The document provides an overview of active and passive voice constructions in English including: the basic form of the passive; transitive and intransitive verbs; using the "by-phrase"; passive forms of present and past progressive tenses; passive modal auxiliaries; using past participles as adjectives; participial adjectives with "-ed" and "-ing"; constructions with "get"; and the differences between "used to" and "be used to" and "be supposed to". Examples are provided to illustrate each grammatical concept.

1. 10-1 Active sentences and passive sentences 10-2 Form of the passive 10-3 Transitive and intransitive verbs 10-4 Using the by- phrase 10-5 The passive forms of the present and past progressive 10-6 Passive modal auxiliaries 10-7 Using past participles as adjectives (stative passive) 10-8 Participial adjectives: -ed vs. -ing 10-9 Get + adjective; get + past participle 10-10 Using be used/accustomed to and get … 10-11 Used to vs. be used to 10-12 Using be supposed to CONTENTS

2. 10-1 ACTIVE SENTENCES AND PASSIVE SENTENCES The chair is being made by the carpenter.

3. 10-1 ACTIVE SENTENCES AND PASSIVE SENTENCES (a) ACTIVE: The carpenter sanded the wood. (b) PASSIVE: The wood was sanded by the carpenter. same meaning

4. by + O 10-1 ACTIVE SENTENCES AND PASSIVE SENTENCES (c) Carol sold the house . (d) The house was sold by Carol . S O ACTIVE: PASSIVE: S object of active subject of passive subject of active object of by

5. 10-2 FORM OF THE PASSIVE Fuel is burned by cars

6. 10-2 FORM OF THE PASSIVE BE + PAST PARTICIPLE (a) Coffee is grown by farmers. (b) The raise was given by the boss. (c) The photo will be printed by Alex.

7. 10-2 FORM OF THE PASSIVE SIMPLE PRESENT Cars burn fuel. Fuel is burned by cars. SIMPLE PAST PRESENT PERFECT FUTURE The raise thrilled Ben. Ben was thrilled by the raise. Al has printed the photo. The photo has been printed by Al. New cars will save fuel. Fuel will be saved by cars.

8. The nuts were gathered by the squirrel. 10-1, 10-2 LET’S PRACTICE ACTIVE PASSIVE The squirrel gathered the nuts.

9. The wall was painted by Matthew. 10-1, 10-2 LET’S PRACTICE ACTIVE PASSIVE Matthew painted the wall.

10. The election results will be determined by the voters. 10-1, 10-2 LET’S PRACTICE ACTIVE PASSIVE The voters will determine the election results.

11. 10-3 TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS Erica sneezed.

12. 10-3 TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS (a) TRANSITIVE (b) INTRANSITIVE Janet earned the promotion . They saw the accident . S V O A problem occurred . They arrived late. S V TRANSITIVE verb + object INTRANSITIVE verb + object

13. 10-3 TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS (c) TRANSITIVE VERBS (d) INTRANSITIVE VERBS (e) INCORRECT: Birds are fly. ACTIVE: Janet earned the promotion. PASSIVE: The promotion was earned by Janet. ACTIVE: Birds fly . PASSIVE: (not possible)

14. 10-3 TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS (c) TRANSITIVE VERBS (d) INTRANSITIVE VERBS ACTIVE: Janet earned the promotion. PASSIVE: The promotion was earned by Janet. transitive verbs passive okay intransitive verbs no passive ACTIVE: Birds fly. PASSIVE: (not possible)

15. 10-3 LET’S PRACTICE transitive intransitive It rained yesterday. ?

16. 10-3 LET’S PRACTICE transitive intransitive Eva won a medal. PASSIVE: _______________________ A medal was won by Eva. ?

17. 10-3 LET’S PRACTICE transitive intransitive Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web. PASSIVE: _______________________ The World Wide Web was invented by Tim Berners-Lee. _______________________ ?

18. 10-4 USING THE BY- PHRASE This painting was done by my mother.

19. 10-4 USING THE BY- PHRASE (a) This desk was made by Manuel . by phrase important information

20. 10-4 USING THE BY- PHRASE (b) This desk was made in Taiwan. (c) Corn is eaten in many places. (d) That apartment was built in 2007. (e) Spanish is spoken in many countries. usually NO by -phrase

21. focus my mother 10-4 USING THE BY- PHRASE ACTIVE (f) My mother is a great artist. She painted many beautiful portraits. PASSIVE (g) This painting was done by my mother. That one was done by her friend. by -phrase focus on subjects

22. 10-4 LET’S PRACTICE ACTIVE PASSIVE Shakespeare wrote Hamlet . Hamlet was written by Shakespeare.

23. 10-4 LET’S PRACTICE ACTIVE PASSIVE Many students use computers. Computers are used by many students.

24. 10-4 LET’S PRACTICE ACTIVE PASSIVE Tina taught me how to knit. I was taught to knit by Tina.

25. 10-5 THE PASSIVE FORMS OF THE PRESENT AND PAST PROGRESSIVE A photo is being taken by Elton.

26. 10-5 THE PASSIVE FORMS OF THE PRESENT AND PAST PROGRESSIVE He is taking photos. (a) Photos are being taken by him. She is writing a book. (b) A book is being written by her. ACTIVE PASSIVE

27. 10-5 THE PASSIVE FORMS OF THE PRESENT AND PAST PROGRESSIVE He is taking photos. (a) Photos are being taken by him. present progressive: passive form am is are + being + past participle She is writing a book. (b) A book is being written by her. ACTIVE PASSIVE

28. 10-5 THE PASSIVE FORMS OF THE PRESENT AND PAST PROGRESSIVE ACTIVE PASSIVE He was taking photos. (c) Photos were being taken by him. past progressive: passive form was were + being + past participle She was writing a book. (d) A book was being written by her.

29. 10-5 LET’S PRACTICE ACTIVE PASSIVE Two great teams are playing hockey. Hockey is being played by two great teams.

30. 10-5 LET’S PRACTICE ACTIVE PASSIVE Someone was building a guest house in Bhutan. A guest house was being built in Bhutan.

31. 10-5 LET’S PRACTICE ACTIVE PASSIVE Alan is studying the memo. The memo is being studied by Alan.

32. 10-6 PASSIVE MODAL AUXILIARIES Lin will e-mail you.

33. 10-6 PASSIVE MODAL AUXILIARIES Lin will send it. It will be sent by Lin. Lin can send it. It can be sent by Lin. Lin must send it. It must be sent by Lin. Lin may send it. It may be sent by Lin. ACTIVE MODAL AUXILIARIES PASSIVE MODAL AUXILIARIES FORM: modal + be + past participle

34. 10-6 LET’S PRACTICE ACTIVE MODALS PASSIVE MODALS Someone must mow the grass today. This grass __________________. must be mowed today

35. 10-6 LET’S PRACTICE You should not feed candy to babies. Babies _____________________. should not be fed candy ACTIVE MODALS PASSIVE MODALS

36. Hurricanes cannot be controlled. 10-6 LET’S PRACTICE __________________________ People cannot control hurricanes. ACTIVE MODALS PASSIVE MODALS

37. 10-7 USING PAST PARTICIPLES AS ADJECTIVES (STATIVE PASSIVE) Lily is pleased with her life.

38. 10-7 USING PAST PARTICIPLES AS ADJECTIVES (STATIVE PASSIVE) (a) Lily is brave . (b) Lily is short . (c) Lily is healthy . BE + ADJECTIVE BE + PAST PARTICIPLE (d) Lily is divorced . (e) Lily is excited . (f) Lily is pleased . like an adjective

39. 10-7 USING PAST PARTICIPLES AS ADJECTIVES (STATIVE PASSIVE) (g) Lily is divorced from Jack . (h) Lily was happy with her career . (i) Lily will be excited for the trip . past particular participle + prepositions + object

40. 10-7 LET’S PRACTICE married Jenny is __________ Grant. married to

41. 10-7 LET’S PRACTICE Alma is __________ her new laptop. happy with happy

42. 10-7 LET’S PRACTICE Abe is 17. He seems ____________ his age. young for young

43. 10-8 PARTICIPIAL ADJECTIVES: -ED VS. -ING Emma makes pottery. I am interested in making pottery.

44. 10-8 PARTICIPIAL ADJECTIVES: -ED VS. -ING (a) I am interested in pottery. INCORRECT: I am interesting in pottery. (b) Pottery is interesting . INCORRECT: P ottery is interested. past participle feelings present participle cause of feeling

45. 10-8 PARTICIPIAL ADJECTIVES: -ED VS. -ING Ben was thrilled with the promotion. (c) Ben was thrilled . (d) The promotion was thrilling . past participle passive meaning present participle cause of feeling

46. 10-8 PARTICIPIAL ADJECTIVES: -ED VS. -ING (e) I heard some disappointing news. (f) Jill read the shortened version of the book. participial adjectives nouns

47. 10-8 LET’S PRACTICE surprised surprising Gail Gwen Gwen’s news must be __________. Gail looks very __________. surprised surprising

48. Most people are truly ________ when they first see it. 10-8 LET’S PRACTICE amazed amazing The Great Wall is ________. amazed amazing

49. 10-8 LET’S PRACTICE terrified terrifying Some bugs are scary. This spider is ________! I wonder if it is ________ of anything? terrifying terrified

50. 10-9 GET + ADJECTIVE; GET + PAST PARTICIPLE People often get thirsty when they exercise.

51. 10-9 GET + ADJECTIVE; GET + PAST PARTICIPLE (a) I am getting thirsty . (b) Fahad got angry at him. GET + ADJECTIVE GET ADJECTIVE change, beginning to be

52. 10-9 GET + ADJECTIVE; GET + PAST PARTICIPLE (c) I ’m getting worried . (d) My friend and his wife got divorced . GET + PAST PARTICIPLE GET PAST PARTICIPLE like an adjective, describes subject

53. 10-9 LET’S PRACTICE He ___________ while he was working. get + sleep got sleepy

54. 10-9 LET’S PRACTICE He _________________ with his work. get + frustrated is getting frustrated

55. 10-9 LET’S PRACTICE It ________ early this year. get + cold got cold

56. 10-10 USING BE USED/ACCUSTOMED TO AND GET USED/ACCUSTOMED TO We are used to driving in traffic.

57. (a) We are used to this city. (b) We are accustomed to this city. 10-10 USING BE USED/ACCUSTOMED TO AND GET USED/ACCUSTOMED TO same meaning

58. 10-10 USING BE USED/ACCUSTOMED TO AND GET USED/ACCUSTOMED TO (c) We are used to living in this city. (d) We are accustomed to living in this city. to + -ing form (gerund)

59. (e) I just moved to Athens, Greece. I have never lived in this city before, but I am getting used to ( accustomed to ) it. 10-10 USING BE USED/ACCUSTOMED TO AND GET USED/ACCUSTOMED TO beginning to feel normal

60. 10-10 LET’S PRACTICE be used to ( affirmative or negative ) I always go to the beach. I __________ the sand and sea. am used to

61. 10-10 LET’S PRACTICE I’m confused. I _____________ this new computer. am not used to be used to ( affirmative or negative )

62. 10-10 LET’S PRACTICE Maybe I’ll call Eva. She _____________ this type of computer. is used to be used to ( affirmative or negative )

63. 10-11 USED TO vs. BE USED TO He used to eat meat, but now he is a vegetarian.

64. 10-11 USED TO vs. BE USED TO (a) He used to eat meat, but now he is a vegetarian. INCORRECT: He used to be eating meat. INCORRECT: He is used to eat meat. habitual past used to + simple form of verb

65. 10-11 USED TO vs. BE USED TO (b) He is used to eating meat. be used to + - ing form of verb (gerund)

66. 10-11 LET’S PRACTICE be Ø When I was young, I often went skiing. I ____ used to skiing back then. was

67. 10-11 LET’S PRACTICE I _____ used to like skiing, but now I prefer snowboarding. Ø be Ø

68. 10-11 LET’S PRACTICE Now, I ____ used to snowboarding. am be Ø

69. 10-12 USING BE SUPPOSED TO You were supposed to clean out the garage this morning.

70. 10-12 USING BE SUPPOSED TO (a) The flight is supposed to leave in 10 minutes. I expect the flight to leave in 10 minutes.

71. 10-12 USING BE SUPPOSED TO (a) The flight is supposed to leave in 10 minutes. (b) I am supposed to write to Jim. an expectation

72. 10-12 USING BE SUPPOSED TO (c) The flight was supposed to leave at 4:30. expected event didn’t occur

73. 10-12 LET’S PRACTICE be supposed to I expect to get email today . I ______________ get email today. am supposed to

74. 10-12 LET’S PRACTICE They were expected to arrive on May 4, but they came on May 6. They _______________ arrive on May 6. were supposed to be supposed to

75. 10-12 LET’S PRACTICE be supposed to I expected you to call me at noon! You ______ ___________ call me at noon! were supposed to