2. Christopher Columbus
• Christopher
Columbus
(Cristóbal Colón in
Spanish, Cristoforo
Colombo in Italian)
was born in 1451 in
Genoa, Italy; he
died in 1506 in
Valladolid, Spain.
3.
4. royal sponsorship was a necessity
• Portugal?
• France?
• England?
• But before we take Columbus to
discover people in America, how did
those people get there?
11. • Kensington Rune Stone, much-disputed stone
found (1898) on a farm near Kensington, Minn.,
SW of Alexandria. Inscribed on the stone in
runes is an account of a party of Norse
explorers, 14 days' journey from the sea, who
camped nearby in 1362 and lost 10 of their men,
presumably to Native Americans. Archaeological
and philological disputes have been waged over
the authenticity of the stone. Most scholars
argue that the stone is a hoax, i.e., that it is of
more recent origin than the 14th cent., though
some accept it with the corroborative
archaeological evidence. See Vinland. Bibliography
• See E. Wahlgren, The Kensington Rune Stone: A Mystery Solved (1958); H. R. Holand, Norse Discoveries and Explorations in America,
982-1362 (1940, repr. 1969); T. C. Blegen, The Kensington Rune Stone (1968).
•
•
Read more: http://www.answers.com/topic/kensington-rune-stone#ixzz1jp6qcIij
15. Arctic/
Subarctic
People
• Inuit living in the arctic region
are the direct descendants of
a prehistoric hunting society
that spread across Canada
from Alaska and centered on
capturing massive bowhead
whales. This culture, called
Thule by archaeologists,
quickly adapted to the harsh
conditions found in the
arctic. Not only were whales,
seals, fish and caribou
abundant, but also large
forests were found in coastal
areas. Wood was a rare
resource in remote arctic
areas and needed for
making tools, boat frames
and numerous other articles,
as well as used as fuel for
cooking.
16. These Clovis points are among
the oldest tools discovered in
North America, and have often
been found with the remains of
ice age animals. The Clovis
people attached these points to
lances or spears and probably
hunted animals in groups. The
points, and other similar tools,
were made of flint gathered
from sources hundreds of
miles away from the sites
where they were found,
indicating that their makers
traveled long distances while
following herds of game.
Courtesy of the
National Museum of Natural History
Clovis Points
17. Solutrians/Japanese/S. Am
• Mastedon dated to 22000 BC contains a
spear, now at the Smithsonian, that is
identical to those used in Euorope.
• Pottery that is identical to early Japanese
pottery 4500 years ago, 8000 miles away.
• DNA testing links S.A. tribes to Asians
with rare, unique
18. Northwest • The Northwest Coast area
extended along the Pacific
coast from S Alaska to N
California.
• Thickly wooded, with a
temperate climate and
heavy rainfall, the area
had long supported a
large Native American
population. Food sources
are salmon,
supplemented by sea
mammals (seals and sea
lions) and land
mammals (deer, elk,
and bears) as well as
berries and other wild
fruit. They used wood to
build their houses and
had cedar-planked
canoes and carved
dugouts.
19. • In their permanent winter villages
some of the groups had totem poles
which were elaborately carved and
covered with symbolic animal
decoration. They also made
ceremonial items, such as rattles
and masks; weaving; and basketry.
Their society included chiefs,
nobles, commoners, and slaves.
They had woven robes, furs, and
basket hats as well as wooden
armor and helmets for battle.
Potlatches were social occasions
given by a host to establish or
uphold his status position in society.
Often they were held to mark a
significant event in his family, such
as the birth of a child, a daughter's
coming of age, or a son's marriage.
22. Plateau
tribes
• Their acorn bread, made by
pounding acorns into meal
and then leaching it with hot
water, was distinctive, and
they cooked in baskets filled
with water and heated by hot
stones.
• Later, they underwent a
great cultural change when
they obtained from the Plains
Indians the horse, the tepee,
a form of the sun dance, and
deerskin clothes.
23. An Agricultural
Revolution
changed life
from hunting to
agriculture.
The Anasazi and
the Hopi grew
corn, beans,
and squash.
The Hopi also
planted cotton
and tamed wild
turkeys.
24. Navajo and Apache
• The Apache and the
Navajo came from the
Far North to settle the
Plains and Southwest
around A.D. 850.
The Navajo copied
corn- and bean-growing
practices from the
Anasazi and raised
sheep while some kept
the nomadic lifestyle of
their ancestors and the
Apache and pursued
the buffalo and other
animals.
25. The Great
Plains
• This culture group of
Indians is well-known for
the importance of the
buffalo, their religious
ceremonies, and the use of
the tepee. Four important
tribes in this culture include
the Dakota, Cheyenne,
Sioux, and Comanche.
The buffalo was the most
important natural resource
of the Plains Indians. The
Plains Indians were
hunters. They hunted many
kinds of animals, but it was
the buffalo which provided
them with all of their basic
needs: food, clothing, and
shelter. Maslow?
26. • The horse, first
introduced by the
Spanish of the
Southwest, appeared in
the Plains about the
beginning of the 18th
cent. and
revolutionized the life of
the Plains Indians.
Many Native
Americans left their
villages and joined the
nomads. Mounted and
armed with bow and
arrow, they ranged the
grasslands hunting
buffalo.
27. Eastern
Woodlands
• Their food, shelter, clothing,
weapons, and tools came
from the forests around
them. They lived in villages
near a lake or stream.
• The Iroquois, Cherokee, and
Mound Builders were
important Woodland tribes.
• The Iroquois Indians were
actually a "nation" of Indians
made up of 5 tribes: the
Senecas, Onondagas,
Oneidas, and Mohawks and
Cayugas.
• These tribes were hostile, or
war-like, to each other until
they joined together to
become the "League of the
Five Nations." “The enemy
of my enemy is my friend.”
• See map page 9
29. • Leaders of each Iroquois
Nation also came together to
discuss matters that were
important to all of them, such
as peace, trade, or war.
• These council leaders ( always
men, but chosen by the
women) were called
sachems. The Iroquois had a
total of 50 sachems. All
sachems had to agree on a
solution before any decision
was made.
32. Aztec Culture
Aztec ritual involved
worship of may gods,
including feline or cat
deities. Human sacrifice
was often practiced to
appease the sun god.
40. Things to know
• Bering Strait/Beringia/Nomads
• League of Iroquois-Mohawk, Oneidas,
Onondagas, Cayugas & Senecas
• Mound builders/Cahokia/ and Mississippi
• Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw
and Seminoles descended from
Mississippian
• Norsemen/Vikings
41. Things To Know
• The Mayas, who lived just north of the Isthmus of
Panama, developed a sophisticated approach to
mathematics and astronomy and a calendar more
accurate than that of Europe.
• The Toltecs, who lived in the center of present-day
Mexico, had conquered most of Central America by the
tenth century.
• The Aztecs, who frequently made ritual human
sacrifices, founded Tenochtitlán in 1325, now known as
Mexico City.
• The Incas, or Quechua people, who inhabited the
Andes Mountains, developed elaborate road systems
and a strong central government.
