This presentation was altered when it was uploaded to slideshare, apologies for the misplaced "n" in "introduction" on the outline at the top of the slides. This presentation I created during a semester at Lewis & Clark College (Fall 2011) for a course called "Marine Biology". I created all the images for this presentation using powerpoint.

1. Emma Alterman
LinneaWier

2. Clownfish immune
to stinging cells
Anemones provide
protection

3. Introductio
Hypothesis/Question Methodology Expected Outcomes Conclusion
n
Breeding Pair
Maximum of 6 clownfish per anemone
Size hierarchy observed: No fish is more than 80% the size of the one above it

4. Introductio
Hypothesis/Question Methodology Expected Outcomes Conclusion
n
Breeding Pair
Too large!
Evicted
Why?
Prevent juveniles from
challenging breeding
pair

5. Introductio
Hypothesis/Question Methodology Expected Outcomes Conclusion
n
Breeding Pair

6. Introductio
Hypothesis/Question Methodology Expected Outcomes Conclusion
n
Breeding Pair

7. Introductio
Hypothesis/Question Methodology Expected Outcomes Conclusion
n
Breeding Pair
Move up a size class

8. Introductio
Hypothesis/Question Methodology Expected Outcomes Conclusion
n
Breeding Pair
Move up a size class

9. Introductio
Hypothesis/Question Methodology Expected Outcomes Conclusion
n
New Breeding Pair
juvenile
enters

10. Introductio
Hypothesis/Question Methodology Expected Outcomes Conclusion
n
New Breeding Pair
juvenile
enters

11. Introductio
Hypothesis/Question Methodology Expected Outcomes Conclusion
n
14 months
/time
Breeding Pair

12. Introductio
Hypothesis/Question Methodology Expected Outcomes Conclusion
n
Size of female not universal
Anemone 1
Anemone 2

13. Introductio
Hypothesis/Question Methodology Expected Outcomes Conclusion
n
Q1: Absolute Size vs. Relative Size?
Q2: Minimum size for sex change?

14. Introductio
Hypothesis/Question Methodology Expected Outcomes Conclusion
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Hypothesis: Clownfish can begin the sex change
process at any size, given the
opportunity.

15. Introductio
Hypothesis/Question Methodology Expected Outcomes Conclusion
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Aquariums - Different size groups
1 2 3

16. Introductio
Hypothesis/Question Methodology Expected Outcomes Conclusion
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Aquariums - Different size groups
1 2 3

17. Introductio
Hypothesis/Question Methodology Expected Outcomes Conclusion
n
Aquariums - Different size groups
1 2 3

18. Introductio
Hypothesis/Question Methodology Expected Outcomes Conclusion
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Realistic environment
1 2 3
• Predators • Equal amounts of food
• Anemones

19. Introductio
Hypothesis/Question Methodology Expected Outcomes Conclusion
n
Will sex change occur immediately or will growth happen first?
1 2 3
Size independent:
See it turning into a
female in time with the Probably sex change with Sex change with current size
larger groups current size
Or
Size dependent:
Growth first. Delayed
sex change

20. Introductio
Hypothesis/Question Methodology Expected Outcomes Conclusion
n
Recap:
•Clownfish have a strict size class and sex hierarchy
• Is sex change based more on absolute size or
relative size? What size?
•Clownfish can begin the sex change process at any
size, given the opportunity
Take home message: Fish sex change is complicated - there is
much we still do not know

21. Introductio
Hypothesis/Question Methodology Expected Outcomes Conclusion
n
References
Abol-Munafi, A.B., N.H. Norazmi-Lokman, N.A. Asma, S. Sarmiza, and M.Y. Abduh. 2011. Histological study on the
gonad of the protandrousanemonefish (Amphiprionocellaris). Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 10(22):
3031-3036.
Buston, Peter. 2004. Does the presence of non-breeders enhance the fitness of breeders? An experimental analysis
in the clown anemonefishAmphiprionpercula. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 57(1): 23-31.
Buston, Peter M., and M. A. Cant. 2006. A new perspective on size hierarchies in nature: Patterns, causes, and
consequences. Oecologia, 149(2): 362-372.
Carwardine, M. 2005. Extreme Nature – The weirdest animals and plants on the planet. HarperCollins Publishers,
Hammersmith, London.
Casadevall, Margarida, E. Delgado, O. Colleye, S. BerMonserrat, and E. Parmentier. 2009. Histological study of the
sex-change in the skunk clownfish Amphiprionakallopisos. The Open Fish Science Journal, 2: 55-58.
Moyer, Jack T, and A. Nakazono. 1978. Protandroushermaphroditism in six species of the anemonefish genus
Amphiprion in Japan. Japanese Journal of Ichthyology, 25(2): 101-106.
Rattanayuvakorn, Sukjai, P. Mungkornkarn, A. Thongpan, and K. Chatchavalvanich. 2006. Gonadal development
and sex inversion in saddleback anemonefishAmphiprionpolymnusLinnaeus (1758). Natural Science, 40: 196-203.
Ross, Robert M. 1978. Reproductive behavior of the anemonefishAmphiprionmelanopus on Guam. Copeia,
1978(1): 103-107.
Shapiro, Douglas Y. 1987. Differentiation and evolution of sex change in fishes. BioScience, 37(7): 490-497.
Acknowledgements: Thank you to all anemonefish researchers. Thank you for your attention!

22. Questions?

23. • http://www.google.com/imgres?q=green+sea+anemone&um=1&hl=en&client=safari&sa=X&rls=en&biw=812&bih=664&tbs=isz:l&tbm=isch&tbnid=9TF-
fhA089lpoM:&imgrefurl=http://www.pulsarwallpapers.com/r_life_in_ocean_%2526_sea_wallpapers_1_clown_fish_in_green_anemone_polyps_ocean_life_1280x1024_deluxe_wallpaper_754.html&docid=SEhbD5
6ixBZI8M&imgurl=http://www.pulsarwallpapers.com/data/media/1/Clown-Fish_in_Green_Anemone_Polyps.jpg&w=1280&h=1024&ei=JT7MTvznI-KiiQKD4-
HjCw&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=528&vpy=201&dur=353&hovh=179&hovw=231&tx=147&ty=108&sig=100280290295033989059&page=9&tbnh=135&tbnw=192&start=95&ndsp=12&ved=1t:429,r:7,s:95
• http://www.google.com/imgres?q=clownfish&start=265&um=1&hl=en&client=safari&sa=N&rls=en&biw=812&bih=686&tbm=isch&tbnid=BQIkImpVoB3qaM:&imgrefurl=http://www.orafarm.com/products/fish/cl
owns/ocellaris.html&docid=aXWAU3pTpjg0TM&imgurl=http://www.orafarm.com/images/products/fish/clowns/ocellaris_lg.jpg&w=650&h=460&ei=lEHMTqTwD6iciQK0vIm8Cw&zoom=1&chk=sbg&iact=hc&vpx=9
5&vpy=278&dur=2660&hovh=189&hovw=267&tx=171&ty=124&sig=100280290295033989059&page=29&tbnh=134&tbnw=176&ndsp=10&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:265
• http://www.google.com/imgres?q=clownfish+in+open+ocean&um=1&hl=en&client=safari&sa=N&rls=en&biw=812&bih=686&tbm=isch&tbnid=hw0YV_TDXCI2uM:&imgrefurl=http://tomclarkblog.blogspot.com/20
11/06/very-lost-fish.html&docid=Na1WJde1qr4fgM&imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Clown_Fish_Swimming.jpg&w=2005&h=1333&ei=-
0_MTralM42GiQLjgMWLDA&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=374&sig=100280290295033989059&page=3&tbnh=112&tbnw=168&start=22&ndsp=11&ved=1t:429,r:9,s:22&tx=75&ty=65
• http://timurban.blogspot.com/2010/12/animals-volume-2.html
• http://www.google.com/imgres?q=sea+anemone&um=1&hl=en&client=safari&sa=N&rls=en&biw=812&bih=664&tbm=isch&tbnid=V6j9G8V4uxzV1M:&imgrefurl=http://www.dormivigilia.com/%3Fp%3D1936&doc
id=4_V50Q-NB-qTQM&imgurl=http://www.dormivigilia.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/Sea-
Anemone.jpg&w=640&h=480&ei=EFjMTv_2IajmiALarIjlCw&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=117&vpy=343&dur=736&hovh=194&hovw=259&tx=63&ty=97&sig=100280290295033989059&page=2&tbnh=134&tbnw=213&sta
rt=10&ndsp=10&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:10
• http://www.google.com/imgres?q=blue+sea+anemone&um=1&hl=en&client=safari&rls=en&biw=812&bih=664&tbm=isch&tbnid=2rh2WpivVLhh9M:&imgrefurl=http://www.zazzle.com/sea_life_sea_anemone_ca
rd-137708047441381761&docid=CXyVaxaEPO-3fM&imgurl=http://rlv.zcache.com/sea_life_sea_anemone_card-p137708047441381761z857a_400.jpg&w=400&h=400&ei=81jMTvfDHKXiiAL-
uNjMCw&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=1025&sig=100280290295033989059&page=3&tbnh=131&tbnw=131&start=22&ndsp=11&ved=1t:429,r:7,s:22&tx=80&ty=38
• http://www.ojdo.de/wp/wp-content/gallery/wallpaper/clownfish.jpg
• http://www.google.com/imgres?q=moray+eel+white+background&um=1&hl=en&client=safari&sa=X&rls=en&biw=1028&bih=642&tbs=isz:l&tbm=isch&tbnid=B_xNtqJWssFb3M:&imgrefurl=http://www.123rf.com
/photo_5532205_head-of-moray-eel-on-white-background.html&docid=UdviBlo0-u4SBM&imgurl=http://us.123rf.com/400wm/400/400/nataliyatarat/nataliyatarat0909/nataliyatarat090900088/5532205-head-of-
moray-eel-on-white-
background.jpg&w=1200&h=900&ei=sr7VTvTrMoOliQLF99WgCg&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=90&vpy=176&dur=1710&hovh=194&hovw=259&tx=151&ty=98&sig=100280290295033989059&page=1&tbnh=119&tbnw=
159&start=0&ndsp=16&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:0
• http://www.google.com/imgres?q=clownfish&start=257&um=1&hl=en&client=safari&sa=X&rls=en&biw=1028&bih=642&tbs=isz:l&tbm=isch&tbnid=3BQ86cni_FnURM:&imgrefurl=http://www.fijiguide.com/photo
/pink-clownfish-in-hiding&docid=p2TGkA62EGt-KM&imgurl=http://api.ning.com/files/55AdWwJUaG2GGNYulJjtAYu*QMCvJW-LjeXWcw1oQ-
s_/P6120290.jpg&w=3648&h=2736&ei=Wa3WTty2CqfhiALT56HHCQ&zoom=1&chk=sbg&iact=hc&vpx=583&vpy=307&dur=2370&hovh=194&hovw=259&tx=96&ty=92&sig=100280290295033989059&page=18&tbn
h=111&tbnw=152&ndsp=16&ved=1t:429,r:14,s:257
• http://www.google.com/imgres?q=clownfish&um=1&hl=en&client=safari&sa=X&rls=en&biw=1028&bih=642&tbs=isz:l&tbm=isch&tbnid=La7joWypxtNldM:&imgrefurl=http://www.wallpaper4me.com/wallpaper/
Clown-Fish-In-An-Anemone/&docid=u5uQYS425aPhbM&imgurl=http://www.wallpaper4me.com/images/wallpapers/511454380_c03c755098_o-
268864.jpeg&w=1280&h=1024&ei=Kq3WTtQOsv2JApvFzIwK&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=281&vpy=241&dur=1421&hovh=201&hovw=251&tx=132&ty=101&sig=100280290295033989059&page=2&tbnh=123&tbnw=18
0&start=15&ndsp=15&ved=1t:429,r:6,s:15
• http://www.google.com/imgres?q=funny+clown+fish&um=1&hl=en&client=safari&sa=N&rls=en&biw=1028&bih=642&tbm=isch&tbnid=7MQ6riWyFSzn9M:&imgrefurl=http://www.2flashgames.com/f/f-Funny-
Clown-Fish-Joke-9423.htm&docid=ojZvLaTTIHJIuM&imgurl=http://www.2flashgames.com/2fgkjn134kjlh1cfn81vc34/flash/f-Funny-Clown-Fish-Joke-
9423.jpg&w=465&h=311&ei=ca_WTpCQMeqUiALBiMC7CQ&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=83&vpy=160&dur=48&hovh=184&hovw=275&tx=102&ty=93&sig=100280290295033989059&page=1&tbnh=108&tbnw=161&sta
rt=0&ndsp=17&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:0

24. Introductio
Hypothesis/Question Methodology Expected Outcomes Conclusion
n
Must grow to a minimum size before sex change because…
•Young fish have both male and female gonads
• The female gonads need time to develop
• Time needed for testicular degeneration
• In this time fish will grow