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zlQm k|fKt ub{5 . o;af6 kfgLsf] jfikLs/0f a9gfn]] lr;f]
afkm x'/Ldf ;dflxt ePkl5 o;n] ;d'b|L cfFwLsf] ¿kwf/0f
ub{5 . o; cfFwLsf] j]u k|lt3G6f &$ dfOneGbf a9L x'G5 .
o;sf] j]un] ;d'bdf 5fn pTkGg u/]/ t6Lo e"–efutkm{ x'TofpF5
|
/ t6Lo aGb/ufx, a;f]af; If]qnfO{ xflg k'¥ofpF5 . o:tf] cfFwLn]
t6Lo If]qsf] ljzfn e"efudf $–% ld6/;Dd ulx/f] hnfzo
klg pTkGg ug{ ;S5 . cd]l/sfsf] 6]S;f; /fHodf * ;]K6]Da/,
!()) df cfPsf] o:t} ;d'bL cfFwLaf6 ^ xhf/ dflg;sf] Hofg
|
uPsf] lyof] .
;d'b|L cfFwL w]/} zlQmzfnL x'G5 . o;n] cfˆgf] k|efj If]qdf
/x]sf ¿v, 3/, lah'nL / 6]lnkmf]gsf vDaf n8fpg], p8fpg] jf
x'TofP/ ˆofFlslbg] ub{5 . ;d'bL cfFwLn] ljZjsf ljleGg efudf
|
jif]gL lgs} 7"nf] xflg k'¥ofO/x]sf] x'G5 . ;+oQm/fHo cd]l/sfsf]
{ '
blIf0fL If]q, rLg ;fu/df cjl:yt rLgsf] k"jL{ tyf blIf0fL
t6Lo If]q, hfkfg, lkmlnlkG;, d]lS;sf], ef/t, aªunfb]z,
c:6«]lnofh:tf ;d'b|t6Lo d'n'sdf ;d'b|L cfFwLn] a9L k|efj
kfg]{ ub{5 .
;d'bL cf“wLa]x/L -rqmjft_
|
;d'bL cfFwL ;d'bsf] tftf] kfgLdf 7Ss/ vfFbf ToxfFsf] kfgLdf
| |
7"nf] ljrng k}bf x'G5 / kfgLsf] 5fn w]/} dfly;Dd p7b5 .
lg/Gt/ pl7/xg] To:tf] kfgLsf 5fndf tfk / zlQm k|fKt u/]sf]
cfFwL 7f]lSsFbf o;n] ljgf;sf/L cfFwLa]x/L tyf e'j/Lsf] ¿kwf/0f
F
ub{5 / jfo' Pp6f uf]nf] rqmsf] ¿k lnP/ a6fl/Fb} cufl8 a9g
yfNb5 . o;k|sf/sf] cfFwLa]x/Ln] ;d'bsf] 5fn cfk"mdf ;dflxt
|
u/]/ p8fpg] jf ws]Ng] x'bf ;d'bt6Lo If]q 8'Ag] / d';nwf/] jiff{
F |
x'g] cj:yf;d]t pTkGg x'G5 . o;sf] k|efjdf k/]sf] If]qsf
k|fs[lts tyf dfgjlgld{t ;+/rgf Wj:t x'G5g . o:tf] cfFwLa]x/Lsf]
ult &$ dfOn k|lt3G6feGbf a9L x'G5 . vf;u/L, tftf] kfgL
ePsf] ;fu/ jf dxf;fu/af6 pTkGg x' g ] x ' F b f e" d Wo/] v Lo
pi0fhnjfo'If]qdf cfFwLa]x/L ljgf;sf/L k|s[ltsf] x'g] ub{5 .

x'/Latf;af6 x'g] Iflt
tyf k|efj
x'/Latf;sf] k|sf/, k|s[lt / ef}uf]lns cj:yfcg';f/ o;af6
x'g] Ifltdf cGt/ cfpF5 . ;d'bL cfFwL tyf cfFwLa]x/L -rqmjft_
|
af6 ;a}eGbf a9L Iflt k'Ug] u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;sf] k|efj
If]qsf 3/, ejg, ;8s, vfg]kfgL, ljB't ljt/0f k|0ffnLh:tf
;+/rgf eTsg] / ;~rf/;Dks{ ljR5]b x'g,] s[life"ld, jghªun
gi6 x'g]h:tf Ifltsf :j¿k b]vf kb{5g . k|foM x'/Latf;sf]
;dod} kg]{ r6Øfªaf6 crfgs cfunfuL eP/ w]/} dflg;n]
Hofg u'dfpg] cj:yf;d]t cfpg] ub{5 . o:tf]a]nf p4f/sfo{
emg hl6n aGb5 / To;sf nflu x'/Latf; yfldg] k|tLIff
ug'{kg]{ cj:yf cfpg ;S5 . rqmjftaf6 ljljw k|sf/sf
Iflt Nofpg] x' / Latf;sf] cGo ¿ksf] t' n gfdf ljs/fn
Iflt k'Ug] ub{5 .
w]/h;f] cj:yfdf x'/Latf; rNbf dfgjlgld{t sdhf]/ ;+/rgf,
}
v]taf/L tyf jghªunsf ¿v, lah'nL tyf 6]lnkmf]gsf vDaf
cflb n8]/ lsRbf dflg; tyf hgfj/sf] d[To' x'g] ub{5 . 3/
p8fP/ dfgj ;d'bfo 3/af/ljxLg x'g,] u|fdL0fIf]qsf ljBfno
elTsP/ lzIffh{g ug{af6 jl~rt x'gkg],{ c:ktfn eTs]/ /f]uLn]
'
:jf:Yo;]jf k|fKt ug{ g;Sg]h:tf cj:yf l;h{gf x'G5 . o;/L
x'/Latf; / cfFwLa]x/Laf6 ljZjdf k|To]s jif{ nfvf}F dflg;n]
Hofg u'dfpg' k/]sf] 5 eg] caf}F ?k}ofFsf] xflg a]xf]g{' kl//x]sf]
5 .
g]kfndf r6Øfªsf] df/df k/]/ x'/Latf;af6 eGbf klg clws
dflg;sf] d[To' x'g] ub{5 . t/ oL k|sf]kdWo] cfly{s Iflt /
;fdflhs kl/j]zdf b"/ufdL c;/sf b[li6n] x'/Latf; g} ;a}eGbf

cu|kªlQmdf /x]sf] 5 .
ljZjsf cf“wLa]x/Lsf k|d'v 36gf / Iflt
ljZjJofkL¿kdf t'ngf ug]{ xf] eg] cd]l/sf k|r08 cfFwLa]x/L
cfpg] k|d'v If]qdf kb{5 . cd]l/sfsf] n'l;ofgf k|fGtdf ;g
!(%& df cfPsf] cfFwLa]x/Ln] 7"nf7"nf ¿v, ;dflw:tDe,
cfjf;Lo ejgnfO{ #@ lsnf]ld6/ 6f9f;Dd x'TofPsf] lyof]
eg] %%) dflg; d/]sf lyP . To:t} ;g !(&) df 6]S;f;df
cfPsf] cfF w La] x /Ln] lgs} 7" n f] Iflt k' ¥ ofPsf] lyof] . of]
cfF w La] x /L olt zlQmzfnL lyof] ls !! 6g tf} n ePsf]
a]ngfsf/ 7f]; j:t'nfO{ ;d]t !%)) ld6/ k/;Dd x'TofOlbPsf]
lyof] . cd]l/sfd} ;g !(&@ df cfPsf] cfFwLa]x/Laf6 $ ;o
dflg; d/]sf lyP eg] Ps nfv ^) xhf/ kl/jf/ 3/af/ljxLg
ePsf lyP . To:t}, ;g !((^ df cfPsf] cfFwLaf6 #! hgfsf]
Hofg uPsf] lyof] eg] caf}F 8n/sf] cfly{s Iflt x'g k'u]sf]
lyof] . cd]l/sfdf jif{el/ cfpg] sl/a % ;o cfFwLa]x/Lsf
36gfdf ;oj6f clt ljgf;sf/L x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 .
t'ngfTds¿kdf cd]l/sfdf cfFwLa]x/L a9L cfP klg o;sf]
k|sf]kaf6 ljsf;f]Gd'v / ljsf;zLn d'nsdf g} a9L dfgjLo
'
Iflt x' g ] ub{ 5 . sdhf] / dfgjlgld{ t ;+ / rgf, df} ; d
eljiojf0fLsf] cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf] cefj, oftfoftsf] c;'ljwf,
;~rf/;]jf ck|fKo, ul/aL / clzIffsf] cj:yfn] x'/Latf; tyf
cfFwLa]x/Lsf sf/0f t];|f] d'n's t'ngfTds¿kdf hgwgsf]
Iflt cTolws a]xf]g{ afWo 5g . ljsl;t d'n'sdf df};d
eljiojf0fLsf] cfw'lgs Joj:yf, ;'/Iffsf pkfox¿sf] plrt
Joj:yf tyf cfjZos k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; eO;s]sf sf/0f cGo
Ifltsf] t'ngfdf dfgjLo Iflt Hofb} yf]/} x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 .
;g !((@ df cfFwLa]x/Laf6 @% s/f]8 8n/a/fa/sf] Iflt
ePsf] cd]l/sfdf dfgjLo Iflt eg] t'ngfTds lx;fan] cToGt
Go"g x'gnfO{ o;sf] pbxf/0fsf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 .
'
jt{dfg ;dodf ljZjsf k|foM ;a} d'nsdf df};dsf] eljiojf0fL
'

ug{] ul/G5 . t/ ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'ssf u|fdL0f If]qdf ;~rf/
;'ljwfsf] cefj, clzIff, r]tgf, oftfoft / ljsf;sf cGo
k"jf{wf/sf] cefj x'gfn] tL d'nssf u|fdL0f afl;Gbfn] df};dsf]
'
eljiojf0fLaf6 vf;} nfe lng ;s]sf 5}gg . ctM df};dsf]
;Defljt :j¿k / To;af6 x'g] Iflt Go"gLs/0fsf nflu ckgfpg'kg]{
pkfosf af/]df ;dod} ;';"lrt x'gaf6 jl~rt u|fdL0f If]q,
vf;u/L b'ud If]qsf dflg;n] cTolws hf]lvdsf] ;fdgf ug'{'
{
kl//x]sf] 5 .
cd]l/sfdf x'/Latf;sf] eljiojf0fL
cd]l/sfdf cfFwLa]x/Lsf] eljiojf0fL ToxfFsf] …g];gn x'l/Sofg
;]G6/Ú (NHC) n] ub{5 . blIf0ft6Lo ˆnf]l/8f /fHodf /fli6«o
hnjfo' ;]jfsf] zfvfsf] ¿kdf :yflkt To; s]Gb|n] blIf0fL
P6nflG6s ;fu/,
dfgjLo Ifltsf b[li6n] ljZjsf k|dv cf“wLa]x/L
'
Sof/]laog ;fu/,
;g b]z d[To' ;ªVof
d] l S;sf] vf8L
!(@# hfkfg @%),)))
tyf k"jL{ k|zfGt !(&) aªunfb]z #)),)))
d x f ; f u / s f ] !(&^ aªunfb]z !)),)))
jfo'sf] ultljlwsf] !(&& ef/t %),)))
;"Id cWoogaf6 !(*% aªunfb]z !!,)))
p k n A w !((( ef/t !!,)))
tYofªssf
cfwf/df eljiodf cfpg;Sg] cfFwLa]x/L tyf x'/Latf;sf]
eljiojf0fL ub{5 . ;f] s]Gb|n] cfFwLa]x/Lsf ultljlwnfO{ sDKo'6/
df]8naf6 ljZn]if0f u/]/ eljiojf0fL ug]xbf lgs} e/kbf]{ kfOPsf]
] { F'
5 . o;/L k|efjsf/L k"j{;"rgf k|fKt xF'bf To;af6 k|efljt
x'g;Sg] ;Dk"0f{ If]qsf afl;Gbfn] ;'/lIft x'g] cj;/ k|fKt
ul//x]sf 5g .
g]kfndf x'/Latf;sf] ;d:of
g]kfnsf] e"agf}6 ;d'b|;Fu g5f]OPsf], cyf{t of] e"kl/j]li7t
d'n's ePsfn] oxfF dxfljgf;sf/L k|s[ltsf cfFwL / ;d'b|L

cfFwLa]x/L jf rqmjft cfpg] ;Defjgf 5}g . tyflk, aªufnsf]
vf8L / c/a ;fu/af6 l;lh{t ;d'bL cfFwL ;fdfGo x'gqmdsf]
| ]
cj:yfdf cfOk'u/ / t/fO{ If]qdf x'/Latf;sf] ¿kwf/0f ub{5 .
]
klZrd g]kfnsf h'Dnf, x'Dnf, dgfª, d':tfª cflb kxf8L
lhNnf;lxt cGo e]udf :yfgLo x'/Latf; lgoldt ¿kdf
rNg] ub{5 .
g]kfndf r}tb]lv c;f/–;fpg;Dd x'/Latf; rNg] ub{5 . df};dL
kmnk"mn cfFk, lnrL, ;'Gtnf cflbsf] km"n k'mNg] / lrlrnf nfUg]
o; df};ddf cfpg] x'/Latf;n] kmnk"mn pTkfbgdf k|lts"n
k|efj kfb{5 . o;sf cltl/Qm vf;u/L t/fO{ / u|fdL0fIf]qsf
sdhf]/ 3/, uf]7 / ljsf;sf ;+/rgf eTsfpg] / dfgjLo
Iflt;d]t k'¥ofpg] u/]sf] 5 .
g]kfnsf t/fO{ If]qdf o; df};ddf rNg] x'/Latf;n] sRrL
k'm;sf 3/, uf]7, lah'nL jf 6]lnkmf]gsf sdhf]/ vDaf eTsfpFbf
jf n8fpFbf dflg;
/ 3/kfn' j f g]kfndf x'/Latf;af6 Iflt
hgfj/;d] t dg] { ;fn Iflt
tyf ;~rf/ / ;g d[To' ;ªVof Wj:t 3/;ªVof cfly{s Iflt -?=_
ljB' t ;] j f aGb
x' g ] u/] s f 5g . !((% % @$^ @),$!!,)$*÷—
af6f]df ePsf ¿v !((^ $& !!,%$& *!,^^!,#%%÷—
n8] / klg !((& ) %%% &#,##%,@%*÷—
oftfoft cj?4 !((* ^ !$) @@%,#$*,@*)÷—
x' g ] / obfsbf !((( ^ %! %,%!^,(*%÷—
ofqfdf /x] s f @))) # %& !@^,##^,&&#÷—
dflg;n] Hofg @))! @ *#) #*,&)@,!#$÷—
u'dfpg'kg]{ cj:yf
@))@ # &) !!,*$&,%))÷—
cfpg] ub{ 5 .
x'/Latf;sf] df};d @))# @) ck|fKt !*,*%!,%))÷–
;' V vfofddf kg] { hDdf ( @ !#$(^ %*#,!%(,@##.—
;|ftM g]kfn ;/sf/, u[xdGqfno .
]

ePsf sf/0f o;n] cfuf] p8fP/ 3/ / hªundf ;d]t cfunfuL
x'g] ;Defjgf w]/} a9b5 . x'/Latf; rn]sf] ;dodf x'g] cfunfuLn]
l;ªu} ufpF g} ;vfk kf/]sf 36gf klg xfdLsxfF w]/} kfOG5g .
o; cj:yfdf x'g] cfunfuL lgoGq0f ug{ jf?0foGq tyf
clUg;dgssf cGo pkfo k|efjsf/L x'g g;Sg] x'bf hgwgsf]
F
Iflt klg w]/} x'G5 . x'g t cfunfuL x'/Latf;s} sf/0fn] dfq
x'bg, dfgjLo c;fjwfgL / cGo sf/0faf6 ;fdfGo cj:yfdf
F }
klg cfunfuL x'G5, t/ x'/Latf;;Fu} nfu]sf] cfunfuL a9L
k|nosf/L / ljgf;sf/L x'G5 . x'/Latf; rNbf lah'nL rDsg],
r6Øfª kg],{ ljB't ljt/0fk|0ffnLdf cj/f]w l;h{gf eP/ pTkGg
cfunfuL lj:tfl/t x'g] ;Defjgf a9b5 . o;/L g]kfndf k|To]s
jif{ x'/Latf; / cfunfuLsf sf/0f lgs} 7"nf] hgwgsf] Iflt x'g]
u/]sf] 5 .
x'/Latf;sf] k|sf]kaf6 aRg] pkfo
• x'/Latf;sf] k|sf]k x'g] :yfgdf To;nfO{ 5]Sg] lsl;dsf
af“; jf alnof] sf08 eO{ h/f hldgleq;Dd hfg]] hftsf
¿v /f]k]/ x'sf{pg] .
• 3/jl/kl/sf cUnf, sdhf]/ / x'/Latf;af6 n8g;Sg] ¿v
sf“65f“6 ug]{, cyjf x6fpg] .
• sdhf]/ 3/ jf uf]7sf] dd{t;Def/ ug]{ .
• cfuf]sf] k|of]u ;fjwfgL;“u ug],{ x'/Latf; nfu]sf] ;dodf
cfuf]sf] k|of]u gug]{ .
• x'/Latf; rNbf n8g;Sg] sdhf]/ ;+/rgf5]p5fp ga:g]
/ 3/aflx/ glg:sg] .


cl;gf
g]kfndf cl;gf sflQs–dªl;/b]lv g} ;'? eP/ r}t–j}zfvlt/
a9L kg]{ ub{5 . jfo'd08nsf] ;fdfGo ultzLntfsf] lgodcg';f/
tNnf] ;txsf] jfo' sd tfkqmd ePsf] dflyNnf] ;txlt/ hfG5 .
hlt prfOtkm{ uof], jfo'sf] tfkqmd ToxL cg'kftdf 36g] x'bfF
dflylt/ hfg]qmddf hnjfiko'Qm jfo'sf c0f' lr;f]n] ubf{ la:tf/}
hDg yfNb5g / a/km aGb5 . a/km ag]sf] jfo'sf] 3gTj a9L
x'g] ePsf] sf/0fn] tnlt/ emg{ yfNb5 . o;/L emg]{qmddf
jfo'd08ndf a/km ag]/ /x]sf] hnjfik Pscfk;df h]lnFb}
hfG5 / uf]nf] l9Ssf aGb5 . jfo'd08nsf] dflyNnf] ;txdf
x'/Latf; klg rNg] ePsfn] a/kmsf l9SsfnfO{ xfjfn] ws]N5 .
xfjfsf] ultzLntf, 3gTjsf] rfk / u'?Tjfsif{0fn] ubf{ Tof]
emg j]ujfg eP/ tnlt/ emb{5 . cl;gfsf] cfsf/ slxn]sfxLF
lgs} 7"nf] x'g] ub{5 eg] w]/h;f] cj:yfdf a8sf}nfh:tf ;fgf
}
cl;gf kg]{ ub{5 . cl;gf aGg] prfO / w/ftnLo tfkqmd;Fusf]
leGgtfsf cfwf/df cl;gfsf] cfsf/ klg k/s x'g] ub{5 .
w/ftnLo tfkqmd / cl;gf ag]sf] :yfgsf] tfkqmddf vf;}
cGt/ 5}g eg] dflyaf6 emg]{qmddf cl;gf kUnFb}g / 7"n}
x'G5 . t/, To:tf] tfkqmddf lgs} cGt/ cfPsf] 5 eg] w/ftndf
cfOk'Ubf cl;gf klUn;s]sf] x'G5 . jfo'd08nsf] a9L prfOdf
ag]sf] cl;gf tn emg]qmddf lxdo'Qm jfo'df a9L h]lng kfpF5,
{
o:tf] cj:yfdf klg tfkqmd cGt/ a9L 5 eg] cl;gf hldg;Dd
cfOk'Ubf w]/} ;fgf] eO;s]sf] x'G5 . jfo'd08df lgs}dfly cl;gf
ag]sf] 5 / ToxfFsf tfkqmd / k[YjLsf] ;tx;Fu hf]l8Psf]
jfo'd08nsf] tfkqmddf a9L cGt/ cfPsf] 5}g eg] w]/} 7"nf
cl;gf kb{5g . jfo'sf] ultljlwsf] vf; sf/0fn] hnjfiko'Qm
jfo' sd tfkqmd /x]sf] jfo'd08nsf] dflyNnf] If]qdf k'u]/
hDb5 . jfo'd08nsf] dflyNnf] ;txeGbf tNnf] ;txsf] tfkqmd
clws /xg] eP klg o;/L hnjfik hd]/ ag]sf a/kmsf l9sf


e";txdf cfOk'Ubf klUn ;s]sf x'Fb}gg / 7f];¿kdf jif{G5g
eg] To:tf] jif{nfO{ cl;gf–jiff{ elgG5 .
;fgf–7"nf cl;gfn] ds} / cGo afnLsf la?jf gi6 x'G5g eg]
kmnk"mnsf lrlrnf em/]/ ;vfk x'G5g . sflQs–dªl;/lt/
k/]sf] cl;gfn] g]kfnsf] k|dv vfBfGg afnL wfg gi6 ug]{ x'bf
' F
To;sf] k|efjaf6 ef]sd/L tyf clgsfnsf] k|sf]k kg]{ ;Defjgf
/xG5 . crfgs kg]{ cl;gfaf6 v]tLkftL t gi6 x'G5 g},
rl/r/gdf /x]sf 3/kfn'jf hgfj/ / 3/aflx/ ePsf dflg;
cl;gfsf] lk6fOaf6 3fOt] x'g] jf Hofg} hfg] cj:yf;Dd
cfpF5 .
cl;gfaf6 v]tLkftLsf] ;'/Iff ug'{ lgs} sl7g sfo{ xf] . t/
x'/Latf; rn]/ cfsfz jiff{ xf]nfh:tf] b]lvPdf cl;gf kg]{
;Defjgf /xG5 . To:tf] cj:yfdf cfk"m ;'/lIft :yfgdf a:g] /
a:t'efpnfO{ klg ;'/lIft :yfgdf cf]t nufpgfn] dfgjLo /
3/kfn'jf kz'df x'g] Iflt sd ug{ ;lsG5 .
cl;gfaf6 aRg] pkfo
• cfsfz w'lDdP/ x'/Latf; ;lxt jiff{ xf]nfh:tf] b]lvgf;fy
tTsfn ;'/lIft :yfgtkm{ hfg] .
• r/Lr/gdf ePsf 3/kfn'jf hgfj/nfO{{ ;s];Dd ;'/lIft
:yfgtkm{ n}hfg] .
• cl;gf kg{ 5f8]kl5 klg x'/Latf; g/f]lsOsg jf cfsfz
gpl3|Osg aflx/ glg:sg] .
• g;{/Ldf ePsf la?jf arfpg drfg agfP/ c:yfoL 5fgf]
nufpg] .


r6ofª
r6Øfªaf6 Iflt
r6Øfª kg'{ tyf lah'nL rDsg'
klg x' / Latf;, cl;gfh:t} jif{ dfgj d[To' cfly{s Iflt ?=
jfo'd08nsf] pRrultzLntfsf] !((% @( !),%$,(%)÷–
pkh xf] . x'/Latf;sf] df};ddf !((^ @* –––
jf jiff{ o fddf jfo' d 08ndf !((& $$ !*,@(,#!)÷–
ljk/Lt lbzfaf6 x'OlF sPsf] jfo' !((* !& !&,#(,#))÷–
Pscfk;df k| r 08 j] u n] !((( !^ !^,^@,$@)÷–
@))) @# !(,(),%))÷–
7f] l sG5 . To;af6 k} b f x' g ]
cToGt a9L ef]N6sf] ljB'tLo @))! #^ ^,#@,)))÷–
@))@ # ^#,@))÷–
nx/ vf; ky agfP/ hfg] @))# $! %,!(,%))÷–
ub{ 5 . o;/L pTkGg ePsf] hDdf @#& ($,(!,!*)÷–
ljB'tLo nx/ k[YjLsf] ;txtkm{ ;|ft M g]kfn ;/sf/, u[xdGqfno .
]
cfPdf To;n] e] 6 b f dflg;,
hgfj/, af]6la?jf dg]{ tyf 3/, uf]7, ;'s]sf ¿v, k/fnsf]
dfrcflbdf cfunfuL x'g] ub{5 . vf;u/L, r'Rrf] u/]/ 7l8Psf
dfr, 3/ / cGo a:t'df r6Øfªsf] ljB't 7f]lSsg] ub{5 .
o;af6 3/df k|of]u eO/x]sf On]S6«fl] gs ;fdfg tyf pks/0f
klg lau|g ;S5 .
r6Øfªaf6 x'/Latf;n] eGbf klg clws dfgjLo Iflt x'g]
ub{5 . o;af6 g]kfndf ;/b/ @& hgf JolQmsf] jif]{gL d[To'
x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . dfgjLo Ifltsf lx;fan] x'/Latf;af6 ;/b/
!) hgf eGbf a9Lsf] d[To' x'g] ub{5 . t/, cGo cfly{s Ifltsf
lx;fan] eg] x'/Latf; g} a9L ljgf;sf/L /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
cfsfz u8Øfªu'8'ª ug{ yfn]kl5 r6Øfª kg{ ;S5 . To:tf]
;dodf ;s];Dd ;'/lIft :yfgdf a:g' kb{5 . 3/df k|of]u
eO/x]sf On]S6«fl] gs ;fdfg aGb ug'{ kb{5 . 3/df cly{ª ul/Psf]

eP To;af6 ljB'tk|jfx k[YjLdf ;dflxt eO{ l:y/Ls/0f x'g]
x'Fbf To:tf] :yfg ;'/lIft x'G5 . To;}n] 3/ agfpFbf pko'Qm
tj/n] cly{ ª ug' { pko' Q m x' G 5 . sltko :yfgdf 3/sf
5fgf]dfly nfdf] wft'sf] 58 /fvL To;df hf]l8Psf] ljB'tLo
tf/nfO{ hldgleq uf8]/ r6Øfªsf] ljB't l:y/Ls/0f ul/Psf]
klg b]lvG5 .
r6ofªaf6 aRg] pkfo
• 3/df pko'Qm lsl;dn] cly{ª ug]{ .
• x'/Latf; cfpg] / cfsfz w'lDdP/ u8Øfªu'8ª ug{ yfn]kl5
'
tTsfn ;'/lIft :yfgtkm{ hfg] .
• r/Lr/gdf ePsf 3/kfn'jf hgfj/nfO{ ;s];Dd ;'/lIft
:yfgtkm{ n}hfg] .

Iflt Go"gLs/0fsf pkfo
pknAw tYofªssf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ g]kfndf x'/Latf;af6 lgs}
7"nf] Iflt x'gu/]sf] kfOG5 . x'/Latf;sf] pTklQ, axfj cj:yf
]
/ ef}uf]lns cjl:yltcg';f/ g]kfn ;ªs6fled'v If]qdf gkg]{
x'bf o;af6 x'gu/]sf] Ifltsf] sf/0f d"ntM dfgjLo c;fjwfgLnfO{
F ]
g} dfGg'kg]{ x'G5 . g]kfndf x'/Latf; / r6Øfªaf6 l;lh{t
cfunfuLsf 36gfsf] 5'§} tYofªs pknAw geP klg cfunfuLsf
clwsf+z 36gf o;} df};ddf x'g] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;cy{df
x'/Latf; / cfunfuLaf6 x'g] Iflt Go"g ug{ PsLs[t k|of; ug'{
cfjZos x'G5 . w]/}h;f] sf7sf] k|of]u u/L k/fnn] 5fPsf
u|fdL0fIf]q 3/–a:tLdf x'/Latf; / cfunfuLaf6 w]/} Iflt x'g]
ub{5 . o:tf] Iflt sd ug{ k"j{tof/Lsf sfo{ ug'{ h?/L 5 .
x'/Latf;af6 k'Ug] Iflt Go"gLs/0f ug{ ;fdflhs r]tgf clej[l4
ug'{ g} klxnf] / k|efjsf/L pkfo x'g5 .]
hgr]tgf clej[l4

x'/Latf; / cfunfuLsf] k|efj ;x/LIf]qdf kb}{ gkg]{ xf]Og, t/
g]kfnsf] u|fdL0f If]q o;af6 a9L k|efljt x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 .
clzIff / ul/aLn] u|:t u|fdL0f hgtfdf k|sf]kaf6 aRg ug'kg]{ {
k"jtof/L tyf ;ts{tfsf] 1fg gx'gfn] o;af6 cTolws Iflt
{
x'g] u/]sf] dflgPsf] 5 . ctM o:tf 36gfaf6 ;dfhdf x'g] Iflt
sd ug{ cgf}krfl/s lzIff tyf ;fd'bflos sfo{qmddfkm{t
k|sf]k Joj:yfkgsf ljifodf ;dfhnfO{ ;hu agfpg' cfjZos
5 eg] cf}krfl/s kf7Øqmddf g} k|sf]ksf] k"jtof/L / Joj:yfkg
{
ljifonfO{ ;dfj]z ug]tkm{ lzIffljbx¿sf] Wofg k'Ug' klg cfjZos
{
5 .
;"rgfk|jfx
x'/Latf;, cl;gfjiff{ / r6Øfª jfo'd08nLo ultljlwaf6 l;h{gf
eO{ cfpg] k|sf]k ePsfn] /fHon] o:tf] k|sf]k cfpg] ;Defjgfsf]
eljiojf0fL ug{ cTofw'lgs pks/0fsf] Joj:yf ug'kg]{ x'G5 .
{
g]kfndf hnjfo'sf] eljiojf0fL df};d lj1fg ljefun] ub}{
cfPsf] 5 . t/, pks/0f / bIftfsf] cefjsf sf/0f ljefun]
ug]{ hnjfo' k"jf{g'dfg Tolt k|efjsf/L b]lvFb}g . x'/Latf;
cfpg] ;Defjgf ePdf To;sf] ;"rgf ;ªs6fled'v If]qdf
tTsfn} k|jfx ug]{ / p4f/ sfo{sf nflu ;/sf/L ;+oGqnfO{
;ts{ u/fpg] bfloTj ;/sf/n] axg u/] w]/xb;Dd Iflt Go"g
}
ug{ ;lsg]5 .
j[If/f]k0f tyf sf“65f“6
au}Frf jf 3/nfO{ 5]Sg]u/L lglZrt b"/Ldf nufOPsf h/f
ulxl/P/ hfg], emofDd km}lng], alnof] sf08 x'g] hftsf afF;,
ljleGg hftsf ¿v tyf xf]rf af]6 x'g] s]/fh:tf jg:kltn]
x'/Lsf] tLj| ultnfO{ /f]Sg] x'bf au}rf / 3/df x'/Lsf] bafa sd
F +
x'G5 . t/ 3/5]p5fp sdnf] sf08 x'g] cUnf hftsf ¿v

nufpg'xbg . o:tf ¿v xfjfsf] ;fgf] emf]Ssfn] g} 9fNg] x'bf
F' } F
;8s, lah'nLsf vDaf ePsf If]qdf klg g/f]Kg' /fd|f] x'G5 .
3/glhs jf ;8saf6 k'/fgf, ;'s/ dlSsPsf jf x'/Latf;n]
]
9fNg] ;Defjgf ePsf ¿v ;dod} x6fpg' / sf“65f“6 ug'{
kb{5 .
dd{t;Def/
x'/Latf;k|efljt If]qdf To;sf] k|lt/f]w ug{;Sg] vfnsf 3/
lgdf{0f ug'{ kb{5 . sf7sf jf sRrL 3/ w]/} cUnf] agfpg'xbg .
F' }
k'/fgf Pjd sdhf]/ 3/nfO{ ;dod} dd{t ug'{ kb{5 . x'/Ln]
p8fpg;Sg] 5fgf jf j:t'nfO{ ux|f}F j:t'n] lyr]/ jf alnof]
8f]/Ln] afFw/ x'/Laf6 k'Ug;Sg]] Iflt 36fpg ;lsG5 .
]
cfunfuLk|lt ;ts{tf
x'/Latf; rn]sf] ;dodf cfunfuL pTkGg x'g] / km}ng] ;Defjgf
a9L x'G5 . o;sf cltl/Qm, of] df};d ;'Vvf x'g] x'gfn] cfuf]
rfF8f] ;lNsG5 . ;'Vvf / x'/Latf;sf] o; df};ddf ;ts{tfsf
;fy cfuf]sf] k|of]u u/L o;sf] sfd ;lsPkl5 /fd|/L lgefpg'
kb{5 . x'/Latf; rn]sf] ;dodf cfuf]sf] k|of]u gug]{, r'/f]6–
laF8L hyfefjL glkpg],] nfO6/, ;nfO{ / cfuf] pTkGg x'g] j:t'
s]6fs]6Ln] ge]6g] 7fpFdf /fVg], 3/jl/kl/af6 3'¥ofg ;kmf ug]{

cflb sfo{ cfunfuLaf6 aRg] ;fdfGo pkfo x'g . x'/Latf;
rn]sf]anf r6Øfªkg]{ ;Defjgf a9L x'G5 . ;s];Dd x'/Latf;
]
nfu]sf a]nf 3/af6 aflx/ lg:sg] ug{' x'bg . d§Lt]n, k]6fn,
F } «]
Uof;nufot k| H jngzLn kbfy{ ;' / lIft :yfgdf /fVgfn]
cfunfuLsf] k|sf]kaf6 aRg ;xof]u k'Ub5 . ;fy}, cfuf] jf 6'sL
afNbf 3/sf] 5fgf], af/, k|HHjngzLn j:t'sf] glhs gafNg'
pQd x'G5 .


clUglgoGq0f
slxn]sfxLF cfunfuLaf6 ;ts{ x'bfx'b} klg cfunfuLsf] 36gf
F F
pTkGg x'g ;S5 . To:tf] cj:yfdf ;/sf/L lgsfo, jf?0foGqnfO{
va/ ug]{ / ;fd'bflos ¿kdf pknAw hgzlQm Pjd kfgLsf]
;|ft k|of]u u/L tTsfn} p4f/ / clUg lgoGq0f sfo{df h'6g'
]
kb{5 .
gful/s clwsf/ / /fHo
cGo k|sf]kh:t} x'/Latf;, r6Øfª / o;af6 km}ng] cfunfuLaf6
g]kfndf jif]gL hgwgsf] 7"n} Iflt x'g] u/]sf] 5 . cfunfuLsf
{
clwsfªz 36gf t/fO{sf em'kfem'kL ePsf a:tLx¿df a9L x'g]
| |
/ o;af6 ljkGg ju{ g} a9L k|efljt x'g] u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
x'/Latf;, r6Øfª / cfunfuLaf6 g]kfnsf] t/fO{ g} a9L cfqmfGt
x'g] u/]sf] 5 . o;af6 ufpFsf sRrL ;+/rgfdf a9L Iflt k'Ug]
ub{5 . x'/Latf;, r6Øfª / cfunfuLsf o:tf ;Defljt If]qdf
Iflt Go"gLs/0f ug{sf nflu hf]lvd If]qsf] gS;fªsg u/L
;/sf/n] jf?0foGqsf] oy]i6 Joj:yf u/L pRr;ts{ cj:yfdf
/fVg], kfgLsf] hf]xf] ug]{ / ;fdflhs r]tgf clej[l4sf nflu
ljz]if sfo{qmdsf] ;~rfng ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . To:tf If]qdf
r6Øfªaf6 eg] dfgjLo Iflt a9L k'Ug] u/]sf]n] x'/Latf;
rn]/ r6Øfª kg]{ ;Defjgf b]lvPdf 3/aflx/ glg:sg' o;af6
;'/lIft x'g] pkfo x'g ;S5 . t/, g]kfnsf clwsfªz ljB'tLo
;'ljwf pknAw ePsf ejgdf ;d]t pko'Qm tj/n] cly{ª
gul/g] x'bf r6Øfªaf6 a9L Iflt k'Ug] u/]sf] 5 . t;y{, r6Øfªsf]
F
hf]lvd /x]sf :yfgdf To;af6 pTkGg x'g] ljB'tLo t/ªunfO{
k[YjLdf ;dflxt u/L l:y/Ls/0f ug]{ k|ljlwsf] 7fpF7fpFdf h8fg
u/]/ Iflt Go"g ug]{ kxn ug'{ cfjZos 5 .
k|sf]kaf6 k|tfl8t ePsf x/]s gful/sdf cfd gful/s;/x

;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg kfpg] clwsf/ /xG5 . k|sf]k kLl8tnfO{
bofsf kfqsf ¿kdf xf]Og, ;xL xs k|bfg ug]{ st{Jo :j¿k
/fHon] p4f/, /fxt / ;du| k|sf]k Joj:yfkgsf sfo{ ;~rfng
ug'{ kb{5 .

pk;+xf/
x'/Latf; lgoldt ¿kdf rNg]] df};dL k|sf]khGo 36gf xf] .
jfo' d 08nLo k| l tlqmofsf sf/0f pTkGg x' g ] x' / Latf; /
cfFwLa]x/LnfO{ jfojLo k|sf]ksf ¿kdf lnOG5 . g]kfndf vf;u/L
kmfu'gb]lv ;fpg dlxgf;Dd k"jbl] v klZrd;Dds} t/fO{ e]udf
{
o; k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd /x]sf] x'G5 . o; k|sf]khGo 36gfn] klg
d'n'sdf lgs} 7"nf] Iflt k'¥ofO/x]sf] oyfy{nfO{ k|:t't ePsf
tYofªsn] :ki6 kf/]sf] 5 .
x'/Latf; dflg;sf] lgoGq0feGbf aflx/sf] 36gf xf] . To;}n]
o;sf] lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsFb}g . x'/Latf;;Fu} cfpg] cl;gf /
r6ofªaf6 klg Iflt lg/Gt/ eO/x]sf sf/0f k|sf]ksf oL tLg
36gfaLr cGt;{DaGw /x]sf]n] oL 36gfaf6 x'g] Ifltsf] ;fdgf
ug{ dflg;n] ;b}j tof/ x'g' k5{ . cfjZos k"j{tof/L tyf
k|sf]kkl5sf ;d:ofsf] ;fdgf ug]{ Ifdtfsf] ljsf; g} o;
k|sf]kaf6 /fxt kfpg] pkfo x'g ;S5 . To;}n] k|sf]ksf o:tf
36gf lsg x'G5g / o;af6 Iflt Go"g ug]{ pkfo s] x'G5g
eGg] hfgsf/L lng' h?/L 7flgPsf] 5 . k|sf]kkLl8tsf] ;xof]u
/ ltgLx?sf] ;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg kfpg] clwsf/sf] /Iff ug'{
klg ;a} ju{sf] bfloTj ePsfn] o;tkm{ ;/sf/, u}/;/sf/L
;+:yf / gful/s ;dfhn] ;r]t /xg' h?/L b]lvPsf] 5 .


X'/Latf; / o;af6 aRg pkfo

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