Appropriiate Technology for Wastewater Treatment In Punjab India

Earthizenz ecofriendly systems
Appropriate TechnologiesAppropriate Technologies
for Rural Sanitation:for Rural Sanitation:
Recovery Recycle & ReuseRecovery Recycle & Reuse
of GHGs, Water & Nutrientsof GHGs, Water & Nutrients
M.P. SinghM.P. Singh
B. Tech.(Civil); M.I.E. (Mech.)B. Tech.(Civil); M.I.E. (Mech.)
Earthizenz Ecofriendly SystemsEarthizenz Ecofriendly Systems
email: mpsingh@earthizenz.orgemail: mpsingh@earthizenz.org
Made and presented on behalf of Village Life Improvement
Foundation

Need for this WorkshopNeed for this Workshop
 Last Year questions were raised on the Simplified Sewerage
Technology being used by the NRI NGOs.
 A presentation was given in a similar workshop
 The General opinion of the panel present was that choicechoice
between settled or simplified sewerage depended on groundbetween settled or simplified sewerage depended on ground
realities of individual villagesrealities of individual villages
 A team of departmental Engineers visited the villages with
Simplified Sewerage was operational.
 There was hardly any comment on Simplified Sewerage,
meaning that the carriage o sewage was satisfactory.
 There were comments on the quality of effluent, which had
nothing to do with Sewerage systems.
 Moreover, the panel asked about the treatment system.
 A decision treedecision tree was presented to Zero downZero down on
Appropriate Technology

Is Simp. Sew. Cheaper than
Onsite Sanitation?
YES
Is minm. 40LPD per Cap
water available?
YES
Do most houses have Safe
Septic tanks?
NO
SimplifiedSimplified
SewerageSewerage
Can balance houses have
septic tanks? Keeping safe
distances from specified
Structures?
YES
YES
Settled (SmallSettled (Small
Bore) SewerageBore) Sewerage
NO
NO
Is Water Supply
Augmentation Feasable?YES NO
Go ForGo For
onsite San.onsite San.
Decision Tree Sewerage SystemDecision Tree Sewerage System

Our Dream Treatment of RuralOur Dream Treatment of Rural
WasteWaste
Energy Neutral SystemEnergy Neutral System
No Random Methane EmissionNo Random Methane Emission
Carbon Neutral SystemCarbon Neutral System
Maximum wastewaterMaximum wastewater
Reuse/RechargeReuse/Recharge
Rainwater Filtration &Rainwater Filtration &
HARVESTHARVEST
Recovery of Energy viaRecovery of Energy via
Biomethanation of Solids and LiquidsBiomethanation of Solids and Liquids
Fertilizer & Energy from SludgeFertilizer & Energy from Sludge
SelfSelf
SustaininSustainin
g Processg Process
No Nitrous Oxide EmissionNo Nitrous Oxide Emission

fertilizer production
from finite resources
foodfood
Mixing of flow streams,Mixing of flow streams,
misuse of drinkingmisuse of drinking
water for transportwater for transport
90%90% untreateduntreated
waste disposal inwaste disposal in
water bodieswater bodies
sewagesewage
sludgesludge
Overexploitation ofOverexploitation of
groundwatergroundwater
Current ScenarioCurrent Scenario
Courtesy gtz
GHGGHG
EmissionsEmissions
NN
22
OO
CC
HH
44CC
OO
22

Dream ScenarioDream Scenario
Restoring Soil
Fertility
Treatment / Hygienization /
Energy Recovery
Water ReuseWater Reuse
NO Waste Disposal in
Water Bodies
Rainwater HarvestingRainwater Harvesting
food
OrganicOrganic WasteWaste
FaecesFaeces
UrineUrine
GreywaterGreywater
Energy and Fertilizer
Recovery through
Biomethanation
Agricultural
Use
Courtesy gtz
GHGGHG
EmissionsEmissions
NN
22
OO
CC
HH
44CC
OO
22
Em
ission
R
eduction

The System Hitherto @ VLIFThe System Hitherto @ VLIF

Secondary
Treatment/
Disposal
Primary/
Secondary
Treatment
Primary
Treatment
The System Hitherto @ VLIFThe System Hitherto @ VLIF
1) Septic Tank HRT = 72 Hrs
2) Recirculating Filter ensures minimum
clogging chances.
3) Being Centralized, the septic tank is
preceded by a collecting chamber and
a pump house for dosing Raw Sewage
4) Both Septic Tank And Filter are power
dependent
5) Quality of treatment dependant on
Power continuity
RecirculatingRecirculating
Sand FilterSand Filter
Maturation/Maturation/
Storage PondStorage Pond
CentrlizedCentrlized
Septic TankSeptic Tank

The System Hitherto @ GoPThe System Hitherto @ GoP
1)1) The advantage of cost saving inThe advantage of cost saving in
sewerage is lost by having a settlersewerage is lost by having a settler
in every house.in every house.
2)2) Cannot maintain mandatoryCannot maintain mandatory
distances in congested placesdistances in congested places
3)3) Lift Station requires Energy forLift Station requires Energy for
pumpingpumping
4)4) Aeration Tanks are EnergyAeration Tanks are Energy
dependant.dependant.
PrimaryPrimary
Intercepter/ settlerIntercepter/ settler
at Householdat Household
LevelLevel
Lift StationLift Station
SecondarySecondary
TreatmentTreatment
Aeration Tanks and then to polishingAeration Tanks and then to polishing
pondpond

1. Waste water from building
2. Sedimentation chamber
3. Pressure pipe sludge
4. Liquid pipe siphon action
5. Settlement chamber
6. Liquid to filtration
7. Infiltration system
8. Composting plant
9. Irrigation/secondary treatment
Post Kyoto Changes in EI Nolson’s (Inventor of
System) Concept of Small Bore System
Not to have aNot to have a
septic tank inseptic tank in
every house butevery house but
one for a clusterone for a cluster
of several housesof several houses
Use the smallUse the small
bore seweragebore sewerage
system aftersystem after
settlementsettlement
A truly HybridA truly Hybrid
SystemSystem

Current System (UnderCurrent System (Under
Discussion) @ VLIFDiscussion) @ VLIF

DecentralisedDecentralised
WastewaterWastewater
ManagementManagement
DecentralisedDecentralised
WastewaterWastewater
ManagementManagement

The Systems Now in Use @ VLIFThe Systems Now in Use @ VLIF
 Decentralised Wastewater Treatment Systems (DEWATS)
 DEWATS is based on different natural treatment techniques
 put together in different combinations according to need.
 In this method the reed bed/Root Zone system acts as a secondary
treatment unit,
 Vetiver grass forms part of the Collage of plants
 This is preceded by a baffled reactor where most of the treatment
takes place.
 The treated water from the reed bed system is stored in a polishing
pond for the aerobic process. Vetiver Floats naturally aerate the
pond

Decentrlised Hybrid SystemDecentrlised Hybrid System
DEWATS is based on four basic treatment modules,
which are combined according to specific requirements
 Pre-treatment and sedimentation in settlement tank or in
septic tank
 Secondary anaerobic treatment in baffled reactors
 Aerobic/ anaerobic treatment in reed bed system.
 Aerobic treatment in ponds

Primary TreatmentPrimary Treatment
• A unit called a settling tank is used for this phase. It isA unit called a settling tank is used for this phase. It is
aa
• sedimentation tank in which settled sludge is stabilisedsedimentation tank in which settled sludge is stabilised
by anaerobic digestion.by anaerobic digestion.
• Dissolved and suspended matter leaves the tankDissolved and suspended matter leaves the tank
untreated.untreated.
• The treatment efficiency of a septic tank is in theThe treatment efficiency of a septic tank is in the
range of 30 per cent BOD removal.range of 30 per cent BOD removal.
• A settling tank can also be incorporated into anA settling tank can also be incorporated into an
anaerobic baffled tank as the first section of a settleranaerobic baffled tank as the first section of a settler
device.device.

Secondary TreatmentSecondary Treatment
 Baffled reactor is used for this phase.
 Several tanks (upflow chambers) are built in
a series to digest degradable Matter.
 Baffles guide WW between the chambers
from top to bottom and up againfrom top to bottom and up again.
 During the process the fresh influent is
mixed and inoculated for digestion with the
active blanketactive blanket deposit of suspended
particles and microorganismsmicroorganisms
occurring naturally at the bottom of each
chamber in such conditions.
 Because of the physical separation of
Chambers, various microorganisms are
present at different stages, allowing high
treatment efficiency

Secondary TreatmentSecondary Treatment
• At the end of the treatment device a chamber can be set aside as an
anaerobic filter in order to improve further the treatment efficiency.
• A filter media allowing contact with the sewage stream is used, which is very
efficient in retaining and digesting the remaining pollutants.
• The problem of encountering clogging is minimised due to the digestion and
treatment in the baffled reactor.
• The primary and secondary treatment systems are constructed below
ground level and are built together as a single and compact setup.
• Nearly 90 per cent of the original pollution load is removed at this stage.
Anaerobic filter

Anaeroobic
Filter
Planted
Filter
Primary/ Secondary
treatment
The Systems Now in Use @ VLIFThe Systems Now in Use @ VLIF
Anaerobic FilterAnaerobic Filter
(Attachable to(Attachable to
BR.BR.
AnaerobicAnaerobic
Baffled ReactorBaffled Reactor
Horizontal PlantedHorizontal Planted
Filter/ Root Zone/Filter/ Root Zone/
WetlandWetland

Combined into One UnitCombined into One Unit
The Settling tank,The Settling tank,
Baffled upflow reactorBaffled upflow reactor
and Anaerobic Filter canand Anaerobic Filter can
be plugged together,be plugged together,
The whole system isThe whole system is
underground and has aunderground and has a
total Hydraulic Residencetotal Hydraulic Residence
time of 8 t0 14 hrs. like thetime of 8 t0 14 hrs. like the
UASB reactorUASB reactor

The whole System canThe whole System can
fit in any place and isfit in any place and is
always undergroundalways underground
Small surfaces become available forSmall surfaces become available for
treatment (sidewalks, private yards,treatment (sidewalks, private yards,
parking lots, alleys, parks, etc.)parking lots, alleys, parks, etc.)
In
a Street
In
a Street

The right combination and dimension of ModulesThe right combination and dimension of Modules
is important.is important.

Tertiary TreatmentTertiary Treatment
• A horizontal planted gravel filter acts through the combined
effect of the filter material and plants growing on the filter
media.
• Usage of sand as the main filter materials was replaced by
pebbles and granite stones.
• The wastewater is resupplied with oxygen while passing
through the planted gravel filter.
• The effluent is odour free. Since baffled reactor is being used
to provide secondary treatment the size of the planted filter is
reduced.
• This leads to a cost reduction, less needed space above
ground
• The use of Vetiver grass alongwith other plants further
increases the efficiency and hence the size.
• Moreover, the issue of N2O emission is effectively taken care
of.

Planted Gravel Filter

Vetiver and
Decentralized Treatment System

Tertiary
treatment

Figure 11: Anaerobic treatment and final polishing in constructed wetland producing
tertiary quality effluent. (Journey, W. K. and S. McNiven. 1996.)

Vetiver in Planted Filter

Vetiver In Tertiary TreatmentVetiver In Tertiary Treatment

Vetiver In Treatment in PondsVetiver In Treatment in Ponds

Case HistoriesCase Histories

Locations for
Final
treatment next
to existing
ponds
Location for
Storage of Filtered
Rainwater Runoff,
to form a lake

Original Site for
centralized treatment
with pump house etc
Nullah
Water Course
Four Decentralized sites
chosen for Primary
Treatment, 2 along
Nullah & 2 along water
course

Baffled Reactor 1,
along Nullah
Baffled Reactor
2, along Nullah
Baffled
Reactor 3
Baffled
Reactor 4
Natural Wetland
to be modified
with Vetiver for
sec.& Ter
trtmnt.
Vetiver plantation for
final Nutrient uptake,
in water course
Narur Contd.

Effluent isEffluent is
currentlycurrently
discharging heredischarging here
into the Beininto the Bein
It is proposed toIt is proposed to
pump the rawpump the raw
Sewage across theSewage across the
Bein for treatmentBein for treatment
herehere

Section ofSection of
the Beinthe Bein
Treatment alongTreatment along
the acquired areathe acquired area
long the Beinlong the Bein

The BeinThe Bein
PedestrianPedestrian
PathwayPathway
Green CoverGreen Cover
(Vetiver and(Vetiver and
other plants)other plants)
Fruit treesFruit trees
and soiland soil
protectingprotecting
HedgerowsHedgerows
Total treatment can be along theTotal treatment can be along the
length of the Bein.length of the Bein.
The baffled Reactor can beThe baffled Reactor can be
under the pathwayunder the pathway
The Wetland can be in the greenThe Wetland can be in the green
beltbelt
The water can be absorbed byThe water can be absorbed by
the green belt and rows of vetiver.the green belt and rows of vetiver.

Original Location ofOriginal Location of
Baffled Reactors andBaffled Reactors and
collection cum treatmentcollection cum treatment
pondpondThe water table was too
high.
The depth of the Baffled
Reactor had to be reduced.
 A waterproof liner was
installed.
Treatment with a special
enzyme that will produce
bacteria to reduce Sludge.
Enzyme will also produce
Oxygen producing bacteria
in the pond.
New position ofNew position of
9 chamber9 chamber
reactorreactor
Water bodyWater body
with enzymewith enzyme
treatment andtreatment and
Vetiver floatsVetiver floats

Decentralized WastewaterDecentralized Wastewater
System in the Author’s HouseSystem in the Author’s House

Four Chamber Baffled Reactor in my
House

Planted Filter

Water collected in anWater collected in an
underground waterunderground water
tank and pumped uptank and pumped up
in an overhead tankin an overhead tank
as per need.as per need.

Appropriiate Technology for Wastewater Treatment In Punjab India

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