1. January 2011 STEER
Explore the varying impact of both volcanic (extrusive and
intrusive) and seismic processes on landscapes.
Research different locations to draw out the importance of
tectonic activity in creating contrasting landscapes
slide 1 1

2. 1. Tectonic activity and causes
2. Tectonic hazards physical impacts
3. Tectonic hazards human impacts
4. Response to tectonic hazards
slide 2

3. Concepts Processes Theories Models
Range of hazards associated with Volcanism The Dregg Disaster model
1.1 Volcanoes and Earthquakes Earth Movement
Plate tectonics
1.2 Event profile
1.3 The causes of tectonic hazards
Tectonic activity associated with different
types of plate margins and the impact of
1.4 this on the spatial
distribution of tectonic hazards.
The varying impact of extrusive igneous
2.1 activity, including the formation of
volcanic cones, fissures and lava plateaux.
The formation and morphology of
2.2 different types of volcano
The varying impact of intrusive igneous
2.3 activity, both major and minor.
The effects that earthquakes can have on
landscapes, such as fault lines, rift valleys
2.4 and ground displacement, and the
stresses and forces the ground is
subjected to during such activity.
slide 3

4. Concepts Processes Theories Models
The reasons why people live in
tectonically active areas and how this
3.1 might relate to thellevel of economic
Occupancy Disaster risk equation
development.
Plate Boundaries
The range of hazards associated with
3.2 different types of tectonic activity.
Constructive, destructive,
conservative
The specific impacts of a range of
tectonic hazards at a range of scales and
3.3 at locations in countries at different
stages of development.
Trends in frequency and impact over
Park’s Hazard response model
3.4 time.
The varying approaches of individuals and
governments to coping with tectonic
4.1 hazards in countries at different stages of
development.
Specific strategies involved in
adjustment: modifying loss burden,
modifying the event and modifying
4.2 human vulnerability; and the range of
approaches and strategies used in
locations at different stages of
development.
The effectiveness of different approaches
and methods of coping and the way in
4.3 which approaches have changed over
time, and possible future coping
strategies.
slide 4

5. Case studies needed
Research different locations to draw out the importance of tectonic activity in
creating contrasting landscapes
Create a table to show what case studies you will need.
Tectonic Activity Landscape Example Source
produced
Go to Slide 21
slide 5

6. 1.1 Tectonic hazards and disasters and what makes tectonic activity hazardous. There is a range
of tectonic hazards associated with both volcanoes (lava, pyroclastics, ash, lahars, etc) and
earthquakes (ground shaking, displacement, liquefaction, tsunamis, etc). (Slide 8)
1.2 Event profile of hazards, including frequency, magnitude, duration and areal extent. (Slide 9)
1.3 The causes of tectonic hazards, including the pattern of tectonic plates, their movements
and possible causes of these movements. (slide 10)
1.4 Tectonic activity associated with different types of plate margins (convergent, divergent and
transform) and the impact of this on the spatial distribution of tectonic hazards. (slide 11)
2.1 The varying impact of extrusive igneous activity, including the formation of volcanic cones,
fissures and lava plateaux. (slide 12)
2.2 The formation and morphology of different types of volcano and the characteristics of
different types of eruption. How these variations link to the processes at different plate margins
and at hot spots. (slide 13 and slide 14)
2.3 The varying impact of intrusive igneous activity, both major and minor. (slide 15)
2.4 The effects that earthquakes can have on landscapes, such as fault lines, rift valleys and
ground displacement, and the stresses and forces the ground is subjected to during such activity.
(slide 16 and slide 17)
slide 6 N.B. 1.1 is a hyperlink

7. 3.1 The reasons why people live in tectonically active areas and how this might relate to the
level of economic development. (slide 18)
3.2 The range of hazards associated with different types of tectonic activity.
(slide 19 and slide 20)
3.3 The specific impacts of a range of tectonic hazards at a range of scales and at locations in
countries at different stages of development. (Slide 21 Slide 22 and Slide 23)
3.4 Trends in frequency and impact over time. (slide 24)
4.1 The varying approaches of individuals and governments to coping with tectonic hazards in
countries at different stages of development. (slide 25)
4.2 Specific strategies involved in adjustment: modifying loss burden, modifying the event and
modifying human vulnerability; and the range of approaches and strategies used in locations at
different stages of development. (slide 26 slide 27 slide 28)
4.3 The effectiveness of different approaches and methods of coping and the way in which approaches
have changed over time, and possible future coping strategies.
slide 7 7

8. 1.1 Tectonic hazards and disasters and what makes tectonic activity hazardous. There is a range of tectonic hazards associated with both
volcanoes (lava, pyroclastics, ash, lahars, etc) and earthquakes (ground shaking, displacement, liquefaction, tsunamis, etc).
• Tectonic activity can produce a very large range of
hazard events
• Not all of these events are ‘disasters’
• A natural hazard event becomes a disaster when
the event causes a significant impact on a
vulnerable population.
Refer to the table in you have already made
Volcano Earthquake
Hazard Example Hazard Example
Lava Mauna Loa Tsunami Banda Aceh
Return to slide 6
slide 8

9. 1.2 Event profile of hazards, including frequency, magnitude, duration and areal extent.
• Not all tectonic
hazards are the
same
• Event profiles are a
common way of
comparing different
hazards
• In this example the
2004 Asian Tsunami
and ongoing
eruption of Kilauea
on Hawaii are
compared
• Hazard profiles can
be drawn for any
event.
The nature of the hazard creates the level of challenge
Refer to the event profiles you have drawn for your 6 detailed case studies. Draw
event profiles so you can compare and contrast your examples
slide 9

10. 1.3 The causes of tectonic hazards, including the pattern of tectonic plates, their movements
and possible causes of these movements.
Tectonic processes are driven by
radioactive decay in the core
This decay generates heat inside
the earth, which drives vast
convection currents
This convection is largely
responsible for plate movement
Constructive
Destructive
Conservative
Transform
slide 10

11. 1.4 Tectonic activity associated with different types of plate margins (convergent, divergent and
transform) and the impact of this on the spatial distribution of tectonic hazards.
slide 11

12. Earthquakes are not predictable, and their consequences can be
catastrophic in terms of both human and economic loss.
Large, vulnerable populations live in high-risk locations.
In the developing world, the capacity to cope is often low.
slide 12

13. Volcanoes occur in well-
known, localised areas.
Monitoring and prediction
can often reduce risk.
The most devastating
volcanoes are located on
destructive plate
boundaries in densely
populated developing
countries.
A single volcano can
generate a range of
hazards, including lava
flows, ash fall, pyroclastic
flows and lahars, often
occurring simultaneously.
slide 13

14. 1
• Tsunami are relatively rare
events.
• They are generated by
submarine earthquakes, volcanic
collapse, and coastal landslides,
which suddenly displace huge
volumes of water
2 • The 1993 Okushiri tsunami
(Japan), 2004 Asian Tsunami and
2009 Samoa events are all useful
as case studies.
• Tsunami waves are radically
different from normal wind
3 generated ocean waves.
• When a tsunami hits a coastline,
the effect is more like a
devastating coastal flood than a
single breaking waves
slide 14

15. 2.1 The varying impact of extrusive igneous activity, including the formation of volcanic cones,
fissures and lava plateaux.
Silica Content Temperature Viscosity Extrusive Feature
Basalt
Andesite
Dacite
Rhyolite
slide 15

16. 2.2 The formation and morphology of different types of volcano and the characteristics of
different types of eruption. How these variations link to the processes at different plate margins
and at hot spots.
slide 16 Go to slide 14

17. 2.2 The formation and morphology of different types of volcano and the characteristics of
different types of eruption. How these variations link to the processes at different plate margins
and at hot spots.
Magma Generation Tectonic setting Hazards
type
Basaltic Dry partial melting of Oceanic Hot spot (Hawaii) Lava flow
Low silica, low gas, low viscosity. upper mantle Constructive (Iceland)
Andesitic Wet partial melting of Destructive plate margin Lava flow, ash and tephra,
subducting plates (Andes) pyroclastic flow, lahar, gas
Island arc margin emission
Intermediate
(Montserrat)
Rhyolitic In situ melting of lower Continental Hot spot Cataclysmic explosion,
High silica, high gas, high continental crust (Yellowstone) pyroclastic flow
viscosity. (very rare eruptions) Continent collision zone
(Himalayas)
• Magma, molten rock in the earth’s crust, has an important relationship with
volcanic explosivity and hazard level
• Andesitic magmas, formed by wet partial melting at subduction zones produce
highly explosive and destructive composite volcanoes
slide 17

18. 2.3 The varying impact of intrusive igneous activity, both major and minor.
Extrusive
Major Volcano Fissure Lava Plateau
Landforms
Examples
Minor Geyser
Landforms
Examples
Intrusive
Major Batholith Sill Dike
Landforms
Examples
Minor Lopolith Laccolith Stock
Landforms
Examples
slide 18

19. 2.4 The effects that earthquakes can have on landscapes, such as fault lines, rift valleys and
ground displacement, and the stresses and forces the ground is subjected to during such activity.
slide 19 Go to slide 17

20. 2.4 The effects that earthquakes can have on landscapes, such as fault lines, rift valleys and
ground displacement, and the stresses and forces the ground is subjected to during such activity.
slide 20