1. Ultrasound Fundamentals
Kiyetta Alade, M.D., RDMS
Assistant Professor
Director, Pediatric Emergency Ultrasound
Section of Emergency Medicine
Department of Pediatrics
Baylor College of Medicine
Texas Children’s Hospital
Pediatrics

2. Gain
•Gain: Adjusts the intensity of returned echoes
shown on display
‐Increasing gain makes picture brighter
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3. Gain
Gain will amplify all returning echoes equally
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4. Gain
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5. Ultrasound Fundamentals
•Depth: Can be adjusted to ensure entire structure
of interest is on the screen
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6. Depth
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7. Gain / Depth
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8. Ultrasound Fundamentals
•Axial resolution: US machines ability to differentiate
objects in plane parallel to traveling wave
‐Increase frequency or decrease wavelength to
improve
•Lateral resolution: US machine’s ability to differentiate
objects in plane perpendicular to traveling wave
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9. Resolution
Axial Lateral
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10. Resolution
•Low resolution (2-4 MHz)
‐Lower frequency
‐Deeper penetration
•High resolution (8-14 MHz)
‐High frequency
‐Poor penetration (best to image superficial structures)
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11. Probe Selection
•High frequency •Low frequency
‐Linear Array ‐Curvilinear
‐Phased array
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12. Ultrasound Fundamentals
•Every probe has raised marker to correlate with the
side of the screen with some type of identifier
(dot, logo)
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13. Probe Marker
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14. User Orientation
•Remember the probe marker correlates with the
symbol on the screen
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15. User Orientation
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16. User Orientation
•Objects near the top of the screen correlate with
structures CLOSEST to the probe on the patient
•Objects near the bottom of the screen correlate
with structures furthest away from the probe on the
patient
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17. User Orientation
Probe
BED
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18. Ultrasound Fundamentals
•D (doppler) mode: Senses the
movement of reflected US waves
toward and away from the probe by
color change or sound
‐Color represents flow toward or away from
probe… NOT arterial vs venous flow
‐(Blue Away Red Toward)
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19. Color Doppler
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20. Procedural
•Static ultrasound locates •Dynamic ultrasound is
structure of interest but used to locate structure
not used to guide of interest AND allow
procedure direct visualization of
‐LP procedure in real time
‐Thoracentesis ‐Vascular access
‐Paracentesis
‐I&D
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21. Probe Selection
•4-10 MHz frequency
•Linear Array
•Small to medium
footprint
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22. Vessel Selection
Vein Artery
•Thin walled •Non compressible
•Compressible •Pulsating
•May have transmitted
pulsations from
nearby arteries
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23. Vessel Selection
•Must be able to differentiate arteries from
veins
‐Compression (veins more compressible)
‐Distal Augmentation
‐Color flow (look for pulsations)
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24. Screening Ultrasound
•Before preparing to cannulate a vessel you should
‐Screen the area of interest for a target
‐Evaluate the vessel size
‐Evaluate vessel compressibility
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25. Screening Ultrasound
•Before preparing to cannulate a vessel you should
‐Ensure you are targeting the correct vessel
‐Measure the depth
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26. Compression
IJ CA IJ
CA
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27. Distal Augmentation
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28. Transverse Approach to Vessel
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29. Transverse Approach
•With a transverse approach to vessel puncture you
should orient the probe with the marker to YOUR
left and the US screen in FRONT of you
‐This allows for easy manipulation
‐If on the screen the needle looks like it is to the right of the
vessel then you change direction more to the left
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30. Transverse Approach
•Locate target vessel in transverse plane
•Pucture skin adjacent to probe, locate needle
tip and follow it until it enters vessel
‐This requires you to move the probe as you advance the
needle (following the needle tip)
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31. Transverse Approach
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32. Transverse Approach
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33. Transverse Approach
•Able to visualize surrounding structures
•Have to locate needle tip through motion or comet
artifact
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34. Longitudinal Approach to Vessel
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35. Longitudinal Approach
•Locate target vessel in transverse approach
•Turn probe longitudinal over selected vessel (probe
marker to patients head)
•Puncture skin adjacent to probe
•Advance needle DO NOT move probe
•Keep vessel in screen
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36. Longitudinal Approach
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37. Longitudinal Approach
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38. Internal Jugular
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39. Internal Jugular
•Position the ultrasound screen in front of you
•Orient the ultrasound probe with marker to YOUR
left
‐This allows you to move the probe in the SAME direction as
visualized on the screen
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40. Internal Jugular Central Line
carotid
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41. Valsalva
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42. Internal Jugular Central Line
•US guided central line placement still with
complications (fewer than landmark technique)
‐Puncture of posterior wall of vein
‐Cannulation of carotid artery
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43. Femoral Vein
•Complete overlap of femoral artery over
vein 4 cm below inguinal ligament about
half of the time
•At least 50% overlap of femoral artery
over vein in same location
Hughes, et al. Brit J Anes. Ultrasonography of the43
Page femoral vessel in the groin: implications
Pediatricsfor vascular access. 2000:84(5):668-669
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44. Femoral Vein
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45. Femoral Vein
•Position the ultrasound screen in front of you
•Orient the ultrasound probe with marker to YOUR
left
‐This allows you to move the probe in the SAME direction as
visualized on the screen
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46. Femoral Vein
•Single operator:
‐Hold probe with hand on outside of leg
•Left hand right leg
•Right hand left leg
‐Use free hand to access vein using Seldinger technique
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47. Femoral Vein
•Locate target vessel in transverse plane
•Measure depth of vessel
•Puncture skin at a ~ 30° angle (too sharp will inhibit
passing of guidewire)
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48. Sonosite M-Turbo Series
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49. Our Probes
Phased Array
Neonatal Linear
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51. Select your probe
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52. Thank You
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