Pathology ospe revised edition

abbas_naseem@yahoo.com Dated: Sep 30, 2010

Ascaris Lumbricoides
(Round worms) – microscopically unsegmented ovum

By: Abbas Naseem (BDS)
abbas_naseem@yahoo.com 2

Transistional Cell Carcinoma

fibroVascular
core

Papillae
structure

Anilline dye -- bladder tumor
By:Abbas Naseem (BDS)

Transistional Epithelia Cell core
12 layers (minimum 7 layers)


Chocolate agar
 Chocolate agar (CHOC) - is a non-selective, enriched growth
medium.
 It is a variant of the blood agar plate.
 It contains red blood cells, which have been lysed by heating very
slowly to 56 °C.
 Chocolate agar is used for growing fastidious (fussy) respiratory
bacteria, such as Haemophilus influenzae.
 These bacteria need growth factors, like NAD and hematin, which
are inside erythrocytes; thus, a prerequisite to growth is lysis of the
red blood cells


Blood Agar
 A nutrient culture medium that is enriched with whole blood and used for the
growth of certain strains of bacteria.
 Contains mammalian blood (usually sheep or horse), typically at a
concentration of 5–10%.
 BAP are an enriched, differential media used to isolate fastidious organisms
and detect hemolytic activity.
 β-hemolytic activity will show complete lysis of red blood cells surrounding
colony, while α-hemolysis will only partially lyse hemoglobin and will appear
green. γ-hemolysis (or non-hemolytic) is the term referring to a lack of
hemolytic activity.


micropipette
 used to measure very small volumes
of liquids.


 Elisa microtitre plate OR Elisa Kit

Serological measurements, like measurment of Hepatitus B
Elisa +ive

PCR

Quanitative Qualitative

Dystrophic Calcification ----- Dark basophilic

Q.Give causes of dystrophic calcification
Q.Give 3 examples of dystrophic calcification
Q.Psamoma Bodies ?


Liquifactive Necrosis of Brain

Commonest cause: Bacterial infections


 Salmonella shigella agar plate with
H2S producing colonies

Black color colonies


Coagulative Necrosis

Name two other organs?


Ventricular hypertrophy of heart

Infarction/
Necrosis


Entamoeba histolytica


Well differentiation Invasive Sq.Cell Carcinoma

Keratinization pearls
Intracellular bridge

billirubin


 The Lowenstein-Jensen
medium, popularly known
as LJ medium, is a
growth medium specially used
for culture of Mycobacterium,
notably Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

 When grown on LJ medium, M. tuberculosis
appears as brown, granule-like colonies.

 The media must be incubated for a significant
length of time, usually four weeks, due to the slow
doubling time of M. tuberculosis compared with
other bacteria (15-20 hours). By: Abbas Naseem (BDS)

ZN Stain

Gold standart of T.B….to confirm it Z.N stain

Endometrial hyperplasia

Why its imp?
Bc. Leads to adenocarcinoma

Why called?
Fibrinoids Bc of fibre like apperance
BENIGN

Submucosal

IntraMural

Subserosal

Enlist 4 other mucosal tumors?

What is the malignant counterpart of this tumor? LEIMYOSARCOMA

Malignant
Ill defined mass with necrosis & haemorrhage

Q.Enlist any 4 other malignant tumors?

Malignant tumor

Biazarre cells, mitosis

Q.Enlist any four features of malignant cells/

Dysplasia

Q. How will you grade dysplasia?
Mild Q. What is carinoma in Situ?
Moderator
Severe By: Abbas Naseem (BDS)

Acute inflammation of Appendicitis

neutrophils


Acute Appendicitis


Appendicitis

Q. Why tip of appendicitis is important?
Bc appendicitis tumor arise from there..

Q. Commnest cause of appendicitis: Carcinoid Abbas Naseem (BDS)
By: Tumor (neuroendocrine tumor

Lipoma


D latum – fish tapeworm – oval – operculum at one end !


Widal test interpretations
 Dilutions are made :
Serum: Water
 1:20
 1:40
 1:80
 1:160 --- positive ( +++)
 1: 320 +++

To check Active phase of typhoid.

Q.Name two other test for typhoid?
Typhi dot test By: Abbas Naseem (BDS)

Goblet Cells

Barret Esophagus – intestinal METAPLASIA

Squamous  Columnar

Fat Necrosis / Dystrophic Calcification

Q. What are the blood calcium levels?
normal

Infarction

Q.Def?
Q. Red/white Infarction? By: Abbas Naseem (BDS)

Exudate, Plasma Cells…Chronic Inflammatory Cells


Fibroblasts, newly formed blood vessels, macrophages ( GRANULATION TI

Q.Difference btw GRANULOMA & GRANULATION TISSUE?


 Cysteine Lactose Electrolyte Deficient
agar (CLED)
◦ CLED agar is used to isolate and
differentiate urinary tract bacteria, since it
inhibits Proteus species swarming and
can differentiate between lactose
fermenters and non-fermenters.


Fatty Change

Common Site: Liver
Common cause: Alcohol


Folded epithelium lined by benign columnar epithelial cells


IRON

Pearls prussan blue stain for iron


Classical malarial parasite; ring form


Entrobius vermicularis – typical D shaped ! ( pinworm )


Ascaris lumbricoides ( giant round worm – brown with mamellations
n wavy margins )


Granuloma (OLD)
b.c of fibrosis


Edge of nest * peripheral palisading

Tumor arise from skin

Basal cell Carcinoma + CNS doesn’t spread (just locally spread)

Granuloma
Langhan giant cells
Classical epithelioid cells


Hemosiderin in Macrophages

Hemosiderosis VS. Hemochromatosis

Reversible Irreversible
No Iron absorption Excess Iron
Organ becomes
dysfunctional

Anthracotic Carbon

Anthracosis: Accumulation of Carbon in macrophages


Gall Stones
Carcinoma of gall bladder
Commonest carcinoma of gall bladder: adenocarcinoma

TIP: epithelial columnar; Tumor AdenoCarcinoma

Caseous Necrosis


MacConkey agar (MAC)
 A selective and differential media used to differentiate between
Gram negative bacteria while inhibiting the growth of Gram positive
bacteria.
 The addition of bile salts and crystal violet to the agar inhibits the
growth of most Gram positive bacteria, making MacConkey agar
selective.
 Lactose and neutral red are added to differentiate the lactose
fermenters, which form pink colonies, from lactose nonfermenters
that form clear colonies.


Atrophy

Mechanism; Ubiquitin-Proteasome pathway


Lipoma; No background

Q. What is the counterpart of this: LIPOSARCOMA


Hook worm ( ankylostoma duodenale ) – transparent egg shell
– oval – blastomere !


AdenoCarcinoma …Wall-Sharing


Leomyoma

No necrosis
No mitosis


Trichuris trichura – whipworm – barrel shaped – brown – mucus
plugs at ends – segmented ovum !


Lines of Zahn


Benign Lipoma


LipoSarcoma


Sensitivity plate


Councilmen Bodies: Spcial apoptotic bodies
Liver hepatitus

Foldings of sq.epi
Squamous Papilloma (benign)
Common site: skin, oral


Renal Infarction

Wedge Shaped

Gangrene

What is Gangrenous Necrosis?

Diabetes
immunocompromised


 Sabouraud agar is used to culture fungi and has a
low pH that inhibits the growth of most bacteria;

 also contains the antibiotic gentamicin to
specifically inhibit the growth of Gram-negative
bacteria.


Triple Sugar Iron STAIN


Triple Sugar Iron medium
 Triple Sugar Iron medium is a
differential medium that can
distinguish between a number of
Gram-negative enteric bacteria based
on their physiological ability (or lack
thereof) to:
 a. metabolize lactose and/or sucrose
b. conduct fermentation to produce
acid
c. produce gas during fermentation
d. generate H2S.

Triple Sugar Iron medium
 The medium contains 1.0% each of sucrose and
lactose and 0.1% glucose.
 If only glucose is fermented, acid produced in the
butt will turn it yellow, but insufficient acid products
are formed to affect the methyl red in the slant.
 However, if either sucrose or lactose are
fermented, sufficient fermentation products will be
formed to turn both the butt and the slant yellow.
 If gas is formed during the fermentation, it will show
in the butt either as bubbles or as cracking of the
agar.
 If no fermentation occurs (as for an obligate
aerobe), the slant and butt will remain red.

ANAEROBIC JAR


G. +ive Cocci


Atrophy Brain


Caseous Necrosis


BPH- Benign Prostatic
Hyperplasia


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Abbas Naseem
Dated: Sep 30, 2010

Pathology ospe revised edition

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Pathology ospe revised edition