This is a presentation that I gave at the Phycological Society of Southern Africa meeting in Maputo, Mozambique, 2006.

1. Abalone ( Haliotis midae ) farming and seaweed harvesting in South Africa: Industry interdependencies and socio-economic importance Robertson-Andersson Deborah 1 ; Troell 2 , M.; Halling 2 , C.; Anderson 3 , R.; Maneveldt 4 , G. and Bolton 1 J. J. 1 Botany Department, U CT 2 Department of Systems Ecology, Stockholm University 3 Seaweed Research Unit, MCM 4 Botany Department, UWC

2. “ Abalone farming in South Africa has developed rapidly and the country is now the largest producer outside Asia”. World Aquaculture March 2003

3. Abalone industry development in SA Farm Types: 22 rights holders 13 exporting farms 2 hatcheries

4. South African abalone farming Cleaning Feeding Eating

5. Roman Bay Sea Farm

7. Kelp harvest vs abalone production

9. SCA 8 – Relationships between abalone produced and seaweed harvested

11. Poaching G. Marharaj

12. Abalone distribution

14. Abalone industry multiplier effects ABALONE FARMING EXPORT AND TRANSPORT SEAWEED HARVESTING EDUCATION AND TRAINING CANNING RESEARCH AND R & D SECURITY FEED INDUSTRY VETERINARY CIVILS AND MAINTENANCE ELECTRICITY

17. Distribution of running costs of the abalone industry: Salaries and wages 31.27 Cost of sales 21.5 Kelp 10.63 Repairs and maintenance 7.22 Electricity 6.77 Artificial feed 5.63 R & D 3.2 Security 2.5 Technology 2.08 Insurance 4.2 Miscellaneous 5.0 From Gerber 2004

22. Socio-economic effects from Abalone farming in SA in 2004 Investment (ZAR) Male :female UnSkilled (%) Pay (ZAR) Tonnage (tons) Laborers 750 000 2 000 000 255 779 161 346 500 000 1:0 1:0.23 1:2 1:0.23 50 0 88 61 2464 2464 1484 1813 312 123 11019 740 8 57 388 (600 – 1000) 814 ABFEED CANNING SEAWEED ABALONE

23. Haga Haga – by ward area (Data from Census ‘05) Farm Stats… Black male 57 White Male 7 Black female 1 White female 1 Black African Coloured White Total Male 33 - 15 48 Female 39 3 24 66 Total 72 3 39 114

24. Haga Haga – by ward area (Data from Census ‘05) Farm Stats… Black male 57 White Male 7 Black female 1 White female 1 Black African Coloured White Total Male 33 - 15 48 Female 39 3 24 66 Total 72 3 39 114

25. South Africa vs. the world 8 L 100 25 1.15 Mexico 9 L/SC 400 239 0.6 USA # of farms Farm type Tonnage (tons) 2010 Tonnage (tons) 2005 Laborers per ton 23 20 26 13 L/SC L/SC L/SC L 150 1000 1000 1200 3 350 205 840 0.4 0.25 1.1 New Zealand Australia Chile South Africa

26. Socio-economic effects from Abalone farming in SA There are direct socio-economic benefits from the abalone industry through: employees ( > 1200 people employed ) salaries, incomes, gender, social groups ( 50 % unskilled labour ), etc. including spill over effects (e.g. the kelp industry) and also other indirect effects on entrepreneurs with 20 % growth in the industry forecasted for the next 5 years

27. THANK YOU ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to extend special thanks to the following organizations without whose help this project would have been impossible: Swedish and South African Collaborative Program I & J Mariculture farm JSP Mariculture farm Abagold N R F J SP