2. M-MODE PHYSICS
B mode echoes from an interface that changes
position will be seen as echoes moving towards
and away from the transducer.
If a trace line is place on this interface and the
resulting trace is made to drift across the face of
a CRT screen a motion pattern is obtained.
3. M-MODE PHYSICS
The resulting display shows motion of a reflector
over distance and time – a distance time graph
The change in distance (dy) over a period of time
dt is represented by the slope of the reflector line
of motion.
dy/dt = slope = velocity
4. M-MODE PHYSICS
If this motion pattern is obtained on moving
cardiac structures then the resulting images
constitute M-mode echocardiography.
M-mode echocardiography is use to evaluate the
morphology of structures, movement and
velocity of cardiac valves and walls and timing of
cardiac events.
10. M-mode at the Mitral Valve
The mitral valve has 2 leaflets – anterior and
posterior.
Specific letters corresponding to systole and
diastole are assigned to the m-mode tracing
of the mitral valve.
20. M-mode at the Mitral Valve
Amplitude Description
Normal
Value
EPSS Measure e point to septal
separation
< 5 mm
d-e Measures the maximum
excusion of the mitral valve
following diastolic opening.
17 to 30 mm
21. M-mode at the Mitral Valve
Slope Description Normal Value
d-e Measure rate of initial
opening of the mitral valve
in early diastole.
240 to 380
mm/s
e-f Measures the rate of early
closure of the mitral valve
following diastolic
opening.
50 to 180 mm/s
22. M-mode Findings at the MV
B- bump on the AC shoulder
Premature Closure of the MV
Systolic anterior motion of the AMVL
Mitral Valve Prolapse
Mitral Regurgitation
23. M-mode Findings at the MV
Flail PMVL
Fluttering of the AMVL
Mitral Stenosis
LA myxoma
Vegetations
44. M-mode at the Aortic Valve
The aortic valve has 3 cusps – right coronary,
left coronary and non-coronary cusps.
The cusps imaged in the PLAX view are the
right coronary and the non-coronary cusps.
45. M-mode at the Aortic Valve
Coronary cusp
Non-coronary cusp
Anterior aortic root
Posterior aortic root
Left Atrium
46. M-mode at the Aortic Valve
LA dimension
Cusp Separation
Aortic root
47. M-mode at the Aortic Valve
LA dimension
Cusp SeparationAortic root Measurements are made from
leading edge to leading edge.
48. M-mode at the Aortic Valve
Dilated LA
Dilated aortic root
Decreased excursion
Premature opening
Premature closing
Exaggerated anterior motion of Aortic Root
49. M-mode at the Aortic Valve
Reduced anterior motion of Aortic Root
Thickening
Calcification
Vegetations
Bicuspid valve
Prosthetic valve
Aortic Regurgitation
50. M-mode at the Aortic Valve
Premature Opening
Opening of the AV before the
onset of the QRS complex
Seen in Elevated LV-EDP
51. M-mode at the Aortic Valve
Premature Closure
Closure of the AV before
the onset of the T wave
Seen in IHSS
52. M-mode at the Aortic Valve
Bicuspid Valve
Eccentric closure line
Seen when there is a
Bicuspid aortic valve
53. M-mode at the Aortic Valve
Decreased Cusp Separation
Seen in Aortic Stenosis
54. M-mode at the Aortic Valve
Seen in aortic sclerosis
Thickened, calcified aortic
valve leaflet.
55. M-mode at the Aortic Valve
Seen in Mitral Stenosis
Reduced anterior
motion of aortic root
56. M-mode at the Aortic Valve
Exaggerated anterior
motion of aortic root
Seen in Mitral Regurgitation
92. Eccentric LV Hypertrophy
Increased LV size with
Spherical shape
Normal LV Mass Increased LV Mass
Measure LV Mass
No LV hypertrophy Eccentric Hypertrophy