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REPRODUCTION
PLAN OF LECTURE
1. THE FORMS OF REPRODUCTION
2. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
3. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
4. GAMETOGENESIS
5. FERTILISATION
STUDENTS' INDEPENDENT STUDY PROGRAM
1. Evolution of the forms of reproduction: asexual and sexual
reproduction.
2. Asexual reproduction in unicellular and multicellular
organisms.
3. Sexual reproduction in unicellular and multicellular
organisms.
4. Spermatogenesis and oogenesis.
5. Morphogenetical specialisation of sex cells: a sperm and
an ovum
6. Fertilisation: an egg's activation and syngamy.
8. Natural and artificial parthenogenesis.
9. Biological peculiarities of human reproduction.
Applicable literature materials:
Medical biology / K. L. Lasarev – Simferopol:
IAD CSMU, 2002. pp. 58 - 74.
Reproduction is the method by
which individuals give rise to
other individuals of same type.
Reproduction can be asexual
and sexual.
At an asexual reproduction the
genetic information does not
vary.
In a basis of an asexual
reproduction the mitosis lays.
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
AT SEXUAL REPRODUCTION THE
GENETIC INFORMATION VARIES AS A
RESULT OF COMBINATION.
IN A BASIS OF SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION THE MEIOSIS LAYS
AS A SOURCE COMBINATION OF
VARIABILITY.
TYPES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN
SINGLECELLULAR ORGANISMS
1.BINARY FISSION
2.BUDDING
3.ENDODIOGENY
4.SHIZOGONY (OR MULTIPLE FISSION)
5.SPOROGONY
1.BINARY FISSION –
PARENT CELL SPLITS IN TWO CELLS.
ENDODIOGENY –
IN PARENT CELL FORMS ONLY TWO
DAUGHTER CELLS BY INTERNAL BUDDING.
BUDDING - AFTER KARYOKINESIS THE SPECIAL
REGION IN PARENT CELL RAPID GROWS AND
ORGANIZED INTO NEW ORGANISM.
Sporogony - is reproduction by the
spores, if its are the result of
mitosis.
• Shizogony (or multiple fission) -
in parent cell forms a great
amount of daughter cells.
6. reproduction
6. reproduction
THE TYPES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN
MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS
The types of asexual reproduction in
multicellular organisms are:
1) Vegetative (regeneration) - a group of cells
from the parent organism separates and
new organism forms from its.
2) Polyembrionya - the production of two or
more embrions from the one zygote.
3) Sporogony - is reproduction by the spores, if
its are the result of mitosis.
As result of asexual reproduction is that
offspring is genetically identical to its
parent.
VEGETATIVE (REGENERATION)
POLYEMBRIONYA
6. reproduction
The Types of Sexual Reproduction in
Single-cellular Organisms
• The types of sexual reproduction in
singlecellular organisms are:
1)Conjugation - a cytoplasm bridge forms
between two organisms, the nuclei transfer
across this bridge and after exchange ones
forms a new gene combination but no new
offspring.
2)Copulation - two individuals acquire the
gametes properties, fuse and form a zygote
the life of a new individual begins.
6. reproduction
Types of reproduction on the value of
gametes
• Isogamy - observes at the first stages of
sexual reproduction, in which the gametes
morphological differentiation doesn't
present.
• Anisogamy - is such period of gamete
differentiation in which they become some
different from each other by their sizes:
some of them are smaller and another are
the largest.
• Ovogamy - is the form of anisogamy in
which gametes are very different from
each other.
Isogamy -
Anisogamy -
Ovogamy -
Conjugation -
6. reproduction
The Types of Sexual Reproduction in
Multicellular Organisms
• In multicellular organism sexual
reproduction may be two forms:
• 1) with fertilisation and
• 2) without fertilisation.
• Parthenogenesis is the types of
sexual reproduction when
development of new organism from
an egg without fertilisation.
PARTHENOGENESIS
6. reproduction
GAMETOGENESIS (making gametes) –
the development of the male
and female sex cells, or gametes
REPRODUCTIVE CELLS OR GAMETES
GAMETES ARE FORMED AFTER
COMPLETION OF THE PROCESS OF
MEIOSIS, WHICH HALVES THE NUMBER
OF CHROMOSOMES. MALE GAMETES
ARE MOTILE, WHEREAS FEMALE
GAMETES ARE LARGER AND ARE
STATIONARY; THE FUNCTION OF THE
LATTER IS TO STORE SUPPLIES OF
FOOD FOR THE DEVELOPING EMBRYO.
Gametogenesis is divided into four periods:
1) reproduction (multiplication), 2) growing,
3) maturation and 4) formation.
TESTIS
SPERMATOGENESIS
SPERMATOZOON DEVELOPMENT BEGINS IN
SPERMATOGONIA.
A DIPLOID SPERMATOGONIUM DIVIDES MITOTICALLY
AND BECOMES A PRIMARY SPERMATOCYTE AS IT
MOVES TOWARD THE LUMEN OF THE TUBULE. IN
MEIOSIS-I, EACH SPERMATOGONIUM HALVES ITS
GENETICALLY MATERIAL TO FORM TWO SECONDARY
SPERMATOCYTES.
In meiosis II, each secondary
spermatocyte divides to yield
two equal - sized spermatids.
Therefore, each cell
undergoing meiosis in male can
potentially divide to yield a
maximum of four spermatids.
Spermatogenesis
6. reproduction
SPERMATOZOON STRUCURE
THE HEAD HAS A HAPLOID NUCLEUS.
AN ACROSOME - A SMALL BUMP ON THE
FRONT END OF THE HEAD CONTAINS ENZYMES
THAT HELP THE CELL PENETRATE THE OVUM'S
OUTER MEMBRANE.
THE BODY OR MIDPIECE HAS MITOCHONDRIA
TO PROVIDE THE CELL ENERGY AND
CENTRIOLES.
A TAIL CONSISTS OF MICROTUBULES FOR
MOVING.
EACH
SPERMATOZOON
CONSISTS OF:
1)A HEAD
REGION;
2) A BODY OR
MIDPIECE;
3) A TAIL OR
FLAGELLUM.
6. reproduction
OOGENESIS - (EGG-MAKING) BEGINS
IN A DIPLOID OOGONIUM.
AN OOGONIUM ACCUMULATES
CYTOPLASM AND REPLICATES ITS
CHROMOSOMES, BECOMING A PRIMARY
OOCYTE. IN MEIOSIS I, THE PRIMARY
OOCYTE DIVIDES TO FORM A SMALL POLAR
BODY AND A LARGE, HAPLOID SECONDARY
OOCYTE.
IN MEIOSIS II, THE SECONDARY OOCYTE
DIVIDES TO YIELD ANOTHER SMALL POLAR
BODY AND A MATURE OVUM.
THEREFORE, EACH CELL UNDERGOING
MEIOSIS IN FEMALE CAN POTENTIALLY
DIVIDE TO YIELD MAXIMUM OF FOUR
CELLS, ONLY ONE OF WHICH WILL BECOME
THE OVUM.
Ovary
OOGENESIS
AN OVUM (THE NAME FOR AN EGG CELL
AFTER IT LEAVES AN OVARY) IS ENORMOUS IN
SIZE.
CORONA RADIATA OUTSIDE THE CELL
CONSISTS OF THE GREAT AMOUNT OF
FOLLICULAR CELLS, WHICH PRODUCE
FOLLICULAR FLUID FOR ATTRACTING THE
SPERMS.
6. reproduction
Corona radiata
Zona pellucida
Nucleus
Cytoplasm with
various inclusion
bodies, including
mitochondria
REPRESENTATION
OF HUMAN EGG
Ovulation - dischange (going out) of a
secondary oocyte from a follicule of the ovary.
FERTILISATION
The fusion of haploid
gametes to form a new diploid
cell is called fertilisation .
During fertilisation two
processes take place:
1. EGG'S ACTIVATION
2. SYNGAMY
EGG'S ACTIVATION
EGG'S ACTIVATION - A WAVE OF
CHEMICAL REACTIONS SWEEPS
ACROSS THE SURFACE OF THE NEWLY
AROUSED EGG, CAUSING THAT
SURFACE TO HARDEN AND PRESENT A
BARRIER TO THE ENTRY OF ANY
ADDITIONAL SPERM. THE EGG'S
OXYGEN CONSUMPTION SKYROCKETS,
AS DOES ITS RATE OF PROTEIN
SYNTHESIS.
EGG'S ACTIVATION
FERTILIZATION
SYNGAMY
- MALE AND FEMALE HAPLOID
NUCLEI CONVERGE AND FUSE
TO FORM THE ZYGOTE'S SINGLE
DIPLOID NUCLEUS.
S
Y
N
G
A
M
Y
SYNGAMY
As a result of
a fertilization
the zygote
will be
derivated,
the embryo
begins to
develop.
6. reproduction
Toxic exposures such
as alcohol, cocaine
ets.,
may change the
process of normal
gametogenesis
resulting in genetic
material mutation in
sex cells.
The alteration of
these cells by toxic
substances provokes
birth defects.
Key words and phrases:
mitosis, asexual and sexual reproduction,
generation replacement, cloning, sex cells,
gametogenesis, meiosis, biological peculiarities of
human reproduction, endogony, shizogony,
budding, sporogony, polyembrionya, sexual
reproduction, conjugation, copulation,
parthenogenesis, oogenesis, polar body, primary
oocyte, secondary oocyte, spermatogenesis,
primary spermatocyte, secondary spermatocyte,
spermatid, ovum, spermatozoon, ovary, ovulation,
fertilisation, syngamy, zygote .
6. reproduction
6. reproduction
THE
END

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6. reproduction

  • 2. PLAN OF LECTURE 1. THE FORMS OF REPRODUCTION 2. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION 3. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION 4. GAMETOGENESIS 5. FERTILISATION
  • 3. STUDENTS' INDEPENDENT STUDY PROGRAM 1. Evolution of the forms of reproduction: asexual and sexual reproduction. 2. Asexual reproduction in unicellular and multicellular organisms. 3. Sexual reproduction in unicellular and multicellular organisms. 4. Spermatogenesis and oogenesis. 5. Morphogenetical specialisation of sex cells: a sperm and an ovum 6. Fertilisation: an egg's activation and syngamy. 8. Natural and artificial parthenogenesis. 9. Biological peculiarities of human reproduction. Applicable literature materials: Medical biology / K. L. Lasarev – Simferopol: IAD CSMU, 2002. pp. 58 - 74.
  • 4. Reproduction is the method by which individuals give rise to other individuals of same type. Reproduction can be asexual and sexual. At an asexual reproduction the genetic information does not vary. In a basis of an asexual reproduction the mitosis lays.
  • 5. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION AT SEXUAL REPRODUCTION THE GENETIC INFORMATION VARIES AS A RESULT OF COMBINATION. IN A BASIS OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION THE MEIOSIS LAYS AS A SOURCE COMBINATION OF VARIABILITY.
  • 6. TYPES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN SINGLECELLULAR ORGANISMS 1.BINARY FISSION 2.BUDDING 3.ENDODIOGENY 4.SHIZOGONY (OR MULTIPLE FISSION) 5.SPOROGONY
  • 7. 1.BINARY FISSION – PARENT CELL SPLITS IN TWO CELLS.
  • 8. ENDODIOGENY – IN PARENT CELL FORMS ONLY TWO DAUGHTER CELLS BY INTERNAL BUDDING.
  • 9. BUDDING - AFTER KARYOKINESIS THE SPECIAL REGION IN PARENT CELL RAPID GROWS AND ORGANIZED INTO NEW ORGANISM.
  • 10. Sporogony - is reproduction by the spores, if its are the result of mitosis. • Shizogony (or multiple fission) - in parent cell forms a great amount of daughter cells.
  • 13. THE TYPES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS The types of asexual reproduction in multicellular organisms are: 1) Vegetative (regeneration) - a group of cells from the parent organism separates and new organism forms from its. 2) Polyembrionya - the production of two or more embrions from the one zygote. 3) Sporogony - is reproduction by the spores, if its are the result of mitosis. As result of asexual reproduction is that offspring is genetically identical to its parent.
  • 17. The Types of Sexual Reproduction in Single-cellular Organisms • The types of sexual reproduction in singlecellular organisms are: 1)Conjugation - a cytoplasm bridge forms between two organisms, the nuclei transfer across this bridge and after exchange ones forms a new gene combination but no new offspring. 2)Copulation - two individuals acquire the gametes properties, fuse and form a zygote the life of a new individual begins.
  • 19. Types of reproduction on the value of gametes • Isogamy - observes at the first stages of sexual reproduction, in which the gametes morphological differentiation doesn't present. • Anisogamy - is such period of gamete differentiation in which they become some different from each other by their sizes: some of them are smaller and another are the largest. • Ovogamy - is the form of anisogamy in which gametes are very different from each other.
  • 20. Isogamy - Anisogamy - Ovogamy - Conjugation -
  • 22. The Types of Sexual Reproduction in Multicellular Organisms • In multicellular organism sexual reproduction may be two forms: • 1) with fertilisation and • 2) without fertilisation. • Parthenogenesis is the types of sexual reproduction when development of new organism from an egg without fertilisation.
  • 25. GAMETOGENESIS (making gametes) – the development of the male and female sex cells, or gametes
  • 26. REPRODUCTIVE CELLS OR GAMETES GAMETES ARE FORMED AFTER COMPLETION OF THE PROCESS OF MEIOSIS, WHICH HALVES THE NUMBER OF CHROMOSOMES. MALE GAMETES ARE MOTILE, WHEREAS FEMALE GAMETES ARE LARGER AND ARE STATIONARY; THE FUNCTION OF THE LATTER IS TO STORE SUPPLIES OF FOOD FOR THE DEVELOPING EMBRYO.
  • 27. Gametogenesis is divided into four periods: 1) reproduction (multiplication), 2) growing, 3) maturation and 4) formation.
  • 29. SPERMATOGENESIS SPERMATOZOON DEVELOPMENT BEGINS IN SPERMATOGONIA. A DIPLOID SPERMATOGONIUM DIVIDES MITOTICALLY AND BECOMES A PRIMARY SPERMATOCYTE AS IT MOVES TOWARD THE LUMEN OF THE TUBULE. IN MEIOSIS-I, EACH SPERMATOGONIUM HALVES ITS GENETICALLY MATERIAL TO FORM TWO SECONDARY SPERMATOCYTES.
  • 30. In meiosis II, each secondary spermatocyte divides to yield two equal - sized spermatids. Therefore, each cell undergoing meiosis in male can potentially divide to yield a maximum of four spermatids.
  • 33. SPERMATOZOON STRUCURE THE HEAD HAS A HAPLOID NUCLEUS. AN ACROSOME - A SMALL BUMP ON THE FRONT END OF THE HEAD CONTAINS ENZYMES THAT HELP THE CELL PENETRATE THE OVUM'S OUTER MEMBRANE. THE BODY OR MIDPIECE HAS MITOCHONDRIA TO PROVIDE THE CELL ENERGY AND CENTRIOLES. A TAIL CONSISTS OF MICROTUBULES FOR MOVING.
  • 34. EACH SPERMATOZOON CONSISTS OF: 1)A HEAD REGION; 2) A BODY OR MIDPIECE; 3) A TAIL OR FLAGELLUM.
  • 36. OOGENESIS - (EGG-MAKING) BEGINS IN A DIPLOID OOGONIUM. AN OOGONIUM ACCUMULATES CYTOPLASM AND REPLICATES ITS CHROMOSOMES, BECOMING A PRIMARY OOCYTE. IN MEIOSIS I, THE PRIMARY OOCYTE DIVIDES TO FORM A SMALL POLAR BODY AND A LARGE, HAPLOID SECONDARY OOCYTE.
  • 37. IN MEIOSIS II, THE SECONDARY OOCYTE DIVIDES TO YIELD ANOTHER SMALL POLAR BODY AND A MATURE OVUM. THEREFORE, EACH CELL UNDERGOING MEIOSIS IN FEMALE CAN POTENTIALLY DIVIDE TO YIELD MAXIMUM OF FOUR CELLS, ONLY ONE OF WHICH WILL BECOME THE OVUM.
  • 38. Ovary
  • 40. AN OVUM (THE NAME FOR AN EGG CELL AFTER IT LEAVES AN OVARY) IS ENORMOUS IN SIZE. CORONA RADIATA OUTSIDE THE CELL CONSISTS OF THE GREAT AMOUNT OF FOLLICULAR CELLS, WHICH PRODUCE FOLLICULAR FLUID FOR ATTRACTING THE SPERMS.
  • 42. Corona radiata Zona pellucida Nucleus Cytoplasm with various inclusion bodies, including mitochondria REPRESENTATION OF HUMAN EGG
  • 43. Ovulation - dischange (going out) of a secondary oocyte from a follicule of the ovary.
  • 44. FERTILISATION The fusion of haploid gametes to form a new diploid cell is called fertilisation . During fertilisation two processes take place: 1. EGG'S ACTIVATION 2. SYNGAMY
  • 46. EGG'S ACTIVATION - A WAVE OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS SWEEPS ACROSS THE SURFACE OF THE NEWLY AROUSED EGG, CAUSING THAT SURFACE TO HARDEN AND PRESENT A BARRIER TO THE ENTRY OF ANY ADDITIONAL SPERM. THE EGG'S OXYGEN CONSUMPTION SKYROCKETS, AS DOES ITS RATE OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS.
  • 49. SYNGAMY - MALE AND FEMALE HAPLOID NUCLEI CONVERGE AND FUSE TO FORM THE ZYGOTE'S SINGLE DIPLOID NUCLEUS.
  • 52. As a result of a fertilization the zygote will be derivated, the embryo begins to develop.
  • 54. Toxic exposures such as alcohol, cocaine ets., may change the process of normal gametogenesis resulting in genetic material mutation in sex cells. The alteration of these cells by toxic substances provokes birth defects.
  • 55. Key words and phrases: mitosis, asexual and sexual reproduction, generation replacement, cloning, sex cells, gametogenesis, meiosis, biological peculiarities of human reproduction, endogony, shizogony, budding, sporogony, polyembrionya, sexual reproduction, conjugation, copulation, parthenogenesis, oogenesis, polar body, primary oocyte, secondary oocyte, spermatogenesis, primary spermatocyte, secondary spermatocyte, spermatid, ovum, spermatozoon, ovary, ovulation, fertilisation, syngamy, zygote .