1. Dr. Shamanthakamani Narendran M.D. (Pead), Ph.D. (Yoga Science) R E S E A R C H M E T H O D S

2. D E F I N I T I O N S O F R E S E A R C H

11. H O W T O D O R E S E A R C H

17. M E A S U R I N G T H I N G S D A T A C O L L E C T I O N

22. CLOSED QUESTIONS Answers are (to be) in a specified format. -- Dichotomous  two options YES/NO Main disadvantage – does not allow ‘shades of grey’ Eg. Has your ailment been treated (/managed) with yoga therapy? VERSUS Do you feel there is an improvement in your condition following yoga? Here wording of the questionnaire allows ‘ shades of grey ’

25. GRID / MATRIX More than one cell may have to be filled in, as relevant. Eg. Which of the following do you practice? MEDITATION KRIYAS PRANAYAMA ASANAS How many min(s)/day Tick if you practice

27. OPEN QUESTIONS “Describe how you feel _________” Open questions are descriptive (a qualitative method of research) Organizational questions These questions Build on a response FUNNEL Direct the response FILTER

39. A N A L Y Z I N G D A T A

44. VARIANTS The IV may also have >2 levels = Short / Medium / Long There may be >1 IV 2 There may be two treatments for mobility in children (Treatment A) (Treatment B) This gives a 2 x 2 design Adult Children Trt B Trt A group

49. The bell shaped curve – normal distribution Z value = no. of standard deviations 95.5 99.7% 68.3 +3 +2 +1 -1 -2 -3

51. Back to inferential stats taking into account factors. IN SUMMARY These points form the basis – choose inferential stats RESEARCH DESIGN TYPE OF DATA No. of conditions No. of IV Subject allocation Levels Nominal Ordinal Distribution of data Homogenous Non-homogenous Interval Ratio Diff subj Same subj Matched subjects

54. FLOW CHART LOOKING FOR DIFFERENCES SAME, MATCHED, DIFFERENT? Same / matched Different How many conditions? 2 3 or more Variance ? homogeneity Variance ? homogeneity Equal Not Not Equal Parametric related T test Non-parametric Wilcoxon test Fried man test One way ANOVA Schutte test

55. DIFFERENT SUBJECTS HOW MANY GROUPS 2 3 or more Variance ? homogeneity Variance ? homogeneity Equal Not Not Equal Parametric Unrelated T test Unparametric Chi-Square Mann-Whitney test Kruskal-Wallis test One way Unrelated ANOVA

56. Flow chart looking for correlations HOW MANY GROUPS 2 3 or more Variance ? homogeneity Variance ? homogeneity Equal Not Not Equal Person test Spearman test Kendall’s coefft of concordance No definite test

59. G R A P H S D I S P L A Y D A T A

60. Graph  a GK word meaning “ to be drawn or written ” Typically, a graph is a pictorial representation of data. GRAPHS MAY BE USED TO DISPLAY DATA

64. BAR GRAPH

65. DATA CURVES A, B, C  levels of education

66. SCATTERGRAM

67. GRAPHING FREQUENT DISTRIBUTION Histograms Frequency polygons Is a type of bar graph

68. PIE GRAPH

69. PICTUROGRAM A B C A  Savings on expenses incurred due to polio B  Cost of immunization C  NET savings

70. THANK YOU