pneumonias made very easy for medical students and doctors.stress given on history taking and to arrive at correct diagnosis.EMAIL-drbashir123@gmail.com

1. PNEUMONIAS By Dr Bashir Ahmed Dar Chinkipora Sopore Kashmir Associate Professor Medicine Email [email_address]

13. Viruses that cause acute pneumonia

14. Rev Tran &Protease

15. Re transcriptase Protease

46. TULARAEMIA SKIN & GLANDULAR

96. Atypical or Interstitial or viral Pneumonia

101. TULARAEMIA SKIN & GLANDULAR

104. PSITTACOSIS

111. Atypical or Interstitial or viral Pneumonia

120. PSITTACOSIS

147. Pathogenesis how organism reaches alveoli

148. Pathogenesis how organism reaches alveoli

149. Pathogenesis of Pneumonia Congestion Red Hepatisation Grey Hepatization Resolution

158. The pleural surface at the lower left demonstrates areas of yellow-tan purulent exudate. Pneumonia may be complicated by a pleuritis. Initially, there may just be an effusion into the pleural space. There may also be a fibrinous pleuritis. However, bacterial infections of lung can spread to the pleura to produce a purulent pleuritis. A collection of pus in the pleural space is known as empyema .

180. SOME X-RAYS ON PNEUMONIAS

182. BULGING FISSURE KILEBSILLA PNEUMONIA

184. INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA

189. LOWER LOBE PNEUMONIA

194. MIDDLE LOBE COSOLIDATION

199. PNEUMATOCELE

206. RIKETESSIAL TICKS

209. UPPER LOBE CONSOLIDATION

213. Afebrile Pneumonia Syndrome

219. Pneumocystis carinii

220. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis (PCP) is a common opportunistic disease that occurs almost exclusively in persons who have profound immunodeficiency. PCP was and still is the most common life-threatening opportunistic infection occurring in patients with HIV disease.

222. The mode of replication of P carinii has not been established. However, the stages in its life cycle have been characterized. Sporozoites excyst through breaks in the cyst wall and then are termed trophozoites. The means by which the trophozoite form progresses to the cyst phase is not known.

223. The portal of entry for P carinii has not been firmly established; however, because with rare exceptions the organism has been found only in the lung, inhalation is a likely mode of transmission. Airborne transmission has been demonstrated in animals. In most individuals, the organism is dormant and sparsely dispersed in the lung, with no apparent host response (latent infection). In susceptible (immunocompromised) hosts, the organism occurs in massive numbers.

224. With rare exceptions, P carinni causes disease only when natural mechanisms of host defense are compromised.

225. Pneumocystis carinii has been found in the lungs of rats, rabbits, mice, dogs, sheep, goats, ferrets, chimpanzees, guinea pigs, horses, and monkeys. The organism has been reported in lower animals and humans from all continents. Animal to animal transmission by the airborne route has been demonstrated. Because about 70 percent of healthy individuals may have humoral antibody to P carinii , subclinical infection must be highly prevalent.

226. Tachypnea and fever are consistent features of the pneumonitis, and diffuse bilateral alveolar disease can be observed by radiography. Diagnosis requires the identification of P carinii in pulmonary tissue or lower airway fluids. Such specimens may be obtained by lung biopsy, inducement of sputum, bronchoalveolar lavage, or needle aspiration of the lung. The Gomori, Giemsa, fluorescence-labelled antibody, or toluidine blue O stains may be used to identify the organism.

227. Pneumo Pneumocystis carinii

269. THANK YOU