1. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

2. Learning Objectives L01: How do environmental forces influence organizations influence their environments? L02: Can you distinguish between the macro environment and the competitive environment? L03: Why should managers and organizations attend to economic and social developments?

3. Learning Objectives L04: Can you identify elements of the competitive environment? L05: Summarize how organization respond to environmental uncertainty. L06: Define elements of an organization’s culture. L07: Discuss how an organization’s culture affects its response to its external environment

4. “The essence of a business is outside itself.” – Peter Drucker 2-4

5. How organizations interact with their environment

6. The Macroenvironment General elements in the external environment that potentially can influence strategic decisions. Laws and regulations Economy Technology Demographics Social Values

7. The External Environment

8. Managing the Macroenvironment The economy affects a company’s value Technology is changing every business function Demographics describe employees and customers Social issues shape attitudes toward your company and its products

9. The Competitive Environment

10. Who is the Competition? Worldwide Competition New Entrants Barriers to entry low Substitutes and Complements Resources from Suppliers

11. Barriers to Entry Barriers to entry – conditions that prevent new companies from entering an industry Government policy (e.g., patent laws) Capital requirements (start-up costs) Brand identification (consumer brand loyalty) Cost disadvantages (Established economies of scale) Distribution channels (e.g., supermarket shelf space)

12. Resources from Suppliers People – from schools, colleges and universities Raw materials – from producers, wholesalers, and distributors Information– from researchers and consulting firms Financial capital – from banks and other sources

13. Suppliers are important because… They can: Raise their prices Provide poor quality goods and services Fail to provide human resources

14. Supply Chain Management The managing of the network of facilities and people that obtain materials from outside the organization, transform them into products and distribute them to customers. “The right product in the right quantity available at the right place at the right time”

15. Without customers, a company won’t survive… Final consumers – those who purchase products in their finished form. Intermediate consumers – those who purchase raw materials or wholesale products before selling them to final customers.

16. Environmental Analysis Managers must identify organizational opportunities and threats. Managers must use environmental analysis to make decisions

17. Environmental Scanning Searching for and sorting through information about the environment that is unavailable to most people to determine what is important.

18. Questions managers can ask about the environment Who are our current competitors? Are there few or many entry barriers to our industry? What substitutes exist for our product or service? Is the company too dependent on powerful suppliers? Is the company too dependent on powerful customers?

19. Competitive Intelligence The information necessary to decide how best to manage in the competitive environment they have identified.

20. Identifying Your Environment

21. Scenario Development Scenarios – alternative combinations of different factors into a total picture of the environment and the firm. Best-case scenario: occurrence of events that are favorable to the firm Worst-case scenario: occurrence of events that are unfavorable to the firm

22. Forecasting Predicts exactly how some variable or variables will change the future.

23. Successful forecasting involves Using multiple forecasts, and perhaps average their predictions Remembering that accuracy decreases as you go further into the future Collecting data carefully Using simple forecasts where possible Remembering that important events are often surprises that depart from predictions

24. Benchmarking Identifying the best-in-class performance by a company in a given area and then comparing your processes with theirs.

25. Adapting at the boundaries Buffering – creating supplies of excess resources in case of unpredictable needs Internal (Contingent workers) External (ending inventories) Smoothing – leveling normal fluctuations at the boundaries of the environment

26. Adapting at the core Flexible processes – methods for adapting the technical core to changes in the environment. Mass customization – use of a network of independent operating in which each performs a specific process or task

27. Influence your environment Two proactive responses to changing the environment Independent action – when a company acts on its own to change some aspect of its current environment. Cooperative action – two or more organizations work together to change some aspect of the current environment.

28. Cooperative strategies make sense when… Taking joint action will reduce the organizations’ costs and risks Cooperation will increase their power (their ability to successfully accomplish the changes they desire).

30. Domain selection – the entrance by a company into another suitable market or industry.

32. Culture and the Internal Environment Culture– the set of important assumptions about the organization and its goals and practices that members of the company share. System of shared values about what is important and beliefs about how the world works. Provides a framework that organizes and directs people’s behavior on the job.

33. Culture clues Corporate mission statements and official goals Business practices (how a company responds to problems, makes strategic decisions, and treats employees and customers) Symbols, rites, and ceremonies Stories (myths, legends, and true stories)

34. The Ritz Carlton Service Values “I Am Proud To Be Ritz-Carlton” I build strong relationships and create Ritz-Carlton guests for life. I am always responsive to the expressed and unexpressed wishes and needs of our guests. I am empowered to create unique, memorable and personal experiences for our guests. I understand my role in achieving the Key Success Factors and creating The Ritz-Carlton Mystique. I continuously seek opportunities to innovate and improve The Ritz-Carlton experience. I own and immediately resolve guest problems. I create a work environment of teamwork and lateral service so that the needs of our guests and each other are met. I have the opportunity to continuously learn and grow. I am involved in the planning of the work that affects me. I am proud of my professional appearance, language and behavior. I protect the privacy and security of our guests, my fellow employees and the company's confidential information and assets. I am responsible for uncompromising levels of cleanliness and creating a safe and accident-free environment. Excerpt from www.corporate.ritzcarlton.com

36. Focused on control and stability

37. Values and norms associated with a bureaucracy

38. Values stability

40. Flexible

41. Emphasizes change (growth, resource acquisition, and innovation)

42. Members motivated by the importance or idealogical appeal

44. What kind of culture do you want to work in? To determine the type of culture best fits you visit: http://career-advice.monster.com/at-the-interview/Assess-Company-Culture-to-Find-the-/home.aspx

46. You should be able to L01: Describe how do environmental forces influence organizations influence their environments L02: Distinguish between the macroenvironment and the competitive environment. L03: Explain why managers and organizations should attend to economic and social developments.

47. You should be able to L04: Identify elements of the competitive environment. L05: Summarize how organization respond to environmental uncertainty. L06: Define elements of an organization’s culture. L07: Discuss how an organization’s culture affects its response to its external environment.

48. Test Your Knowledge An open system organization: ___________, goods and services organizations take in and use and ______________, products and services organizations create. Inputs Outputs

49. Test Your Knowledge Identify elements of the competitive environment

50. Test Your Knowledge Describe the three ways that organizations can respond to their environments. Adapt to the environment Influence the environment Select a new environment

51. Test Your Knowledge The Ritz Carlton service values are an example of which aspect of culture? 1. corporate mission statement 2. business practices 3. ceremony 4. myth