. Also place large arrows on each plate to show the direction of plate motion. Taken from http:// observe.arc.nasa.gov/nasa / earth/tectonics/Tectonics3.html 0n 8/18/06

Plate Tectonic Map (ESRT p. 5 ) ,[object Object]

V. Mantle Convection Cells ,[object Object],[object Object],Taken from http://www.sunblock99.org.uk/ sb99/people/KGalsgaa/convect.gif on 8/18/06 Taken from http://www.platetectonics.com/book/images/Convection.gif on 8/18/06 Animation

VI. Hot Spots ,[object Object],[object Object]

Wow! That was Dynamic! ,[object Object],That’s All Folks!

Unit III Dynamic Crust Powerpoint

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Unit III Dynamic Crust Powerpoint