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Memory
unit 8, modules 24-28
m24 Intro to Memory
MEMORY IS THE
PERSISTENCE OF LEARNING
 OVER TIME, THROUGH THE
 STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL
    OF INFORMATION.
Can you remember:
                                                       CLEAR
 September 11, 2001?                         R IES - A LLY
                                         MEMO OTIONA
                           F LAS  HBULB F AN EM         EVENT
                                                      R
                                    ORY O OMENT O
                              MEM ANT M
 Your first kiss?                       C
                              S IGNIFI

 A funeral you attended?

 An embarrassing moment in your life?
A list apart ...
ATKINSON-SHIFFRIN
THREE-STAGE MODEL OF MEMORY
Amnesia
Anterograde Amnesia: inability to form new
memories

Retrograde Amnesia: inability to recall events
prior to brain damage

Posthypnotic amnesia

Lacunar Amnesia: inability to recall specific event

Korsakoff syndrome: alcoholism-induced amnesia
m25 Encoding
Hijacking

Leveling

  nondistinctive details are left out



Sharpening

  distinctive elements retained
Automatic          Effortful
             OR
Processing        Processing
Automatic Processing

Encode for Time, Space, and Frequency

Example of parallel processing

Cannot willingly be turned on or off
Effortful Processing
                                           EBBINGHAUS: THE
                                               AMOUNT
                                            REMEMBERED
                                           DEPENDS ON THE
                                             TIME SPENT
Rehearsal                                     LEARNING

Next-in-Line Effect

Spacing Effect or “distributed learning”       SERIAL
                                              POSITION
                                               EFFECT
WHAT DO WE ENCODE BEST?


                          MEANING!




  WHAT ARE THE MOST
 MEANINGFUL THINGS IN
        LIFE?
Pop Quiz
1. What was the flight attendant’s name?

2. Where was the flight headed to originally?

3. What was the pilot’s name?

4. What airlines was it?

5. Where did the hijacker want to go?
Mnemonic devices
Acronyms            Chunking

 Roy G Biv            2024562461

 HOMES              Method of loci

Rhyme                 ...

 In 1492 Columbus
 sailed the ocean
 blue
Method of loci
m26 Storage
Sensory Memory


Iconic memory



Echoic memory
short-term explicit
memories
Long-term Memory

Increased serotonin
sensitivity in cerebral
cortex due to new receptor
sites (created through
CREB stimulation)

Long-term potentiation
Long-term memories
Stronger emotional experiences make for
more enduring memories ...




... but prolonged stress degrades memories
IMPLICIT VS EXPLICIT MEMORIES
m27 Retrieval
RECOGNITION VS RECALL
How many of each animal did
                 Noah have on his Ark?




Which is correct to say, “The egg yolk ARE white” or
“The egg yolk IS white”?




Priming: the activation of “nearby” or associated
memories.
Context and Retrieval
MOOD-CONGRUENT MEMORIES
Deja Vu ...
m28 Forgetting
Encoding failures

How many sides are on an average pencil?

Which color is at the bottom of a stoplight?

George Washington is on the front; what’s on the
back of a $1 bill?

Name Santa’s reindeer.
Decay Theory


Time, and time alone, will end all of your memories

Effectively explains sensory and STM loss

Ineffectively explains forgetting from LTM
Disuse Theory


Use it or lose it

Not recalling memories leads the brain to pair down
those synaptic connections
Interference/Inhibition
  Theory

Inability to recall or difficulty in remembering caused
by too many memories interfering

Proactive: PAST learning interferes

Retroactive: PRESENT learning interferes
Amnesia

Loss of memories as a result of psychological or
physiological trauma

Anterograde: no NEW memories

Retrograde: loss of OLD memories
State Dependent
Learning


Not in the same state as when the learning
occurred? Then difficulty in recall
Motivated Forgetting


Some things, you WANT to forget . . .

According to Freud, “repression”
Cue Dependent
Forgetting

Retrieval failure due to missing cues that were
present during encoding

  misinformation effect

  source amnesia
SO WHAT ACCOUNTS FOR THE LOW ACCURACY OF POLICE SKETCHES?

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U08 memory slides