Presentation to the Curriculum Design and Innovation Module in the Masters in Education at Sheffield Institute of Education, Sheffield Hallam University, November 2013
2. Social Realism
• Beyond knowledge as power relations (from
‘relations to’ to ‘relations within’)
• Rejects the choice between essentialism and
relativism as false
• we can say knowledge is historically and
socially constructed and shaped by struggles
among social groups without saying that all
knowledge is equal and that its status merely
reflects social power
3. Definitions (1)
practice(s): used generally as a synonym for activity in the context of learning and
teaching (practices), but also in a specific sense to refer to knowledge practices and
pedagogic practices used in a social realism meaning as the meeting of two logics:
context (field) and dispositions (habitus) (Bourdieu, 1986).
Bernstein’s 3 message systems: Curriculum, Pedagogy and Assessment
curriculum: a plan for learning that has a number of components including
programme and content, learning objectives and learning strategies, assessment
methods and resources. This view of curriculum as primarily ‘content’ is the aspect
‘most visible to students’, and which is often synonymous with curriculum structure
at the programme (course) or module (unit) level in HE.
pedagogy/pedagogic practice: what defines what counts as a valid transmission of
knowledge.
assessment: the process of identifying a mark or grade for students’ work in a module,
including the defined tasks, or assignments, that the student must undertake, and the
learning outcomes and criteria required for the evaluation of the submitted work.
4. Cracking the code of education
• Curriculum
– Everyday / Specialised
• Pedagogy
– Selection, sequencing and pacing
– Assessment
– Relationship
• Levels
• Stages
Wayne Hugo: 10 Questions to Cracking the Code
5. Basil Bernstein (1924-2000)
• Basis in sociolinguistics: sociolinguistic theory
of language codes (elaborated and restricted
codes in 1971)
• Code: ‘a set of organizing principles behind
the language employed by members of a
social group’
• Sociology of education: the ordered
regulation and distribution of a society’s
worthwhile knowledge store
• The transformation into a pedagogic
discourse
• Further transformation into a set of criterial
standards to be attained
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_Bernstein
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6. 6
Period Main focus of theory
Transmission / acquisition of
pedagogic discourse
1970s
(CCC3)
Structuring of pedagogic
discourse
1980s
(CCC4)
Knowledge structures from
which pedagogic discourse
is recontextualised
1990s
(CCC5)
educational
knowledge codes
pedagogic
device
knowledge
structures
Concept
The development of Bernstein’s Theory
7. 7
1. Educational knowledge codes
• classification (C)
– relative strength of boundaries between
categories or contexts
• framing (F)
– relative strength of control within these
categories or contexts
• independently vary stronger (+) & weaker (-)
– four modalities: +C,+F; +C,-F; -C,+F; -C,-F
• collection code (+C, +F)
• integrated code (-C, -F)
9. Strong classification and framing for course design
and approval in higher education
Concept Degree of emphasis in course on:
Stronger
Classification (+C)
- boundaries
between
Everyday and educational knowledges
(specialised)
Specialist curriculum knowledge
(including academic development) is
emphasised in the design and approval
of courses (as opposed to general
experience of teaching in HE)
Different forms of educational
knowledge in a curriculum
Discipline knowledge is downplayed as
the basis for knowledge in the
curriculum (as opposed to those
genericised forms specified externally)
Stronger Framing
(+F)
-control over
Selecting content knowledge Curriculum content knowledge is
determined by the syllabus
(documented forms) (as opposed to
being selected by the teacher ad hoc)
Sequencing and pacing the teaching of
content knowledge
The organisation and structure of the
curriculum is set by the institution
rather than the teacher
Making evaluative criteria explicit The form and focus of assessment is
controlled by the institution rather than
the teacher
Regulating the teacher’s conduct in
pedagogical relationship
The teacher’s conduct is regulated by
the institution via a hierarchy (authority
for approving courses resides in
institution)
10. 2. Bernstein’s Pedagogic Device
Field of Practice Form of
regulation
Symbolic
structure
Main types Typical sites
Production distributive rules knowledge
structure
hierarchical
/ horizontal
knowledge
structures
research
publications,
conferences,
laboratories
Recontextualisation recontextualising
rules
curriculum collection/
integrated
codes
curriculum
policy docs,
textbooks
Reproduction evaluative rules pedagogy &
evaluation
visible/ invisible
pedagogic
codes
classrooms,
assessment
• The ‘arena’ of the pedagogic device (Maton and Muller, 2007)
• Examines the structure of knowledge and its organising principles
• 3 message systems: curriculum, pedagogy and assessment
10
11. www.legitimationcodetheory.c
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Pedagogic device and codes
• codes
– conceptualise practices
– represent competing measures of achievement in the field
(capital)
• pedagogic device
– is basis for creating, reproduction and change of codes
– whoever controls the device (and so can set which code is
higher status) is able to tilt the field in their favour
• can see effects of struggles over device in terms of
code changes
12. 12
Knowledge structures
Horizontal
‘a series of specialised
languages, each with its
own specialised modes of
interrogation and
specialised criteria ... with
non-comparable principles
of description based on
different, often opposed,
assumptions’
Hierarchical
‘an explicit, coherent,
systematically principled
and hierarchical
organisation of knowledge’
which develops through
integrating ‘knowledge at
lower levels, and ... across
an expanding range of
apparently differently
phenomena’
L1 L2 L3 L4
13. 3. Bernstein’s Knowledge Structures
• Typology of subjects: e.g. Hard; pure; soft; applied (Becher, 1998)
13
14. Code theory and the curriculum
CODE THEORY CONCEPTS (Bernstein, 1977, 1990, 2000)
Classification (C): a code of Bernstein’s pedagogic device, conceptualising relations of
power that regulate relations (boundaries) between contexts or categories
Framing (F): a code of Bernstein’s pedagogic device, conceptualising relations of
control within contexts or categories, the modality.
pedagogic device: the pedagogic rules and pedagogic fields that govern the field of
activity conceptualising the generative mechanism underlying practices.
pedagogic discourse: a symbolic rather than an actual discourse, as a principle of
recontextualisation (Bernstein, 1990: 184) that is not visible but which can be known
‘through its effects in structuring practices (conceptualised in terms of codes)’
(Maton, 2004: 49). Two types of discourse are recognised: horizontal and vertical.
pedagogic fields: the fields of activity (production, recontextualisation and
reproduction) that constitute an ‘arena’ of struggle and conflict created by the
pedagogic device .
15. Bernstein’s How To Guide
• code theory is a living, evolving theory
• excavation and new objects of study
• conceptual advance should be cumulative
• concepts that:
– go beyond typologies to reveal underlying
structuring principles
– encompass more phenomena with minimal
number of ideas
– have stronger ‘grammars’, so can be used in
empirical research
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16. www.legitimationcodetheory.com 16
Legitimation code theory (Karl Maton)
• Extends Bernstein’s code theory
• Social fields of practice are fields of
struggles over status and resources
• Practices and beliefs as languages of
legitimation, or messages as to measures of
achievement
• The legitimation device - ruler of the field
• Legitimation codes: bases of measures of
achievement
17. 17
Principle Referent
relations
Concepts
Autonomy external positional autonomy,
relational autonomy
Density internal material density,
moral density
Specialisation social-
symbolic
epistemic relations,
social relations
Semantics meaning semantic gravity,
semantic density
Temporality temporal temporal positioning,
temporal orientation
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Contradictory C/F?
• collection code = +C, +F
– identity and insight based on knowledge
• integrated code = -C, -F
– identity and insight based on ... what?
(Bernstein: constantly negotiated)
1. these readings are C/F of knowledge
2. can also take C/F readings of knowers
• collection code = -C, -F (of SR)
• integrated code = +C, +F (of SR)
– identity and insight based on being right kind of
knower
25. www.karlmaton.com 25
Average, common
person
Likes: beach, BBQ
Dislikes: Philosophy,
nerds or sensitive people
(Relativist Code)
Methodic, practical,
go direct to the point
Likes: puzzles, manuals
Dislikes: talking about
Feelings
(Knowledge Code)
Combination of
refined “eye” and
technical knowledge
Likes: scientific programs
about the universe, art,
Dislikes: common place
(Elite Code)
Feelings, how one
experiences object,
people’s person
Likes: creative things, art
Dislikes: following rules,
Methodical people
(Knower Code)
Have advisor assigned
according to your
choice object
26. Developing Screenplay
Adviser LCT Advisers Characteristics
Roger/
Rachel
Rules
ER+
SR-
“Hi, my name is Roger! I believe there is always a
right way of doing things. I am a very practical kind
of guy! I don’t like too much talking, I usually go
straight to the point... but I will be very happy in
helping you out to find the best solution for your
design questions. People say I am very clever and
skilful, but my brilliant ideas just come out of being
methodical and careful in designing, and of course
being interested in stuff and reading a lot. There is a
lot of knowledge developed in design, so if you just
follow the rules and procedures that have been tried
and tested you are guaranteed to be successful.
I like doing puzzles, crosswords, following manuals
and instructions, reading scientific magazines. I don’t
like “creative” stuff, big parties, and people who talk
about “feelings” all the time.”
